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MMURTL V1.0, is the preprinted title of the original book "Developing Your own 32 Bit Operating System" published by SAM/Macmillan in 1995. It was placed here by the a...
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MMURTL V1.0, is the preprinted title of the original book "Developing Your own 32 Bit Operating System" published by SAM/Macmillan in 1995. It was placed here by the author with full rights.
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Sections
- Chapter 1, Introduction
- Overview
- What This Book Is About
- Who Should Use This Book
- My Basic Design Goals (yours may vary)
- A Brief Description of MMURTL
- Uses for MMURTL
- Similarities to Other Operating Systems
- Hardware Requirements
- Chapter 2, General Discussion and Background
- Where Does One Begin?
- You Are Where You Were When
- The Development Platform and the Tools
- The Chicken and the Egg
- Early Hardware Investigation
- The Real Task at Hand (Pun intended)
- A Starting Point
- The Critical Path
- Working Attitude
- Chapter 3, The Tasking Model
- Terms We Should Agree On
- Resource Management
- Task Management
- Single vs. Multi User
- The Hardware State
- The Software State
- CPU Time
- Single Tasking
- Multitasking
- Cooperative Multitasking
- Preemptive Multitasking
- Task Scheduling
- Who, When, and How Long?
- Scheduling Techniques
- Time Slicing
- Simple Cooperative Queuing
- Prioritized Cooperative Scheduling
- Variable Time Slicing
- Other Scheduling Factors
- Mixed Scheduling Techniques
- Fully Time Sliced, Some Cooperation
- Time Sliced, More Cooperative
- Primarily Cooperative, Limited Time Slicing
- Primarily Cooperative, More Time Slicing
- The Tasking Model I Chose
- Interrupt Handling
- Chapter 4, Interprocess Communications
- Introduction
- Messaging and Tasks
- Synchronization
- Semaphores
- Pipes
- Messages
- Send and Wait
- Request()
- Respond()
- Link Blocks
- Reentrancy Issues
- Interrupt Latency
- Memory Management Issues
- Chapter 5, Memory Management
- Basic Terms
- Memory Model
- Simple Flat Memory
- Figure 5.1, Simple Flat Memory
- Paged Flat Memory
- Figure 5.2 - Paged Flat Memory
- Demand-Paged Flat Memory
- Figure 5.3 - Demand Paged Flat Memory
- Virtual Paged Memory
- Figure 5.4 - Virtual Paged Memory
- Demand Paged Virtual Memory
- Demand-Paged Memory Management
- Segmented Memory
- Memory Management
- Tracking Linear Memory Allocation
- Basic Memory Allocation Unit
- Linked List Management
- Memory Management With Tables
- Tracking Physical Memory
- Initialization of Memory Management
- Memory Protection
- An Intel Based Memory Management Implementation
- A Few More Words On Segmentation
- How MMURTL Uses Paging
- Page Tables (PTs)
- Page Directories (PDs)
- The Memory Map
- Table 5.1 - MMURTL Memory Map
- Page Directory Entries (PDEs)
- Table 5.2 Page Directory Example
- Allocation of Linear Memory
- Deallocation of Linear Memory
- Allocation of Physical Memory
- Loading Things Into Memory
- Messaging and Address Aliases
- Memory and Pointer Management for Messaging
- Summary of MMURTL Memory Management
- Chapter 6, Hardware Interface
- Hardware Isolation
- The CPU
- The Bus Structure
- Serial I/O
- Parallel I/O
- Block-Oriented Devices
- Keyboard
- Video
- Direct Memory Access (DMA)
- Timers
- Priority Interrupt Controller Unit (PICU)
- Chapter 7, OS Initialization
- Getting Booted
- Boot ROM
- The Boot Sector
- Operating System Boot Image
- Other Boot Options
- Basic Hardware Initialization
- Static Tables and Structures
- Initialization of Task Management
- Initialization of Memory
- Dynamic Tables and Structures
- Chapter 8, Programming Interfaces
- Application Programming Interface
- Documenting Your API
- Mechanical Details
- Portability Considerations
- Error Handling and Reporting
- Systems Programming Interface
- Internal Cooperation
- Device Driver Interfaces
- A Device-Driver Interface Example
- Announcing the Driver to the OS
