GPRS For Eng

General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) For Engineers
Course Outline
Day 1
1. Concepts 2. Mobile Data Evolution 3. GPRS Overview 4. GPRS Architecture & Interfaces 5. GPRS Air Interface 6. Protocols Overview 7. GPRS Protocols
Day 2
8. Mobility Management 9. Radio Resource Management 10. Packet Routing and Transfer 11. GPRS Operational Issues 12. Interaction with GSM Services 13. GPRS Internetworking
Course Progress
Day 1
Day 2
Section 1 - Concepts
1.1 Introduction 1.2 Circuit Switching and Packet Switching 1.3 Packet Switching Technologies 1.4 Virtual Circuits (VCs) 1.5 Forward and Backward Error Correction
Circuit Switching
CIRCUIT SWITCH
CIRCUIT SWITCH
CIRCUIT SWITCH
CIRCUIT SWITCH
CIRCUIT SWITCH
Packet Switching
PACKET ASSEMBLER/ DISASSEMBLER
1
PACKET SWITCH
PACKET SWITCH
PACKET SWITCH PACKET SWITCH PACKET SWITCH
PACKET SWITCH
Packet Switching
1
PACKET SWITCH
PACKET SWITCH
3 3 2 2 1 1
PACKET SWITCH PACKET SWITCH PACKET SWITCH
PACKET SWITCH
Packet Switching
1
PACKET SWITCH
1 2 3
PACKET SWITCH
PACKET SWITCH PACKET SWITCH
PACKET SWITCH
PACKET SWITCH
Packet Switching
1
PACKET SWITCH
PACKET SWITCH
3
2
PACKET SWITCH
PACKET SWITCH
Packet Switching
1
PACKET SWITCH
PACKET SWITCH
2
PACKET SWITCH
3 1
1
PACKET SWITCH
PACKET SWITCH
PACKET SWITCH
Packet Switching
1
PACKET SWITCH
PACKET SWITCH
PACKET SWITCH
2 3 3 1 1
PACKET SWITCH
Packet Switching
1
PACKET SWITCH
1 2
PACKET SWITCH
3
2
PACKET SWITCH
2
3 1
1
3 3
1 1
3 3
2 2
1 1
PACKET SWITCH
PACKET SWITCH
PACKET SWITCH
Advantages of Packet Switching

More efficient use of existing bearers More suited to bursty-type traffic such as Internet access. Compatibility with existing packet-switched networks (PSNs) such as the Internet
Advantages of Circuit Switching

More suited to time-sensitive applications No contention for network resources Less data overheads for routing requirements Compatibility with existing circuit-switched networks (eg PSTN/ISDN)
Packet Routing Strategies
Connection-Orientated (CONS): Packet route established prior to data transfer Supports flow control Supports QoS functions Connectionless (CNLS) No predefined route - packets routed individually No guarantee of delivery Difficult to implement QoS
Packet Data Delivery
Acknowledged Mode:

Guarantees error-free delivery Supports flow control Requires additional overheads Lower data throughput
Unacknowledged Mode
Packets are delivered to the network and forgotten No indication of delivery or error correction Generally relies on higher layer protocols for error detection
and correction More efficient in reliable networks
Packet Switching Technologies

X.25 Frame Relay ATM
X.25 Fr Relay ATM Transmission Speed <256kbps <2Mbps >45Mbps Data Block Size Var Var 53 octets Block Header+Trailer 6 octets 7 octets 5 octets Payload Size Var Var 48 octets Switching Type CNLS CNLS CONS
The Virtual Circuit (VC) Concept

Virtual Circuit
PACKET SWITCH
2
1 2
PACKET SWITCH
3
2
3 1
3 1
3 3
2 2
1 1 PACKET SWITCH
3
3 2 1 3 2 1
PACKET SWITCH
2 2
3 3
1 1
PACKET SWITCH
Virtual Circuit
Virtual Circuit Connections
Permanent Virtual Circuit (PVC):

Established by NMC Dedicated resource for specific user Connectionless
Switched Virtual Circuit (SVC):

Setup on request Temporary allocation of resources Cleared on completion of session
Forward and Backward Error Correction
Backward Error Correction: Far end checks for errors Errors detected by BCS/FCS Correction by retransmission Forward Error Correction: Source data block/convolution encoded Far end reverses block/convolution encoding Coding method detects and corrects errors at far end
Summary Section 1

Circuit and Packet Switching CONS, CNLS, Ack/Unack Modes Packet Switching Technologies X.25, Frame Relay, ATM Virtual Circuits PVCs, SVCs Forward and Backward Error Correction Block Error Detection, ARQ, Convolution Coding
PACKET SWITCH PACKET SWITCH PACKET SWITCH PACKET SWITCH PACKET SWITCH
Course Progress
Day 1
Day 2
Section 2 - Mobile Data Evolution
2.1 Introduction 2.2 The Requirement for Mobile Data 2.3 Current and Emerging Mobile Technologies 2.4 HSCSD 2.5 EDGE (ECSD/EGPRS)
The Requirement for Mobile Data

Projected increase in demand for data traffic Requirement to develop additional revenue-generating streams Exponential growth in Internet Access Demand for Internet access on the move. Evolution towards 3G services
The Requirement for Mobile Data

Mbytes/month 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5
96
98
00 Circuit Switched
02 Packet Switched
04
GSM Phase 1 & 2 Data Services

