PRACTICAL SIMULATION REPORT

SEMESTER 1-2013
FACULTY OF
ENGINEERING, SCIENCE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT
DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING

CIRCUIT ANALYSIS IV

TITTLE:
TRANSIENT DAMPING ANALYSIS

4/25/2013
Student number: 21141631
Vunda CF

Lecturer:
Mr. John Wimbush

Contents
Abstract .................................................................................................................................................. 2
1-Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 2
2- The theory ......................................................................................................................................... 3
2.1-Under damped circuit (<1)...................................................................................................... 3
2.2-Critically damped circuit (=1) ................................................................................................. 5
2.3-Over damped circuit (>1) ........................................................................................................ 6
3- Effect of the damping ratio on the response of a circuit. ........................................................... 8
3.1- Under damped circuit............................................................................................................... 8
3.2- Critically damped circuit .......................................................................................................... 8
3.3- Over damped circuit ................................................................................................................. 8
4- Effects of transients ......................................................................................................................... 8
4.1- Electronic equipment: .............................................................................................................. 8
4.2- Motors: ....................................................................................................................................... 8
4.3- Lighting: ..................................................................................................................................... 9
5- Avoiding problems caused transients........................................................................................... 9
6- Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................ 9
7- Reference ......................................................................................................................................... 9

List of tables
Table 1: Under damped.............................................................................................. 3
Table 2: Critically damped .......................................................................................... 5
Table 3: Over damped................................................................................................ 7

List of figures
Figure 1: Under damped Circuit Diagram ................................................................... 3
Figure 2: Under damped current and voltage wave form ........................................... 4
Figure 3: Critically damped circuit diagram ..................................................................... 5
Figure 4: Critical damped current and voltage wave form .......................................... 6
Figure 5: Over damped circuit diagram ........................................................................... 6
Figure 6: Over damped current and voltage wave forms............................................ 8

Abstract
Transient in electrical circuits results from the sudden release of previously stored
energy. Some transients may be voluntary and created in the circuit due to inductive
switching, commutation voltage spikes, etc. and may be easily suppressed since
their energy content is known and predictable. Other transients may be created
outside the circuit and then couple into it. These can be caused by lightning,
substation problems, or other such phenomena. These transients, unlike switching
transients, are beyond the control of the circuit designers and are more difficult
identify, measure and suppress.
In this paper, section 2 studies the behaviour of an under damped circuit, section 3
describes the behaviour of a critically damped circuit and section 4 studies the
behaviour of an over damped circuit.

1-Introduction
In this experiment, we will study the behaviour of an RLC circuit whose response
varies according to the different damping ratio applied, also checking the current and
voltage waveforms across the resistance.
The circuit is under damped if the damped ratio () is less than 1, critically damped if
the damping ratio is equal to 1, and over damped if the damping ratio is greater than
1.
The circuit is made of a resistance, inductance, and a capacitor (49,9F), the circuit
being closed for a long time and suddenly at instant t=0 its opened.

2- The theory

Figure 1: Under damped Circuit Diagram

2.1-Under damped circuit (<1)

Before we simulate the circuit for under damped condition, we need to determine
certain parameters: The resistance (R), and the inductance (L). The table-1 and the
following steps show how the current expression can be determined.
Table 1: Under damped

Givens:
C= 49.9F fn=
fn =5Kz
= 0.25
vs= 120V

Formulae

n =

, so L=

; =

; R=

; =

; i(0)=

5x

Calculations
L= 20.3x
H
R= 0.319
n = 31419.68rads
= 7854,143
= 30421,4
i(0)= 376,18A
63.66
sec
trans.period=318

sec

When the switch is opened and t=0, the circuit will have following equation:
Ri+ +Vc=0 ------ (1), and to solve for i(t) we use the following equation:
x

+i =0 ------ (2), putting the data in the equation we get:

1.09x
+ 1.59 x
+i=0 ---- (3), this is a second order differential
equation, since the damping ratio (<1) so this is an under damped circuit. Which as
the following solution:
i(t) = B

+C

------ (4) , then the equation becomes:

i(t) = B
+ C
and i(0)= 376,18A substituting in (5) we get: B= 376.18A

------- (5), then at t=0,

Now differentiate equation (5) with respect to t we get:

=-7854,143B
7854,143C

-30421,4B
+ 30421,4C

Then from (1):

=
=
Hence, substitute (7) and at t=0 into (6) we get:
-11,82x

----- (6)
= -11,82x

--(7)

= -7854,143B + 30421,4C, so C= -291.42, then equation (5) becomes:

i (t) = 376,18

- 291,42

Figure 2: Under damped current and voltage wave form

(A)

2.2-Critically damped circuit (=1)

Figure 3: Critically damped circuit diagram

Before we simulate the circuit for under damped condition, we need to determine
certain parameters: The resistance (R), and the inductance (L). The table-2 and the
following steps below show how the current expression can be determined
.
Table 2: Critically damped

Givens:
C= 49.9F
fn =5Kz
=1
vs= 120V

Formulae
fn=
R=

, so L=
n =

i(0)=

Calculations
L= 20.3x
H
R= 1.275
n = 31419.68rads
i(0)= 94.12A

When the switch is opened and t=0, the circuit will have following equation:
Ri+ +Vc=0 ------ (1), and to solve for i(t) we use the following equation:
x

