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halshs-00137429, version 1 - 21 Mar 2007

 
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halshs-00137429, version 1 - 21 Mar 2007

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halshs-00137429, version 1 - 21 Mar 2007

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halshs-00137429, version 1 - 21 Mar 2007

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halshs-00137429, version 1 - 21 Mar 2007

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halshs-00137429, version 1 - 21 Mar 2007

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