9.6kbps CSD 14.4kbps CSD USSD SMS
Emerging Mobile Data Technologies

n io t ra e n e G 5 . 38.8 kb/s 2
3rd Generation
UMTS ECSD 384 kb/s 2 Mb/s
14.4 kb/s
EDGE
HSCSD
EGPRS
69.2 kb/s
GPRS 9.6 kb/s CSD SMS
21.4 kb/s
Circuit Switched Packet Switched
2nd Generation
HSCSD

Increases bit rate for GSM by a mainly software upgrade Uses multiple GSM channel coding schemes to give 4.8 kb/s, 9.6 kb/s or 14.4 kb/s per timeslot Multiple timeslots for a connection e.g. using two timeslots gives data rates up to 28.8 kb/s Timeslots may be symmetrical or asymmetrical, e.g. two downlink, one uplink, giving 28.8 kb/s downloads but 14.4 kb/s uploads.
Maximum data rate quoted as 115 kb/s = 14.4 x 8
HSCSD Mobile Equipment
HSCSD handsets are typically limited to 4 timeslots, allowing:
2 up / 2 down (28.8 kb/s in both directions) 3 down and 1 up (43.2 kb/s down 14.4 kb/s up)
This limitation arises because the handset operates in half duplex and needs time to change between transmit and receive modes Nokia cardphone (PCMCIA card for laptops) uses HSCSD (Orange network) - quotes data downloads at 28.8 kb/s
EDGE
Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution

(0,1,1) (0,0,1)
(0,1,0) (1,1,0) (1,1,1) (1,0,1) (1,0,0)
Use 8 Phase-Shift Keying (8PSK) modulation
- 3 bits per symbol Improved link control allows the system to adapt (0,0,0) to variable channel quality Applied to a GSM channel rate of 271ksps, EDGE allows a maximum data rate of 48 kb/s per timeslot, giving the quoted figure of 384 kb/s per carrier (8 timeslots)
EDGE can be applied to HSCSD (ECSD) and GPRS (EGPRS) EDGE will be expensive for operators to implement:
Each base station will require a new EDGE transceiver Abis interface between BTS and BSC must be upgraded New EDGE-enabled handsets required
Summary Section 2

Requirement for Mobile Data CONS, CNLS, Ack/Unack Modes Current Mobile Data Technologies CSD(9k6), CSD(14k4), USSD, SMS Emerging Mobile Data Technologies HSCSD, EDGE
ECSD
UMTS
EDGE
HSCSD GPRS CSD SMS
EGPRS
Course Progress
Day 1
Day 2
Section 3 - GPRS Overview

3.1 Introduction 3.2 Review of GSM Architecture 3.3 What is GPRS? 3.4 GPRS Network Architecture Overview 3.5 Key User and Network Enhancements 3.6 Limitations of GPRS 3.7 Current GPRS Deployment 3.8 Useful Internet GPRS Resources
GSM Architecture Overview

Air Interface (Um) Abis Interface A Interface
OMC
MS BSS MS
TRX
HLR VLR
BTS
BSC
MSC
AuC
MS
PSTN
EIR
What is GPRS?

Packet-switching technology Transparent end-to-end data transport of data packets over a modified GSM network Shares Radio Resources with GSM New GPRS core network distinct from GSM
GPRS - Conceptual View
Air Interface BSS GPRS IP Core Internet
Shared GSM/GPRS Infrastructure
GPRS Core Infrastructure
IP Environment
GPRS Features

Introduces new air interface coding schemes Introduces Quality of Service (QoS) profiles Supports low and high speed (9.6-171.2kbps) data Supports various data transfer types (CONS/CNLS ACK/UNACK) Supports multiple Packet Data Protocols (PDPs) Supports SMS over GPRS Allows for shared usage of GSM control functions
GPRS Phases 1 and 2
Phase 1: TCP/IP and X.25 bearer services GPRS-specific encryption algorithms Operator functions SMS Support Packet Charging Support Phase 2: Additional PTP services PTM Services Additional Network Interfaces Additional Supplementary services
GPRS Architecture Overview

GPRS CORE NETWORK SMS GMSC MSC BSS MS
TR X BT S BSC PCU
MS
VLR
Internet
SGSN
GGS N
MS traffic signalling
EIR HLR
PLMN
Key GPRS User Enhancements
Speed Immediacy Simultaneity New and Improved Applications Affordability (?)
Key GPRS Network Enhancements
Packet Switching Radio Resource Efficient Dynamic Resource Allocation Internet Aware
Limitations of GPRS
Slower data rates than anticipated. Cell capacity. Sub-optimal modulation technique. Transit delays. No store and forward.
Current GPRS Deployment
44 Countries adopting GPRS 78 Operators worldwide with Commercial GPRS Systems 17 Operators trialling GPRS
(inc UK and USA)
Most Popular GPRS Services

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Corporate Email Internet Email Information Services Job Despatch Remote LAN Access File Transfer Web Browsing Still Images Moving Images
Source: GSM World
GPRS-Associated Bodies/Portals
Summary Section 3

Review of GSM Architecture
Overview of GSM Network Elements

GPRS Features
Phase 1/Phase 2 Introduction

GPRS Network Architecture Overview
Overview of new GPRS network entities User and Network Enhancements provided by GPRS Limitations of GPRS
Current GPRS Global Deployment

MS
Useful Internet GPRS Resources

MS MS
SMS GMS C BSS TRX BTS BSC PCU SGSN
VL R MSC Internet
GGSN
PLMN EIR HLR
Course Progress
Day 1
Day 2
Section 4 - GPRS Architecture and Interfaces

