accomplishes the convincing vocal performance by creating the emotion itself, remembering a past event in his or her life.

On the other hand, it is easier to put on an insincere facial expression, and my research shows such expressions fool most people who have not practiced identifying expressions.6 The voice rarely gives false emotional messages, although it gives no messages at all if the person doesn't speak. The face more often than the voice gives false emotional messages, although it can never be totally turned off. Even when listening and not speaking, a subtle sign of an expression may leak out. The last way in which the vocal and facial signals differ is that the voice captures our attention even when we are ignoring the person who sends out the signal, while we must be paying attention to the person to pick up facial expressions. If there were no vocal emotional signals, if it were only the face that signaled what emotion is felt, caregivers would take serious risks whenever they went out of sight of their infants. What trouble it would be always to have to make a visual check to know an infant's emotional state. As it is, a baby's cry of hunger, pain, anger, fear, or joy can catch the attention of the caregiver who is totally out of sight, and that offers caregivers the opportunity to, in computer parlance, multitask, to do other things in other places as long as the infant's voice can reach them. Given the importance of the voice, it is regrettable that we know so little, as compared to the face, about how it signals emotions. My colleague and sometimes partner in research Klaus Scherer is the leading scientist studying the voice and emotion. His work has shown that the vocal signals of emotion are, like the face, universal.7 Scherer has also been working to specify exactly what changes in the voice signal each emotion. There is not as much to report as there is for the face, partly because not as much work has been done. Also, it is hard to describe the sound of the different emotions in a way that can be practically used. That may require hearing the voice, just as the best way to explain the facial clues to emotion is through photographs, films, or video. For most people it is also easier to visualize from a verbal explanation of a facial sign what it will look like than it is to imagine the sound from a verbal description of a vocal sign. In the chapters to follow I will describe what has been found for the