- A Call to the driver
- Chapter 9, Application Programming
- Terminology
- Understanding 32-BIT Software
- Table 9.1 - Memory Alignment
- Operating System Calling Conventions
- Stack Usage
- Table 9.2 - Basic Memory Map
- Operating System Protection
- Application Messaging
- Starting a New Thread
- Job Control Block
- Basic Keyboard
- Basic Video
- Table 9.3 - Foreground Colors (Low nibble)
- Table 9.4 - Background Colors (High nibble)
- Terminating Your Application
- Replacing Your Application
- Chapter 10, Systems Programming
- Writing Message-Based System Services
- Initializing Your System Service
- A Simple System Service Example
- Listing 10.1. A System Service
- The Request Block
- Items In the Request Block
- The Service Code
- Caller Information in a Request
- Asynchronous Services
- System Service Error Handling
- Writing Device Drivers
- Device Driver Theory
- Building Device Drivers
- How Callers Reach Your Driver
- Device Driver Setup and Installation
- System Resources For Device Drivers
- Interrupts
- Direct Memory Access Device (DMA)
- Timer Facilities
- Message Facilities for Device Drivers
- Detailed Device Interface Specification
- Device Control Block Setup and Use
- Table 10.1-. Device control block definition
- Standard Device Call Definitions
- DeviceOp Function Implementation
- DeviceStat Function Implementation
- DeviceInit Function Implementation
- Initializing Your Driver
- OS Functions for Device Drivers
- Standard Device Error Codes
- Chapter 11, The Monitor Program
- Active Job (Video & keyboard)
- Initial Jobs
- Listing 11.1. Sample Initial.Job file
- Monitor Function Keys
- Table 11.1. Monitor Function Keys
- Monitor Program Theory
- Performance Monitoring
- Monitor Source Listing
- Listing 11.2. Monitor program source listing
- Chapter 12, Debugger
- Using the Debugger
- Entering the Debugger
- Exiting the Debugger
- Debugger Display
- Debugger Function Keys
- Debugging Your Application
- Debugger Theory
- Table 12.1.Processor exceptions
- Chapter 13, Keyboard Service
- Available Services
- Table 13.1.Available Keyboard Services
- Read Keyboard
- Notify On Global Keys
- Cancel Notify On Global Keys
- Assign Keyboard
- Key codes and Status
- Alpha-Numeric Key Values
- Table 13.2 - .Shift State Bits
- Lock-State Byte (third byte)
- Table 13.3 - Lock State Bits
- Numeric Pad Indicator
- Key Codes
- Table 13.4 - .Keys Values
- Function Strip Key Codes
- Table 13.5 - Function Key Strip Codes
- Numeric Pad Key Codes
- Table 13.6 - Numeric Pad Key Codes
- Cursor, Edit, and Special Pad Key Codes
- 13.7.Additional Key Codes
- Your Keyboard Implementation
- Chapter 14, The File System Service
- File Specifications
- Network File Request Routing
- File Handles
- File Open Modes
- File Access Type
- Block Mode
- Stream Mode
- Logical File Address
- File System Requests
- Listing 14.1. Openfile request in C
- Table 14.1 - File System Service Codes
- Procedural Interfaces
- Device Access Through the File System
- Table 14.2 - Device Stream Access
- File System Functions in Detail
- OpenFile
- CloseFile
- ReadBlock
- WriteBlock
- ReadBytes
- WriteBytes
- GetFileLFA
- SetFileLFA
- GetFileSize
- SetFileSize
- CreateFile
- RenameFile
- DeleteFile
- CreateDirectory
- DeleteDirectory
- GetDirSector
- File System Theory
- Internal File System Structures
- File Control Blocks
- File User Blocks
- FAT Buffers
- File Operations
- Read
- Write
- Close
- Chapter 15, API Specification
- Public Calls
- Parameters to Calls (Args)
- Table 15.1 - Size and Type Prefixes
- Table 15.2 - Additional Prefixes
- Table1 5.3 - Compound Prefixes
- Stack Conventions
- Calls Grouped by Functionality
- Messaging
- Job Management
- System Service & Device Driver Management
- High Speed Data Movement
- Timer and Timing
- ISA Hardware Specific I/O
- Interrupt and Call Gate Management
- Keyboard, Speaker, & Video
- Alphabetical Call Listing
- AddCallGate
- AddIDTGate
- Alarm
- AliasMem
- AllocDMAPage