4.1 Introduction 4.2 Elements of the GPRS Network 4.3 Mobile Station GPRS Modifications 4.4 BSS GPRS Modifications 4.5 GPRS Core Network Modifications 4.6 GPRS-Associated Interfaces
Elements of the GPRS Network

BTS BSC PCU NMS CG SGSN GGSN Billing Centre
Internet
GPRS Backbone
BG
GGSN Intranet
DNS Inter-PLMN Network LIG Corporate LAN
Router
Server
Core Network
GSM/GPRS Mobile Terminal (MT)
Reference Points
Um Base Station Subsystem
Gb GPRS Core Network
TA
SIM TE Mobile Terminal (MT) MS
ME
TE - Terminal Equipment TA - Terminal Adaptor MS - Mobile Station ME - Mobile Equipment SIM - Subscriber Identity Module
GPRS Mobile Terminal Classes
Three GPRS Terminal Classes:
A - Simultaneous support for GPRS and other

GSM services.
B - Can monitor GPRS and GSM services but

can support only one at any one time. other service is not available.
C - Supports GPRS or GSM services. The
GPRS Mobile Station (MS) Modifications
New Mobile Stations will be required Backward compatibility with GSM SIM Card updates to include GPRS functionality
Motorola GPRS-enabled Timeport t250
GPRS Multislot Types/Classes
Types:
Type 1 - Non-simultaneous TRX Type 2 - Simultaneous TRX
Classes
1 - 12 (Type 1) up to 4 timeslots in any direction (5
max).
19-29 (Type 1) Synchronous timeslots (3 - 8 max). 13-18 (Type 2) Simultaneous TRX.
GPRS Terminal Form Factors
Many GPRS form factors

likely:
Mobile Handset PCMCIA Card PDA
Base Station Subsytem (BSS) Modifications
BTS Requires software upgrade Inclusion of a CCU in the BTS BSC requires software upgrade and addition of PCUSN PCUSN can contain multiple PCUs
Siemens BSC
Packet Control Unit Support Node (PCUSN)

BSC A
MSC/VLR
BTS
CCU CCU
ABIS AGPRS
GB
PCUSN
SGSN
Physical Connectivity
Packet Control Unit (PCU) Functions

Provides physical and logical data interface out of the BSS for packet data traffic LLC layer PDU segmentation/reassembly of RLC blocks Packet data transfer scheduling ARQ functions Radio channel management function
Circuit/Packet Data Separation

Gateway MSC
MSC/VLR Circuit Switched A
PSTN
BTS
BSC
TRAU
PCU
Gb
HLR
Packet Switched SGSN GGSN
PDN
Physical Connectivity
Um
CCU
PCU Configurations
BTS
PCU CCU
BSC Site
Gb
SGSN Site
A
Abis
BTS
CCU CCU
BSC Site
PCU
SGSN Site
BTS
CCU
BSC Site
SGSN Site
PCU
C
Gb
CCU
Circuit Switch (16/64kbps)
Packet Switch
Channel Codec Unit (CCU) Functions
Data coding / decoding (CS1-4) CS 1-2 require software upgrade only CS 3-4 require hardware upgrade
Forward error correction (convolution coding) Air interface interleaving Radio channel measurements (RxQual) Radio management
GPRS Core Network Elements

The following GSM network changes are required:
New GPRS entities:

Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN)
Modified GSM entities:

HLR MSC/VLR SMS-GMSC
Databases VLR/HLR

GPRS can share GSM database resources Database software upgrades required to accommodate new GPRS functionality and parameters when interacting with GSM SGSN acts as VLR for GPRS-specific VLR functions EIR/AuC will also require software upgrades for GPRS-specific authentication/authorisation VLR HLR
Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN)
Packet routing MS Session management Authentication and Ciphering Mobility management Billing information collection
Nokia SGSN
Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN)
Interface between GPRS backbone and external PDNs. PDP Conversion and context management IP address assignment management Packet routing to/from SGSNs Billing information collection
NetSpira GGSN
Additional Elements of the GPRS Network

Billing Centre
BTS
BSC
PCU SGSN
CG
Internet
GGSN
GPRS Backbone
BG
GGSN
Intranet DNS DHCP

Router
Inter-PLMN Network
LIG
Core Network
Corporate LAN
Server
GPRS-Associated Interfaces
Um GPRS CORE NETWORK SMS GMSC MSC BSS MS
TR X BT S BSC PCU
MS
VLR
Gd Gs Gb SGSN Gr Gn GGS N Gc
Internet
Gi - reference point Gp
MS Gb = compulsory interface Gf = optional interface
Gf
PLMN
EIR HLR
Summary Section 4
Mobile Station Modifications Terminal Description and Functions, Terminal Types (A,B,C) and Multislot Classes (1-29) Terminal Form Factors Base Station Subsystem (BSS) Modifications Packet Control Unit (PCU) Functionality Channel Coding Unit (CCU) Functionality Core Network Modifications SGSN, GGSN , HLR/VLR GPRS-Associated Interfaces
BTS Circuit Switched A BSC TRAU PCU Gb Packet Switched SGSN GGSN PDN HLR
MSC/VLR
Gateway MSC
PSTN
Course Progress
Day 1
Day 2
Section 5 - GPRS Air Interface
5.1 Introduction 5.2 GSM/GPRS Physical Channels 5.3 GPRS Logical Channels 5.4 GPRS Multiframe Structure 5.5 GPRS Coding Schemes
GPRS Um Air Interface
New Packet logical channels defined New multiframe structure defined Ability for multiple users to share single or
multiple timeslots
Dynamic Resource Allocation Four new channel coding schemes
P-GSM Physical Channels

