The Reproductive System Male

Fakhrurrazy

SISTEM REPRODUKSI WANITA DAN PRIA

Berbeda secara fungsional Wanita mengeluarkan 1 gamet tiap 1 bulan : memelihara zigot Pria mengeluarkan sejumlah besar gamet :
Produksi juta sperma setiap hari

STRUKTUR REPRODUKSI PRIA

ANATOMI SISTEM REPRODUKSI PRIA

Testis Saluran
Epididimis Duktus deferentia Urethra

Struktur pendukung
Scrotum
Kantung yang berisi testis Otot Dartos dan cremaster membantu regulasi temperatur

Kelenjar tambahan
Vesikula seminalis Prostat Bulbourethralis

Penis

Perineum
Daerah dengan ukuran seperti berlian diantara paha

PELVIS PRIA

TESTIS
Kelenjar
Eksokrin : produksi sperma Endokrin : produksi hormon testosteron

Penurunan testis
Turunnya testis dari ruang abdomen melalui kanalis inguinal menuju skrotum

Ruang yang dipisahkan oleh septa

Tubulus seminiferus Sel Leydig atau sel interstitial
Menghasilkan androgen:
Hormon seks yang dominan pada pria

Cryptorchidismus
Kegagalan penurunan satu atau kedua testis menuju skrotum Menghalangi perkembangan sperma normal

Testosterone:
Androgen yang paling utama

TUBULUS SEMINIFERUS
Tempat produksi sperma Panjang sekitar 60 cm Septa memisahkan testis menjadi lobulus Lobulus mengandung sekitar 800 tubulus seminiferus Setiap tubulus membentuk lengkungan yang berhubungan dengan rete testis Bagian tubulus seminiferus :
Bagian luar basal :
Mengandung spermatogonia

Bagian dalam lumenal atau adlumenal :

Tempat terjadinya pembelahan meiosis dan spermiogenesis

HISTOLOGI TESTIS

FETUS: PEMBENTUKAN TESTIS

Testis dibentuk di dalam tubuh : form inside body cavity: Berdekatan dengan ginjal Fetus: Gubernaculum Testis Merupakan kumpulan serabut jaringan konektif Memanjang dari testis sampai kantung peritoneum Menahan testis pada posisi di anterior dinding abdomen selama fetus tumbuh

PENURUNAN TESTIS

PENURUNAN TESTIS
Selama 7 bulan :
fetus tumbuh dengan cepat

Sirkulasi hormon :
Merangsang kontraksi gubernaculum testis

Masing-masing testis:
Pindah melalui otot abdomen Disertai oleh kantung kavitas peritoneal

DUKTUS EFFEREN
1520 duktus efferen:
Menghubungkan rete testis dengan epididymis

Spermatogenesis
Proses produksi sperma Dimulai pada lapisan sel paling luar pada tubulus seminiferus Diteruskan ke arah lumen

Spermatogenesis

Meiosis

5 LANGKAH SPERMATOGENESIS
1.

Pembelahan mitosis Stem cells (spermatogonia) :

Menghasilkan 2 sel anakan :
1 tetap menjadi spermatogonium Sel kedua berdifferensiasi menjadi spermatosit primer

2.

Spermatosit primer :
Pembelahan meiosis Membentuk spermatosit sekunder

3.

Spermatosit sekunder :
Differensiasi menjadi spermatid (gamet immatur)

4.

Spermatid:
Differensiasi menjadi spermatozoa

5.

Spermatozoa:
Tidak melekat pada dinding tubulus seminiferus Terdapat pada cairan lumen

EPIDIDIMIS

MATURASI SPERMA
Testis menghasilkan spermatozoa matang yang secara fisik tidak dapat membuahi oosit Bagian sistem reproduksi lain yang bertanggung jawab untuk : :
Pematangan sperma secara fungsional, pemeliharaan, penyimpanan dan transport

Spermatozoa:
Melepaskan diri dar sel sustentacular Bebas terdapat di dalam tubulus seminiferus Secara fungsional tidak matang

The Epididymis
Saluran reproduksi pria yang paling awal Gulungan saluran dengan panjang hampir 7m :
Mengelilingi bagian posterior testis
1. Mengawasi dan mengatur cairan yang dihasilkan tubulus seminiferus 2. Mendaur ulang spermatozoa yang rusak 3. Menyimpan dan melindungi spermatozoa :
Memfasilitasi maturasi fungsional

3 fungsi

Spermatozoa Meninggalkan epididimis

Matur tapi immobil Untuk menjadi motil dan fungsional harus mengalami kapasitasi 2 langkah kapasitasi :
1. Spermatozoa menjadi motile:
Bila bergabung dengan sekresi vesikula seminalis

2. Spermatozoa mampu membuahi :

Apabila ekspose dengan saluran reproduksi wanita

Ductus/Vas Deferens and Kelenjar assesori

The Ductus/Vas Deferens

Dapat menyimpan spermatozoa selama beberapa bulan :
Dalam keadaan metabolik rendah

Panjang 4045 cm Dimulai pada cauda epididymis Naik melalui kanalis inguinalis :
Sebagai bagian spermatic cord