- AllocExch
- AllocOSPage
- AllocPage
- Beep
- Chain
- CheckMsg
- ClrScr
- Compare
- CompareNCS
- CopyData
- CopyDataR
- DeAliasMem
- DeAllocExch
- DeAllocPage
- DeviceInit
- DeviceOp
- DeviceStat
- DMASetUp
- EditLine
- EndOfIRQ
- ExitJob
- FillData
- GetCmdLine
- GetCMOSTime
- GetCMOSDate
- GetDMACount
- GetExitJob
- GetIRQVector
- GetJobNum
- GetNormVid
- GetPath
- GetPhyAdd
- GetpJCB
- GetSysIn
- GetSysOut
- GetTimerTick
- GetTSSExch
- GetUserName
- GetVidChar
- GetVidOwner
- GetXY
- InByte
- InDWord
- InWord
- InWords
- InitDevDr
- ISendMsg
- KillAlarm
- LoadNewJob
- MaskIRQ
- MicroDelay
- MoveRequest
- NewTask
- OutByte
- OutDWord
- OutWord
- OutWords
- PutVidAttrs
- PutVidChars
- QueryPages
- ReadCMOS
- ReadKbd
- RegisterSvc
- Request
- Respond
- ScrollVid
- SendMsg
- SetCmdLine
- SetExitJob
- SetIRQVector
- Table 15.4 - Hardware IRQs
- SetJobName
- SetNormVid
- SetPath
- SetPriority
- SetSysIn
- SetSysOut
- SetUserName
- SetVidOwner
- SetXY
- Sleep
- SpawnTask
- Tone
- TTYOut
- UnMaskIRQ
- UnRegisterSvc
- WaitMsg
- Chapter 16, MMURTL Sample Software
- Command Line Interpreter (CLI)
- Internal Commands
- Cls (Clear Screen)
- Copy (Copy a file)
- Dir (Directory listing)
- Debug (Enter Debugger)
- Del (Delete a File)
- Dump (Hex dump of a file)
- Exit (Exit the CLI)
- Help (List internal commands)
- Monitor (Return to Monitor)
- MD (Make Directory)
- Path (Set file access path)
- RD (Remove Directory)
- Rename (Rename a file)
- Run (Execute a .RUN file)
- Type (View a text file on the screen)
- External Commands
- Commands.CLI File
- Global "Hot Keys"
- CLI Source Listing
- Listing 16.1. CLI Source Code Listing - Ver. 1.0
- A Simple Editor
- Editor Screen
- Editor Commands
- Table 16.1. File Management and General Commands
- Table 16.2. Cursor and Screen Management Commands
- Listing 16.2. Editor Source Code
- DumbTerm
- Listing 16.3. DumbTerm source code
- Listing 16.4. Print source code
- System Service Example
- Service.C Listing
- Listing 16.5 Simple Service Source Code
- TestSvc.C Listing
- Listing 16.6. TestSvc.C
- Chapter 17, Introduction to the Source Code
- Comments In the Code
- Calling Conventions
- Organization
- Building MMURTL
- Listing 17.1. Assembler Template File
- Using Pieces of MMURTL in Your OS
- Using Pieces of MMURTL in Other Projects
- Chapter 18, The Kernel
- Naming Conventions
- Kernel Data
- Listing 18.1. Kernel data segment source
- Local Kernel Helper Functions
- enQueueMsg
- Listing 18.2. Queueing for messages at an exchange
- deQueueMsg
- Listing 18.3. De-queueing a message from an exchange
- deQueueTSS
- Listing 18.4. De-queueing a task from an exchange
- enQueueRdy
- Listing 18.5. Adding a task to the ready queue
- deQueueRdy
- Listing 18.6. De-queueing the highest priority task
- ChkRdyQ
- Listing 18.7. Finding the highest priority task
- Internal Public Helper Functions
- RemoveRdyJob
- Listing 18.8. Removing a terminated task from the ready queue
- GetExchOwner
- Listing 18.9. Finding the owner of an exchange
- SetExchOwner
- Listing 18.10. Changing the owner of an exchange
- SendAbort
- Listing 18.11. Notifying services of a job’s demise
- Public Kernel Functions
- Listing 18.12. Request kernel primitive code
- Listing 18.13. Respond kernel primitive code
- MoveRequest()
- Listing 18.14. MoveRequest kernel primitive code
- SendMsg()
- Listing 18.15. SendMsg kernel primitive code
- ISendMsg()
- Listing 18.16. IsendMsg kernel primitive code
- WaitMsg()
- Listing 18.17. WaitMsg kernel primitive code
- CheckMsg()
- Listing 18.18. CheckMsg kernel primitive code
- NewTask()
- Listing 18.19. NewTask kernel primitive code
- SpawnTask()
- Listing 18.20. SpawnTask kernel primitive code
- AllocExch()
- Listing 18.21. Allocate exchange code
- DeAllocExch()
- Listing 18.22. Deallocate exchange code
- GetTSSExch()
- Listing 18.23. GetTSS exchange code
- SetPriority()
- Listing 18.24. Set priority code
- GetPriority()
- Listing 18.25. Get priority code
- Chapter 19, Memory Management Code