+i =0 ------ (2), putting the data the equation is going to be:

1.09x
+ 63.65x
+ i =0 ---- (3), this is a second order differential
equation, since the damping ratio (=1) so this is critically damped circuit. Which as
the following solution:
i(t) =

------ (4) , then the equation becomes:

i(t) =
We get: B= 94,12A

------- (5), then at t=0, and i(0)= 94.12A substituting in (5)

Now differentiate equation (5) with respect to t we get:

=- 31419,68

----- (6)

Then from (1):

=
=
Hence, substitute (7) at t=0 into (6) we get:
-11,82x

= -31419,68B + C, so C= -8.86 x

i (t) =

= -11,82x

-- (7)

=, then equation (5) becomes:

(A)

Figure 4: Critical damped current and voltage wave form

2.3-Over damped circuit (>1)

Figure 5: Over damped circuit diagram

Before we simulate the circuit for under damped condition, we need to determine
certain parameters: The resistance (R), and the inductance (L). The table-2 and the
following steps below show how the current expression can be determined.

Table 3: Over damped

Givens:
C= 49.9F fn=
fn =5Kz
=2
vs= 120V

R=

Formulae

, so L=

n=

1=

2 =

;
;
;

Calculations
L= 20.3x
H
R= 2.55
n = 31419.68rads
1=8423,75
2=117192
i(0)= 47,1A

i(0)=

When the switch is opened and t=0, the circuit will have following equation:
Ri+ +Vc=0 ------ (1), and to solve for i(t) we use the following equation:
x

+i =0 ------ (2), putting the data in the equation is going to be:

1.09x
+ 1.273 x
+i=0 ---- (3), this is a second order differential
equation, since the damping ratio (>1) so this is an over damped circuit. Which as
the following solution:
i(t) = B

+C

------ (4) , then the equation becomes:

i(t) = B
+C
------- (5), then at t=0, and i(0)= 47,1A substituting in
(5) we get: B + C= 47,1 ------- (6)
Now differentiate equation (5) with respect to t we get:
=- 8423,75B

- 117192C

----- (7)

Then from (1):

=
=
Hence, substitute (8) and at t=0 into (7) we get:

= -11,82x

-- (8)

-11,82x
= -8423,75B - 117192C, ---- (9) so, solving equation (6) & (9)
simultaneously we get the following: B= -57,92 and C =105,02, therefore equation
(5) becomes:
i (t) = -57,92

+105,02

(A)

Figure 6: Over damped current and voltage wave forms

3- Effect of the damping ratio on the response of a circuit.
3.1- Under damped circuit
The under damped response the decay of the transient current is with oscillation
(sinusoid).
3.2- Critically damped circuit
The critically damped response represents the circuit response that decays in the
fastest possible time without going into oscillation.
3.3- Over damped circuit
The over damped response the decay of the transient current is without oscillation
4- Effects of transients
4.1- Electronic equipment:
Electronic devices may operate erratically. Equipment could lock up or produced
garbled results. These types of disruptions may be difficult to diagnose because
improper specification and installation of transient voltage surge suppression
equipment can actually INCREASE the incidents of failure as described above.
4.2- Motors:
Motors will run at higher temperatures when transient voltages are present.
Transients can interrupt the normal timing of the motor and result in "micro-jogging".
This type of disruption produces motor vibration, noise, and excessive heat. Motor
winding insulation is degraded and eventually fails
8

4.3- Lighting:
Transient activity causes early failure of all types of lights. Fluorescent systems
suffer early failure of ballasts, reduced operating efficiencies, and early bulb failures.
One of the most common indicators of transient activity is the premature appearance
of black "rings" at the ends of the tubes.

5- Avoiding problems caused transients

To avoid problem caused by transients, several techniques are being used such as:
Gas discharge tube, thyristor surge protecting device, transient voltage suppressor,
metal oxide varistor (MOV), etc.

6- Conclusion
The damping ratio plays a vital role in an RLC circuit, because it is the one which
determines the nature of the circuit. If the circuit is under damped, critically damped
or over damped. It is also directly proportional to the resistance of the circuit. The
greater the damping ratio the bigger the resistance and the smaller the current.

7- Reference
Books
1. BOYLESTAD, R. L. 2003. Introductory circuit analysis, Upper Saddle River,
N.J, Prentice Hall.
2. MERSEREAU, R. M. & JACKSON, J. R. 2006. Circuit analysis: a systems
approach, Upper Saddle River, N.J, Pearson Prentice Hall.
3. ZORNESKY, J. & MAYBAR, S. H. 2000. Circuit analysis: an integrated
approach, Upper Saddle River, N.J, Prentice Hall.

Internet links
http://www.onsemi.com/pub_link/Collateral/TND335-D.PDF
http://www.ti.com/lit/an/slva233a/slva233a.pdf
http://www.pge.com/includes/docs/pdfs/about/news/outagestatus/powerquality/avoid
_pwr_disturb.pdf
http://www.irf.com/technical-info/designtp/dt97-3.pdf