890 915 935 960 MHz
Uplink
Downlink Duplex spacing = 45 MHz
Range of ARFCN: 1 - 124
Fu(n)
1 2 3 4
Guard Band 100 kHz wide
Guard Band 100 kHz wide 0 1
1 frame period 4.615 ms 2 3 4 5 6 7
Channel Numbers (n) (ARFCN) 200 kHz spacing
timeslot = 0.577 ms
Raw data rate = 33.75kbps per traffic channel 270kbps per carrier channel
E-GSM Physical Channels

880 915 925 960 MHz
Uplink
Range of ARFCN: 1 124 975 1023 Guard Band 100 kHz wide
Fu(n)
1 2 3 4
1 frame period 4.615 ms 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
timeslot = 0.577 ms
DCS-1800 Physical Channels

1710 1785 1805 1880 MHz
Uplink
Range of ARFCN: 512 - 885
Fu(n)
1 2 3 4
Guard Band 100 kHz wide 0 1
1 frame period 4.615 ms 2 3 4 5 6 7
timeslot = 0.577 ms
GPRS Multiframe Structure

0 B0 B1 B2 T B3 B4 B5 26 X B6 B7 B8 T B9 B10 B11 51 X
52-frame GPRS Traffic Channel Multiframe B0 to B11 = Radio Blocks T = PTCCH (Timing Advance) X = Signalling/BSIC Measurements
T T T T T T T T T T T T S T T T T T T T T T T T T I
26-frame GSM Traffic Channel Multiframe
Each radio block comprises 4 x 114-bit bursts Radio bursts are assigned in the sequence: B0, B6, B3, B9, B1, B7, B4, B10, B2, B8, B5, B11
GPRS Control Channel Mapping

0 B0 B1 B2 T B3 B4 B5 26 X B6 B7 B8 B9 B10 B11 51
GPRS may operate without GPRS control channels (GPRS Phase I), utilising the GSM equivalent logical channels GPRS does not utilise a dedicated physical signalling channel (TS0) Where GPRS control channels are implemented:
One GPRS PDCH is designated as the master channel Up to 4 blocks may be allocated to PBCCH on the master PDCH
PBCCHs blocks are assigned in same sequence as PDTCHs
GPRS Logical Channels

GPRS shares GSM for many logical common control channel functions (e.g. FCCH, SCH) New GPRS logical dedicated control channels are used (e.g. PDTCH, PACCH and PTCCH) Packet control channels are optional GSM control channels may be substituted
GPRS Logical Channel Structure

Two types of logical channel are defined; common and dedicated Each is further sub-divided as shown:
Common Common Channels Channels Dedicated DedicatedChannels Channels
PBCCH PBCCH
PCCCH PCCCH
PDCCH PDCCH
PDTCH PDTCH
PPCH PPCH PRACH PRACH PAGCH PAGCH PNCH PNCH
PACCH PACCH PTCCH PTCCH
PBCCH/PCCCH Logical Channels

Channels PBCCH Packet Broadcast Control Channel Packet Random Access Channel U/D D Purpose PBCCH Used to broadcast packet data specific system information. PCCCH Used by MS to initiate the uplink transfer of data or signalling information. Page MS prior to downlink packet transfer. Sends resource assignment messages to MS prior to packet transfer. Sends a Point To Multipoint Multicast (PTM-M) notification to a group of MSs prior to a PTM-M packet transfer. Assigns resources for packet transfer. Notes If PBCCH is not allocated, this information can be broadcast on BCCH. Uses Packet Access burst and Extended Packet Access burst. Access burst is used to obtain TA. Paging groups allow DRX. Can be used for CS and PS data services Additional resource assignment messages can be sent on a PACCH if the MS is currently involved in packet transfer. PTM-M is not specified in GPRS Phase 1 DRX mode is provided for monitoring PNCH. Optionally a PTM-M new message indicator may be sent on PPCH to each MS show when they need to listen to PNCH.
PRACH
PPCH
Packet Paging Channel Packet Access Grant Channel
PAGCH
PNCH
Packet Notification Channel
PDTCH/PDCCH Logical Channels

Channels PDTCH Packet Data Traffic Channel U/D U/D Purpose PDTCH Allocated for data transfer. Temporarily dedicated to one MS or a group of MSs for PTMM. Notes In multislot operation, one MS may use several PDTCHs in parallel for individual packet transfer. A PDTCH is uni-directional: uplink (PDTCH/U) for a mobile originated packet transfer ; downlink (PDTCH/D) for a mobile terminated packet transfer. PACCH shares resources with PDTCHs that are currently assigned to one MS. An MS transferring packet data can be paged for CS services on PACCH. The downlink TA transmission is sent to several MSs. One downlink PTCCH (PTCCH/D) is paired with several uplink PTCCHs (PTCCH/U).
PACCH
Packet Associated Control Channel
U/D
PTCCH
Packet Timing Advance Control Channel
U/D
PDCCH Signalling information for a specific MS, e.g.: acknowledgements, power control, resource assignment and reassignment messages, Uplink transmits random access burst for TA estimation. Downlink transmits TA updates.
Packet Channel Terminology