- Memory Management Data
- Listing 19.1. Memory management constants and data
- Internal Code
- InitMemMgmt
- Listing 19.2. Memory management initialization code
- Listing 19.3. Continuation of memory management init
- Listing 19.4. Continuation of memory management init
- Listing 19.5. Turning on paged memory management
- Listing 19.6. Allocation of memory management exchange
- Listing 19.7. Finishing memory management init
- FindHiPage
- Listing 19.8. Find highest physical page code
- FindLoPage
- Listing 19.9. Find lowest physical page code
- MarkPage
- Listing 19.10. Code to mark a physical page in use
- UnMarkPage
- Listing 19.11. Code to free a physical page for reuse
- LinToPhy
- Listing 19.12. Code to convert linear to physical addresses
- FindRun
- Listing 19.13. Code to find a free run of linear memory
- AddRun
- Listing 19.14. Adding a run of linear memory
- AddAliasRun
- Listing 19.15. Adding an aliased run of linear memory
- AddAliasRun:
- AddUserPT
- Listing 19.16. Adding a page table for user memory
- AddOSPT
- Listing 19.17. Adding an operating system page table
- Public Memory Management Calls
- AddGDTCallGate
- Listing 19.18. Adding a call gate to the GDT
- Listing 19.19. Adding entries to the IDT
- Listing 19.20. Allocating a page of linear memory
- Listing 19.21. Code to alias memory
- Listing 19.22. Code to remove alias PTEs
- Listing 19.23. Deallocating linear memory
- QueryMemPages
- Listing 19.24. Code to find number of free pages
- Listing 19.25. Public for linear to physical conversion
- Chapter 20, Timer Management Source Code
- Choosing a Standard Interval
- Listing 20.1. Loop in timer ISR
- Timer Data
- Listing 20.2. Data and constants for timer code
- Timer Code
- Listing 20.3. External functions for timer code
- The Timer Interrupt
- Listing 20.4. The timer interrupt service routine
- Sleep()
- Listing 20.5. Code for the Sleep function
- Alarm()
- Listing 20.6. Code for the Alarm function
- KillAlarm()
- Listing 20.7. Code for the KillAlarm function
- MicroDelay()
- Listing 20.8. Code for the MicrDelay function
- GetCMOSTime()
- Listing 20.9. Code to read the CMOS time
- GetCMOSDate()
- Listing 20.10. Code to read the CMOS date
- GetTimerTick()
- Listing 20.11. Code to return the timer tick
- Beep_Work()
- Listing 20.12. Helper function for Beep() and Tone()
- BEEP_Work:
- Beep()
- Listing 20.13. Code to produce a beep
- Tone()
- Listing 20.14. Code to produce a tone
- Chapter 21, Initialization Code
- OS Global Data
- Listing 21.1. Main Operating System Data
- Operating System Entry Point
- Listing 21.2. OS Initialization Code and Entry Point
- Listing 21.3. Continuation of OS initialization
- Listing 21.4. Continuation of OS initialization
- Listing 21.5. End of Initialization Code
- Initialization Helpers
- Listing 21.6. Initialization Subroutines
- Listing 21.7. Initialize call gates amd the IDT
- Chapter 22, Job Management Code
- Reclamation of Resources
- Job Management Helpers
- Listing 22.1. Job Management Subroutines
- Job Management Listing
- Listing 22.2. Jobc.c source code
- Chapter 23, Debugger Code
- Debugger Interrupt Procedure
- Listing 23.1. Exception Handlers for Entering Debugger
- Debugger Source Listing
- Listing 23.2. Debugger Data and Code
- Chapter 24, Selected Device Driver Code
- IDE Disk Device Driver
- Listing 24.1. IDE Device Driver Data (Defines and Externs)
- Listing 24.2. Continuation of IDE Driver Data (protos and defines)
- Listing 24.3. Continuation of IDE Driver Data (data structures)
- Listing 24.4. IDE Device Driver Code (Initialization)
- Listing 24.5. Continuation of IDE Driver Code (code)
- Listing 24.6. Continuation of IDE Driver Code (Device Interface)
- The RS-232 Asynchronous Device Driver
- Listing 24.7. RS-232.h Header File
- Listing 24.8. RS-232 Device Driver Code (defines and externs)
- Listing 24.9. RS-232 Device Driver Code continued (register bits)
- Listing 24.10. RS-232 Device Driver Code continued (status record)
