TABLE OF CONTENTS xi
Table of Contents
Acknowledgments ........................................................................................... iPreface .......................................................................................................... iiiAbstract ....................................................................................................... viiTable of Contents ..........................................................................................xiList of Figures ............................................................................................ xivList of Tables .............................................................................................. xvi1.
NMR Theory ........................................................................................ 1
1.1.
The Electromagnetic Field ...........................................................................11.2.
Nuclear Spin .................................................................................................21.3.
Rotating Frame of Reference and Radio-Frequency Pulses .........................81.4.
The Free Induction Decay (FID) ................................................................111.5.
Fourier Transform and the Frequency Domain ..........................................121.6.
Relaxation Time Constants ........................................................................171.6.1.
T
1
Relaxation (Spin-Lattice or Longitudinal Relaxation) ..............171.6.2.
T
2
Relaxation (Spin-Spin Relaxation) ...........................................21
2.
Spin Manipulation ............................................................................. 25
2.1.
The Chemical Shift and Binomial Pulses ..................................................252.2.
Spin Echoes (SE), Stimulated Echoes (STE) and Spurious Echoes ..........282.3.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ....................................................................312.3.1.
Effect of Magnetic Field Gradients on Spins .................................312.3.1.1.Frequency Encoding ...........................................................322.3.1.2.Slice Selection ....................................................................332.3.1.3.Phase Encoding ..................................................................362.3.2.
k
-space and Imaging ......................................................................372.3.2.1.Two-Dimensional Fourier Imaging ....................................382.3.2.2.Saw-Tooth Echo-Planar Imaging .......................................402.4.
Diffusion ....................................................................................................422.4.1.
The Diffusion Process and Stochastic Modeling ...........................42
TABLE OF CONTENTS xii
2.4.2.
Measuring Diffusion with Pulsed-Field Gradient NMR ................44
3.
Murine Tumor
19
F Experiments ...................................................... 50
3.1.
Radiation Therapy ......................................................................................513.1.1.
Abstract ..........................................................................................513.1.2.
Introduction ....................................................................................523.1.2.1.Oxygen Sensitive
19
F MRI and MRS .................................533.1.2.2.Hypoxia and Radioresistance .............................................543.1.3.
Experimental Methods ...................................................................563.1.3.1.Hardware and Materials .....................................................563.1.3.2.Animal Preparation ............................................................563.1.3.3.Data Acquisition ................................................................573.1.3.4.Radiation Therapy ..............................................................583.1.3.5.Data Analysis .....................................................................593.1.4.
Results ............................................................................................603.1.5.
Discussion and Conclusion ............................................................653.1.6.
Acknowledgements ........................................................................68
4.
Murine Tumor Diffusion and
p
O
2
Experiments ............................ 69
4.1.
On the Correlation Between the Water Diffusion Coefficient and OxygenTension in RIF-1 Tumors ...........................................................................704.1.1.
Abstract ..........................................................................................714.1.2.
Introduction ....................................................................................724.1.3.
Background ....................................................................................754.1.4.
Methods..........................................................................................764.1.5.
Results ............................................................................................814.1.6.
Discussion ......................................................................................884.1.7.
Acknowledgements ........................................................................96
5.
Yeast Experiments............................................................................. 98
5.1.
Deconvolution of Restriction Effects on Compartmental Diffusion UsingCombined Relaxometric and Diffusimetric NMR .....................................985.1.1.
Abstract ..........................................................................................985.1.2.
Introduction ....................................................................................995.1.3.
Theory ..........................................................................................1025.1.4.
Methods........................................................................................1085.1.4.1.Yeast Preparation .............................................................1085.1.4.2.NMR Experiments ...........................................................1095.1.4.3.Data Analysis ...................................................................1115.1.5.
Results ..........................................................................................1135.1.5.1.[Gd-DTPA] and Relaxographic Peak Separation ............113
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