Duktus ejakulatorius
Saluran pendek (2 cm):
Pada perbatasan ampulla dan saluran vesikula seminalis

Menembus dinding kelenjar prostat Mengeluarkan cairan ke dalam urethra

The Male Urethra

Is used by urinary and reproductive systems Extends 1820 cm:
from urinary bladder to tip of penis

Is divided into 3 regions:

prostatic membranous spongy

Seminal Fluid
Is a mixture of secretions from many glands:
each with distinctive biochemical characteristics

Important glands include:

seminal vesicles prostate gland bulbourethral glands

4 Major Functions of Male Glands

1. Activating spermatozoa 2. Providing nutrients spermatozoa need for motility 3. Propelling spermatozoa and fluids along reproductive tract:
mainly by peristaltic contractions to counteract acidity of urethral and vaginal environments

4. Producing buffers:

The Seminal Vesicles

Are tubular glands:
coiled and folded into 5 cm by 2.5 cm mass

Each gland:
is about 5 cm long with short side branches from body

Are extremely active secretory glands Produce about 60% of semen volume

Secretions of Seminal Vesicles

Are slightly alkaline:
to neutralize acids in prostate gland and vagina

Initiate first step in capacitation:

spermatozoa begin beating flagella, become highly motile

Are discharged into ejaculatory duct at emission:

when peristaltic contractions are underway

Contractions are controlled by sympathetic nervous system

 The Prostate Gland

Is a small, muscular organ, about 4 cm diameter Encircles proximal portion of urethra below urinary bladder

Prostatic Fluid
Is slightly acidic Forms 2030% of semen volume Contains antibiotic seminalplasmin Is ejected into prostatic urethra: by peristalsis of prostate wall

Penis
Tiga jaringan erektil yang dipenuhi oleh darah
Corpora cavernosa (2) Corpus spongiosum (1)

Gland penis
Kulit penutup
Circumcision

Orificium urethra eksterna

Penis

REGULASI SEKRESI HORMON

Hypothalamus mengeluarkan
GnRH or LHRH yang menstimulasi
LH or ICSH untuk menghasilkan testosteron FSH merangsang pembentukan sel sperma Inhibin menghambat sekresi FSH dari hipofisis anterior

PUBERTAS DAN TESTOSTERON

Puberty
Age at which individuals become capable of sexual reproduction
Before puberty small amounts of testosterone inhibit GnRH release During puberty testosterone does not completely suppress GnRH release, resulting in increased FSH,LH, and testosterone

Testosterone
Produced by interstitial cells, adrenal cortex and sustentacular cells Causes development of male sex organs in embryo stimulates descent of testes causes enlargement of genitals and necessary for sperm cell formation

Male Sexual Behavior and Male Sex Act

Male sexual behavior
Testosterone required to initiate and maintain

Male sex act

Complex series of reflexes that result in erection of penis, secretion of mucus into urethra, emission, ejaculation Sensations result in orgasm associated with ejaculation and then resolution

Neural Control of Erection

Stimulation
Tactile or psychological Parasympathetic
Erection due to vasodilation of blood vessels

Sympathetic
Causes erection, emission, ejaculation

Erectile Dysfunction

Hormonal Feedback/Regulation of Male Reproductive Function

Male Hormones
Anterior lobe of pituitary gland releases:
folliclestimulating hormone (FSH) luteinizing hormone (LH)

In response to:
gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Is synthesized in hypothalamus:
carried to pituitary by hypophyseal portal system

Is secreted in pulses:
at 6090 minute intervals

GnRH Levels
Control rates of secretion of:
FSH and LH testosterone (released in response to LH)

FSH and Testosterone

Target cells of seminiferous tubules These cells:
promote spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis secrete androgen-binding protein (ABP)

Negative Feedback
Spermatogenesis is regulated by:
GnRH, FSH, and inhibin

As spermatogenesis accelerates:
inhibin secretion increases
Inhibin inhibits FSH production: Suppresses secretion of GnRH at hypothalamus

Inhibin and FSH

Elevated FSH levels:
increase inhibin production until FSH returns to normal

If FSH declines:
inhibin production falls FSH production increases

 Luteinizing Hormone
Targets interstitial cells of testes Induces secretion of:
testosterone other androgens

Testosterone
Is the most important androgen Has many functions

5 Functions of Testosterone
1. Stimulates spermatogenesis:
promoting functional maturation of spermatozoa libido (sexual drive) and related behaviors

2. Affects CNS function:

3. Stimulates metabolism:
especially protein synthesis, blood cell formation and muscle growth distribution of facial hair increased muscle mass and body size characteristic adipose tissue deposits

4. Est. male secondary sex characteristics:

5. Maintains accessory glands and organ

Testosterone and Development

Testosterone production: begins around seventh week of fetal development reaches prenatal peak after 6 months
Secretion of Mllerian inhibiting factor: by sustentacular cells leads to regression of Mllerian ducts Early surge in testosterone levels: stimulates differentiation of male duct system and accessory organs affects CNS development Testosterone programs hypothalamus, controlling: 1. GnRH, FSH, and LH secretion 2. sexual behaviors 3. sexual drive