PDTCH - User-generated information PTCH Traffic multiframe comprising PDTCH and Dedicated Control Channels (PDCCHs) PDCH - Packet Channel comprising possible combination of PTCH and Packet Control Channel (PCCCH/PBCCH) MPDCH The PDCH carrying the PBCCH.
PTCH PDTCH PBCCH/PCCCH PDCH
PDCCH
Packet Data Channels (PDCHs)

Physical channel allocated to packet traffic Can comprise combinations of control and user data May be permanently allocated to a physical channel May be dynamically assigned to a physical channel on a contention basis Unlike GSM, GPRS PDCHs are not duplex
PDCH Configurations

PBCCH + PCCCH PCCCH + PDTCH PBCCH + PCCCH + PDTCH PDTCH only
PBCCH
Logical Packet Channels
PCCCH
2
1 3 2 1
PDCH
PDTCH
Packet Data Traffic Channels (PDTCHs)

Carries user data traffic and packet dedicated control channels One PDTCH is mapped to one GPRS-allocated physical channel (TS) Up to 8 PDTCHs can be assigned to a single carrier Up to 8 PDTCHs can be assigned to a single user or group of users (PTM-M) Unidirectional Asymmetrical user traffic flow in UL and DL
GPRS Coding Schemes 4 coding schemes have been defined for GPRS:
Scheme Code rate USF Precoded USF Radio Block excl. USF and BCS (Payload) 181 268 312 428 BCS Tail Coded bits Punctured bits Data rate kbps
CS-1 CS-2 CS-3 CS-4
1/2 2/3 3/4 1
3 3 3 3
3 6 6 12
40 16 16 16
4 4 4 -
456 588 676 456
0 132 220 -
9.05 13.4 15.6 21.4
CS-1 is mandatory for the BSS CS-1 to 4 are mandatory for the MS
GPRS Data Encoding

CS-2
data in 268 bit block
Add USF
+3 bits
274 bits
Block Check Coding

287 bits
+16 bits 290 bits
USF pre-coding
+3 bits 294 bits
add tail bits
+4 bits
-132 bits
convolution x2 coding
588 bits
Data out
puncturing
456 bits
GPRS Coding Scheme 1 (CS-1)

3 USF 181 Segmented LLC Frame Data 40 BCS 224 bits
4 tail bits added rate convolutional coding
6 USF RLC Block MAC Frame (224+4) x 2 = 456 bits
Data Rate = 181 payload bits per 20mS sample = 9.05kbps

6 USF 268 Segmented LLC Frame Data 4 tail bits added rate convolutional coding 12 USF Puncturing (132 bits) (290+4) x 2 = 588 bits 16 BCS 290 bits
12 USF RLC Block MAC Frame Data Rate = 268 payload bits per 20mS sample = 13.4kbps 456 bits

6 USF 312 Segmented LLC Frame Data 4 tail bits added rate convolutional coding 12 USF Puncturing (220 bits) (334+4) x 2 = 676 bits 16 BCS 334 bits

12 USF 428 Segmented LLC Frame Data 16 BCS 456 bits
No Coding
Coding Scheme Performance

Average Data Throughput per TS vs Average Connection C/I CS-4
CS-3 Data throughput CS-2
CS-1
C/I (Data Source: Nokia Network Testing Results)
Summary Section 5

GSM/GPRS Physical Channel Structure FDMA, TDMA, P-GSM900, E-GSM900, DCS1800 GPRS Logical Channels Logical Control Channels, Logical Data channels GPRS Multiframes GPRS Coding Schemes
Common Channels Common Channels Dedicated Channels Dedicated Channels PBCCH PBCCH PCCCH PCCCH PDCCH PDCCH PDTCH PDTCH
PPCH PPCH
PACCH PACCH
PRACH PRACH
PTCCH PTCCH
PAGCH PAGCH
PNCH PNCH
Course Progress
Day 1
Day 2
Section 6 Protocols Overview

6.1 Protocols and the ISO 7-Layer OSI Model 6.2 Protocols and the ISO 7-Layer OSI Model 6.3 Protocol Stacks and Inter-Layer Communications 6.4 Data Encapsulation 6.5 Data Tunneling 6.6 GPRS Protocol Stacks
Protocols

A protocol is a set of rules, agreed by both sides, to allow meaningful communication to take place Protocols are needed whenever systems need to pass information from one to another
ISO 7-Layer OSI Model

7 6 5 4 3 2 1
APPLICATION PRESENTATION SESSION TRANSPORT NETWORK DATA LINK PHYSICAL
File transfer, access management
Syntax and data representation management
Application entity dialogue and synchronisation
End-to-end message transfer
Network routing, addressing, call management
Data link control (framing, error control)
Mechanical and electrical interfacing
Horizontal (Peer-to-Peer) Communication

HOST A
APPLICATION PRESENTATION SESSION TRANSPORT NETWORK DATA LINK PHYSICAL NETWORK DATA LINK PHYSICAL Virtual Link Virtual Link Virtual Link Virtual Link
HOST B
APPLICATION PRESENTATION SESSION TRANSPORT NETWORK DATA LINK PHYSICAL NETWORK DATA LINK PHYSICAL
Node A
Node B
NETWORK (Transmission Channel)
Vertical (Entity-to Entity) Communication