- Listing 24.11. RS-232 Device Driver Code continued (DCB)
- Listing 24.12. RS-232 Device Driver Code continued (DCB init)
- Listing 24.13. RS-232 Device Driver Code continued (ISR and code)
- Listing 24.14. RS-232 Device Driver Code continued (interface)
- Chapter 25, Keyboard Source Code
- Keyboard Data
- Listing 25.1. Keyboard Data and Tables
- Keyboard Code
- Keyboard ISR
- Listing 25.2. Keyboard ISR Code
- Keyboard Translation
- Listing 25.3. Keyboard Translation Code
- Reading the Final Buffer
- Listing 25.4. Read Keyboard Buffer Code
- The Keyboard Service
- Listing 25.5. Keyboard system service code
- Keyboard Procedural Interface
- Listing 25.6. Code for Blocking Read Keyboard call
- Debugger Keyboard
- Listing 25.7. Debugger Read Keyboard Code
- Keyboard Hardware Set Up
- Listing 25.8. Code to Initialize the Keyboard Hardware
- Keyboard Service Initialization
- Listing 25.9. Keyboard Service Initialization
- Hardware Helpers
- Listing 25.10. Low-level Keyboard Control Code
- Chapter 26, Video Code
- Virtual Video Concept
- VGA Text Video
- The Video Code
- Listing 26.1. Video constants and data
- Listing 26.2. Code to Initialize Video
- Listing 26.3. Code to Set the Video Owner
- Listing 26.4. Code to set Normal Video Attribute
- Listing 26.5. Code to get the Normal Video Attribute
- Listing 26.6. Code to Get the Current Video Owner
- Listing 26.7. Code to Clear the Screen
- Listing 26.8. Code for TTY Stream Output to Screen
- Listing 26.9. Code to Screen Video Attributes
- Listing 26.10. Code to Place Video Chars Anywhere on the Screen
- Listing 26.11. Code to Get a Character and Attribute
- Listing 26.12. Code to Scroll an Area of the Screen
- Listing 26.13. Support Code to Set Hardware Cursor Position
- Listing 26.14. Code to Set Cursor Position
- Listing 26.15. Code to Return Current Cursor Position
- Listing 26.16. Code to Edit a Line on the Screen
- Relating MMURTL’s Video Code to Your Operating System
- Chapter 27, File System Code
- How MMURTL Handles FAT
- Physical (Absolute) Sector Numbers
- Hidden Sectors
- Logical Block Address (LBA)
- MS-DOS Boot Sector
- File System Initialization
- File System Listing
- Listing 27.1. MS-DOS FAT-Compatible File System Code
- Chapter 28, DASM; A 32-Bit Intel-Based Assembler
- DASM Concepts
- Using DASM
- Application Template File
- Listing 28.1. Simple Application Template File
- Listing 28.2. A More Complicated Template File
- Command Line Options
- List File Option
- Errors Only Option
- Dynamic Link Libraries
- Device Drivers
- DASM Source Files
- Local (Non-Public) Declarations
- DASM Program Structure
- Listing 28.3. Alternating data and code in a template file
- DOT Commands
- DASM versus DOS Assemblers
- DASM Addressing Modes
- Table 28.1 - .Specifying Memory Operands
- Storage Declarations
- DB (Define Byte)
- DW (Define Word)
- DD (Define Double Word)
- DF (Define Far Word)
- DASM Peculiar Syntax
- PUBLIC Declarations
- EXTRN Declarations
- Labels and Address
- Segment and Instruction Prefixes
- CALL and JUMP Addresses
- 386 Instruction Set
- Table 28.2 - Supported Instructions
- Executable File Format
- Table 28.3 - Tag Usage
- Tag Descriptions
- Error Codes from DASM
- Your Own Assembler?
- Chapter 29, CM32; A 32-Bit C Compiler
- Memory Usage and Addressing
- Important Internal Differences
- Variable Length Argument Lists
- CM32 Language Specifics
- FAR Calls
- Interrupt Functions
- Supported C Language Features
- Library Header File Access
- Limitations (compared to ANSI)
- Structure Limitations
- Far External Functions
- Type Conversion and Pointers
- Initialization of Static Variables
- Other Implementation Dependent Information
- Using CM32
- Library Functions
- Listing 29.1. Supported Library Functions
- Library Code Examples
- Listing 29.2. Standard file I/O for MMURTL
- Listing 29.3. Standard String Functions for MMURTL
- Appendix A -- CD-ROM Contents
- INDEX
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