1

1. ,

.

pH
...
7% .
.
.

.
pH



.. .
O . 1016
.
.
.. pH<7.

[18 ] 1, 8

2.
.
pH .
2, 5
..........................................................................................................................................
. , ;
1, 3, 15
..........................................................................................................................................
. , HCl ;
4

..........................................................................................................................................
. HCl ; .
4
..........................................................................................................................................
.
, ;
. Cl

. l(OH)3

.
[25 ] 14

57

3. . 1
2.
, 1, , 2, pH .
5, 6, 11, 12
..........................................................................................................................................
.
1 2 3.
14
..........................................................................................................................................
. ;
;
14
pH ;
16

..........................................................................................................................................
. Cl NaOH,
1 2;
17
..........................................................................................................................................
. ,
. ;
..........................................................................................................................................
. ;
..........................................................................................................................................
. ;
[32 ] 17, 18, 19

4.

. .
.

1..

2..

3..

4..

5..

. pH:
1: 7

2: 5.5

3: 4

4: 8

:
5:

6:

7: 5 6

. 10% , 5% ( 2), 8%P ( P2O5)

:
1: 10-8-5

2: 5-8-10

3: 5-10-8

4: 10- 5-8
[25 ] 1, 7

58

2
HCl
pH<7

3
2S4 (aq)2H+(aq)+S42(aq)

2+

- pH<7
Ba(H)2(s)Ba (aq) + 2H (aq) pH>7
H+(aq) + OH-(aq) H2O(l)
+ SO42-(aq) BaSO4(s)
/ /




, ,
,

.

4
15,
22, 31,
44, 53
3/7

Ba+2(aq)

2


CO2

YOEIEI IA TI PATHPIOTHTE TOY

O 1. - , .
.
2. .

. .
. ... .
B 1. , , , , :
.
.
.
2. ,
.

[ ].
-
---.
(
3, ).

59

1. .
[16 ] 3, 5
. 10 .
. 7 .
. .
. .

2.
.
[16 ] 3, 4

1..

2..
3..
4..

3. . :
1. :...............
2. :....
3. :
4. :
[28 ] 9, 12, 13, 14
. ; ............................... [12 ]

; ..............................
4. .
................
. .
.........
. ; ................
.....
. ;
.....
[28 ] 20

1. . , . , . , .

2. 1-2, 2-1, 3-2, 4-1

3.

3. 2,
.

4. C(s) + O2(g)CO2(g)
4. CO2(g) + Ca(OH)2(aq)CaCO3(s) + H2O(l)

4. ,

4. : , :

88

5
ATOMIKH
E

10 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 .

, 3
.

, .
1
, . 5
,
() :
1

5
2
T

.
, , .. .
3 , 10
. 2 . ,
.

3 ENOTHTA

1 1.1-1.3 .
:
: CH3CH2OH, B CH4, : CH2 = CH2 : CH3COOH

1.1 :
.

1.2 :
. ,

112

[4 ] 1
.
[4 ] 2

1.3 :
.

[4 ] 10
.

1.4 CH4
.
[15 ] 6
CH4 + .. +
. + +
1.5 ,
;
[5 ] 5
................................
1.6 .
[5 ] 7

...
1.7. :
[13 ] 17, 18, 21
:.......
:........
: ............
2 2.1 :
T

....................
....................
....................

A
...................

K 2
..................................................................

O
1. ........................................................................
2. ........................................................................

X ....................
................
................... ,
................ ..................

[15 ] 9, 10, 11, 13

2.2 .
[25 ] 14, 15, 16, 24, 25
. .
...........
. , .
...........
. .
...........
.
.........................
.
..................

1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 CO+H2O, C+H2O 1.6 , CO

1.7 2.1 2.2 , , , .

113