HOST A
APPLICATION PRESENTATION SESSION TRANSPORT NETWORK DATA LINK PHYSICAL NETWORK DATA LINK PHYSICAL Virtual Link
HOST B
APPLICATION PRESENTATION SESSION TRANSPORT NETWORK DATA LINK PHYSICAL NETWORK DATA LINK PHYSICAL
Node A
Node B
Vertical (Entity-to-Entity) Communication

Each layer requests a service from the layer below The layer below responds by providing a service to the layer above Each layer can provide one or more services to the layer above Each service provided is known as a service Entity Each Entity is accessed via a Service Access Point (SAP) or a gate. Each SAP has a unique SAP Identifier (SAPI)
Entity Request Service SAP
Entity
Protocol Encapsulation
HOST A
APPLICATION PRESENTATION SESSION TRANSPORT NETWORK LINK PHYSICAL
User Data User Data User Data User Data User Data User Data User Data User Data
HOST B
HOST A
User Data
HOST B
HOST A
User Data User Data User Data User Data User Data User Data User Data User Data
HOST B
Data Tunnelling
A technology that enables one network to send its data via another network's connections. Tunneling works by encapsulating a network protocol within packets carried by the second network
(Webopedia definition)
A tunnel is a point-to-point (PTP) virtual connection between two end points across a network through which data packets can be transported, transparent to the bearer network
Data Tunnelling
Tunneling is used by many technologies:

GPRS (GTP) Mobile IP Internet (PPTP) MPLS VPNs
The GPRS Protocol Stack

BSC/PCU SGSN BSC/PCU
GPRS Core Network Gn
GGSN
PSDN Gi
Um
Application IP/X.25 SNDCP LLC RLC MAC GSM RF RLC MAC GSM RF Relay BSSGP
Network Service
Gb
Relay Relay SNDCP LLC BSSGP

Network Service
L3
IP/X.25 GTP GTP

UDP/TCP
UDP/TCP
L2 IP L2 L1 L1
L2
IP L2 L1
L1bis
L1bis
L1
MS
BSC/PCUSN
SGSN
GGSN
Relay Function

Transfers PDP PDUs from input port to appropriate output port Packet sequence numbering Packet re-sequencing Buffering Employs maximum holding time
The Network Access Signalling Protocols

Um
GMM/SM
Gb
GMM/SM
SNDCP
SNDCP
SMS
LLC RLC MAC GSM RF RLC MAC
Relay BSSGP
Network Service
LLC RLC MAC L1bis
SMS
L3
L2
GSM RF
L1bis
L1
MS
BSC/PCUSN
SGSN
GPRS Core Network Signalling Protocols

Network NODE A
MAP TCAP SCCP MTP-3 MTP-2 L1
Network NODE B
MAP TCAP SCCP MTP-3 MTP-2 L1
MAP Mobile Application Part TCAP Transaction Capabilities Application Part SCCP Signalling Connection Control Part MTP Message Transfer Part
Summary Section 6

Introduction to Protocols Definition, ISO 7-Layer Model Protocol Stacks Horizontal (Peer-Peer) Communication Vertical (Entity-Entity) Communications SAPs Protocol Encapsulation Data Tunneling GPRS Protocol Stacks Transmission Protocol Stack Network Access Signalling Protocol Stack Core Network Signalling Protocol Stack
Course Progress
Day 1
Day 2
8. Mobility Management 9. Radio Resource Management 10. Packet Routing and Transfer 11. GPRS Operational Issues 12. Interaction with GSM Services 13. GPRS Internetworking 14. GPRS Network Planning Considerations
Section 7 The GPRS Transmission Protocols
7.1 Introduction 7.2 Um (Air) Interface Transmission Protocols 7.3 Gb (BSS-SGSN) Interface Transmission Protocols 7.4 Gn (SGSN-GGSN) Interface Transmission Protocols
GPRS Transmission Protocols

Gb IP-based Core Network SGSN ISDN/E1 GSM RF TDMA/GMSK
BTS PCU
Um
GGSN Frame Relay Network Gn AGPRS Gi Internet PSPDN
BSS
Um (Air) Interface Protocols

BSC/PCU
BSC/PCU
Um
Network Service
Gb
Gn
Network Service
Gi L3
IP/X.25 GTP GTP

UDP/TCP
UDP/TCP
L2 IP L2 L1 IP L2 L1 L1
L2
L1bis
L1bis
L1
MS
BSC/PCUSN
SGSN
GGSN
Um Interface Higher Layer Protocols

BSC/PCU
BSC/PCU
Um
Network Service
Gb
Gn
Network Service
Gi L3
IP/X.25 GTP GTP

UDP/TCP
UDP/TCP
L2
L1bis
L1bis
L1
MS
BSC/PCUSN
SGSN
GGSN
Higher Layer Protocols
Application Layer: Generated by TE connected to MT Application generated data Transparent to GPRS Network IP/X.25 Layer: Generates packet data. Adds routing information to application data Interrogated by GGSN for correct routing
Using SAPIs and NSAPIs

AOL IPv4 Freeserve IPv4 AOL IPv6 X.25 Service PDP Contexts defined in GPRS users subscription profile
N-PDU
NSAPIs
SN-PDU
GMM Signalling
SMS
SNDCP
Other Layer 3 Services
SAPIs
11
LLC
SAPI Definitions
SAPI 0001 0011 0101 0111 1001 1011 1 3 5 7 9 11
Description GMM User Data QoS1 User Data QoS2 SMS User Data QoS3 User Data QoS4
Um Interface SNDCP Protocol

