TENDON 125
Chapter 6
Rabbit Achilles Tendon Experiments
This chapter is a pre-print of the article summarizing initial experiments by StephenGemmell and the continuation of that work. One of the problems encountered after thefirst set of experiments was that the tendon water
ADC
was drastically affected by thestorage medium. Due to osmotic imbalances, the phosphate-buffered saline caused thetendon to swell. For this reason, it was uncertain whether the changes in
ADC
were dueto tendon characteristics, or rather, if these changes were an artifact of the storagemedium. This finding led to the use of tendons from freshly sacrificed rabbits and NMRmeasurements were obtained immediately post sacrifice. While the trend in the
ADC
with load was similar to that of the swollen tendon, other characteristics were quitedifferent. These experiments were conducted with Dr. Peter Grigg. My role in all of these experiments was to acquire and process the data, and also to write the NMRmethods and analysis of the results. Stephen Gemmell and Dr. Peter Grigg wereresponsible for the preparation and mounting of the swollen tendon and the freshlyharvested tendon, respectively.
TENDON 126
6.1. Characterization of Water
ADC
BehaviorUnder Tensile Loading and Recovery in RabbitAchilles Tendon Using NMR
S. S. Han
1
, S. J. Gemmell
1
, K. G. Helmer
1
, A. H. Hoffman
2
, P.Grigg
3
, and C. H. Sotak
1,4
1
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester,MA 01609
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester,MA 01609
3
Department of Physiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester,MA 01605
4
Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA01605Running Title: NMR Measurements of Water Transport in TendonsAddress correspondence to:C. H. Sotak Department of Biomedical EngineeringWorcester Polytechnic Institute100 Institute RoadWorcester, MA 01609Tel: 508 831 5617Fax: 508 831 5541email: csotak@wpi.edu
TENDON 127
6.1.1. Abstract
Water diffusion measurements were made on rabbit Achilles tendon to determine theirbehavior during static tensile loading and unloading. Tendons previously stored frozen inphosphate-buffered saline (PBS) were sequentially loaded with 0.4-, 5-, 10-, and 0.4-Nloads. The apparent diffusion coefficient (
ADC
) was measured perpendicular (
⊥
ADC
)and parallel (
||
ADC
) to the fiber orientation at diffusion times of 10, 30, and 60 ms foreach load.
⊥
ADC
and
||
ADC
increased with increasing load for all samples. Newsamples of freshly-harvested tendons were loaded with a static 5-N load for five minutesand then unloaded for 30 minutes to determine the effects of loading and unloading. The
⊥
ADC
of fresh tendon was studied as a function of loading and unloading. The
⊥
ADC
increased with load for all samples. This increase was attributed to the extrusion of tendon water into a bulk phase outside the tendon. The recovery of the tendon uponunloading exhibited a reversal of the
⊥
ADC
back to the baseline value. This recoverywas attributed to the water moving from the bulk phase to the bound phase. The recoveryfollowed a slower time course than the extrusion of water. It was also found that thephosphate-buffered saline caused the tendon to swell. This method can be used both todetect structural changes in tendon under tensile loading and to study the transport of water in tendon.
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