Um
Network Service
Gb
Gn
Network Service
Gi L3
IP/X.25 GTP GTP

UDP/TCP
UDP/TCP
L2
L1bis
L1bis
L1
MS
BSC/PCUSN
SGSN
GGSN
SNDCP Layer Functions

An Interface between higher level network protocols and the
GPRS LLC layer.
Translation of higher level packets into SNDCP packets

(SN-PDUs) through segmentation and re-assembly
Applies an NSAPI packet encapsulation to identify context Data Compression Buffering of N-PDUs Supports acknowledged and unacknowledged data transfer
modes
Provides NSAPI-specific buffering for Ack and Nack modes
N-PDU to SN-PDU Segmentation
Higher Level (IP/X.25) Data Packet
Network PDUs (N-PDUs)

Compression
Header
Payload
Header
Payload
He..
Network Layer
Compression
SNDCP PDUs
SH
SN-PDU
SH
SN-PDU
SH
SN-PDU
SH
SN-PDU
SH
SN-PDU
SNDCP Layer
LLC Layer
SH SNCDP PDU Header
SNDCP SN-PDU Format
The SNDCP Header comprises 2 (SN-Data PDU) or 5 (SNUnitdata PDU) octets:

1 2 n 8 X 7 6 F T DCOMP 5 M 4 3 2 NSAPI PCOMP 1
Data Segment 8 X 3 2 NSAPI PCOMP SEGMENT # N-PDU# N-PDU# (continued) N-PDU (extended) Data Segment 7 F 6 T 5 M 4 1
1 2 3 4 5 n
Um Interface LLC Protocol

Um
Network Service
Gb
Gn
Network Service
Gi L3
IP/X.25 GTP GTP

UDP/TCP
UDP/TCP
L2
L1bis
L1bis
L1
MS
BSC/PCUSN
SGSN
GGSN
LLC Layer Functions

Secure and reliable logical link between MS and SGSN Independent of lower layers Conveys Signalling (GMM/SM), SMS and SNDCP data in variable length information packets Supports Acknowledged and Unacknowledged data transfer modes Supports precedence QoS classes Based on HDLC format (less flag fields)
Logical Link Identifiers
Data Link Connection Identifier (DLCI)
Uniquely identifies a Logical Link connection between a specific MS and the

SGSN
Assigned by SGSN on completing a GPRS Attach Procedure Comprises a SAPI and Temporary Logical Link Identifier (TLLI)
SAPI
Identifies the service required by each peer entity (MS and SGSN)
TLLI
Uniquely identifies the MS. Derived from the MSs assigned P-TMSI
LLC Frame Structure

From Layer 3
Transfer Mode Frame Type LLC Frame No
Address Field
Control Field
Variable Length Information (payload) Field
Frame Check Sequence
SAPI
Header
to RLC/MAC Layer
LLC Frame Format

1 3 n n+1 n+m n+m+1 n+m+2 n+m+3 8 PD 7 C/R 6 X 5 X 4 3 SAPI 2 1
Address Field
Control Field (max 36 octets)
Information Field (Variable Length)
FCS Field (3 octets)
PD = Protocol Discriminator bit C/R = Command/Response bit X = not defined SAPI = Service Access Point Identifier FCS = Frame Check Sequence
LLC Frame Creation

Network PDUs (N-PDUs)
Header Payload Header Payload
Network Layer
SNDCP segments
PH
SNDCP segment
PH
SNDCP segment
PH
SNDCP segment
PH
SNDCP segment
PH
SNDCP segment
SNDCP Layer
LLC Frame
FH
PH
SNDCP Segment
FCS
LLC Layer
to RLC/MAC Layer
LLC Acknowledged/Unacknowledged Modes
Unacknowledged Mode:
Known as Asynchronous Disconnected Mode (ADM) LLC Transmissions may be initiated without prior establishment of a logical connection LLC does not guarantee ordered delivery LLC can detect but not correct errors Depending on protected or unprotected mode, erroneous packets may be forwarded or
discarded as appropriate
Acknowledged Mode:
Known as Asynchronous Balanced Mode (ABM) Each terminating entity is responsible for flow control and error recovery Provides mechanisms for a reliable, ordered packet delivery service Each terminating entity acts as a data source and data sink allowing bi-directional flows
Um Interface RLC Layer

BSC/PCU
BSC/PCU
Um
Network Service
Gb
Gn
Network Service
Gi L3
IP/X.25 GTP GTP

UDP/TCP
UDP/TCP
L2
L1bis
L1bis
L1
MS
BSC/PCUSN
SGSN
GGSN
RLC Layer Functions

Provides reliable radio link. Transfer of LLC-PDUs between LLC and MAC layers. Segmentation and reassembly of LLC-PDUs into RLC data blocks. Segmentation and reassembly of RLC/MAC control messages into RLC/MAC blocks Provision of ARQ backward error correction
Uplink RLC Data Block

8 PR BSN Length Indicator M 7 6 5 4 3 TFI 2 1 FBI E E Octet 1 Octet 2 Octet 3 (optional)
Length Indicator
Octet M (optional) Octet M+1 Octet N2-1 Octet N2
LLC PDU(s) Spare (if present) PR = Power Reduction TFI = Temporary Flow Indicator FBI = Final Block Indicator BSN = Block Sequence Number E = Extension bit M = More bit
Radio Link Control Block Generation
LLC PDUs
FH
Information field
FCS
LLC Layer
MS
segment segment segment
BSS
RLC
B H Information field
BCS
RLC
BCS
B H
Information field
BCS
RLC Blocks
MAC Link MAC Link
Um Interface MAC Layer

BSC/PCU
BSC/PCU
Um
Network Service
Gb
Gn
Network Service
Gi L3
IP/X.25 GTP GTP

UDP/TCP
UDP/TCP
L2
L1bis
L1bis
L1
MS
BSC/PCUSN
SGSN
GGSN
MAC Layer Functions

Multiplexing Channel allocation Access control Uplink contention arbitration Downlink packet queuing and scheduling QoS prioritising
MAC Access Modes
Dynamic Allocation Extended Dynamic Allocation Fixed Allocation Exclusive Allocation
Downlink MAC Header
6 RRBP
4 S/P
2 USF
Payload Type
RLC Block
Payload Type = Control/data block RRBP = Relative Reserved Block Period S/P = Supplementary Polling bit USF = Uplink State Flag
Um Interface MAC Frames Generation

LLC PDUs
FH Information field
FCS
LLC Layer
MS
segment segment segment
BSS
RLC
BCS
RLC
BCS
B H
Information field
BCS
RLC Blocks
MAC HEADER
MAC
RLC Block
MAC
MAC Frame
Link Link
Um Interface GSM RF Layer

BSC/PCU
BSC/PCU
Um
Network Service
Gb
Gn
Network Service
Gi L3
IP/X.25 GTP GTP

UDP/TCP
UDP/TCP
L2
L1bis
L1bis
L1
MS
BSC/PCUSN
SGSN
GGSN
Link Layer
The Link Layer is divided into two parts:
Radio Frequency (RF) part:

carrier frequency modulation schemes TRX characteristics channel structures
Physical Link part:

communications between MS and network FEC burst interleaving
Um Interface Burst Formatting
MS
RLC
BCS
RLC Block
BCS
BSS
BCS
RLC
MAC
MAC HEADER
RLC Block
MAC
MAC Frame
Link
114 bit TDMA Burst
114 bit TDMA Burst
114 bit TDMA Burst
114 bit TDMA Burst
Link
Burst Interleaving
1 radio block 456 data bits 52-frame multiframe B0 B1 B2 T B3 B4 B5 X B6 B7 B8 T B9 B10 B11 X B0 to B11 = Radio Blocks T = PTCCH (Timing Control Channel) X = Idle
1 data burst 114 data bits
Link Layer
01234 46 7 0 1 234 56 7 01 234 56 7 01234 56 7
Physical Link Part

1 TDMA frame
57 data bits
26 training bits
57 data bits
8.25
Radio Frequency Part
1 radio burst 156.25 bits (0.577mS)
Um (Air) Interface BSC Protocols

BSC/PCU
BSC/PCU
Um
Network Service
Gb
Gn
Network Service
Gi L3
IP/X.25 GTP GTP

UDP/TCP
UDP/TCP
L2
L1bis
L1bis
L1
MS
BSC/PCUSN
SGSN
GGSN
The Gb Interface
Um
Application IP/X.25 SNDCP LLC RLC MAC GSM RF RLC MAC GSM RF
Gb
Gn
Network Service
Gi L3
IP/X.25 GTP GTP

UDP/TCP
Relay BSSGP
Network Service
UDP/TCP
L2
L1bis
L1bis
L1
MS
BSC/PCUSN
SGSN
GGSN
Gb Interface BSSGP Protocol

Um
Gb
Gn
Network Service
Gi L3
IP/X.25 GTP GTP

UDP/TCP
Relay BSSGP
Network Service
UDP/TCP
L2
L1bis
L1bis
L1
MS
BSC/PCUSN
SGSN
GGSN
BSSGP Layer Functions

Transports payload data and signalling between SGSN
and BSS
One BVC is established for each SGSN-BSS connection,

identified by unique BVCI
Provides SGSN-BSS flow control Separates LLC frames into user data, signalling, GMM
and Network management information data transfer
Provides QoS and routing information for SGSN-BSS
BSSGP Virtual Circuits

Frame Relay E1 Link Gb Interface
BVCI 1
BVCI 1 BVCI 2
BVCI 2
BVCI 3 BSC
3 CI BV
BVCI 4 BVCI 5
SGSN
BV CI 4
SGSN-BSS Signalling
Gb Interface Network Service Layer Protocol

Um
Gb
Gn
Network Service
Gi L3
IP/X.25 GTP GTP

UDP/TCP
Relay BSSGP
Network Service
UDP/TCP
L2
L1bis
L1bis
L1
MS
BSC/PCUSN
SGSN
GGSN
Network Services Layer Functions

Based on Frame Relay (FR) technology Utilises FR PVCs, known as NS-VCs to transport data across the FR cloud One or more NS-VCs established between an SGSN and each supported BSC FR N-PDUs transport BSSGP PDUs Each DLC can contain one or more BVCs Offers detection of but not recovery from errors Provides congestion control
Network Service Entities

BVCI 1
BVCI 2
3 CI V B
NSEI-1 B S C
Gb
(BVCI 1-4)
BV CI 4
SGSN
-8) CI 5 V B (
BVCI 5
BVCI 6
CI BV 7
B S C
NSEI-2
BV C I8
BVC = BVCI + NSEI
Gb NS Layer Virtual Links/Connections

Gb Interface
BSC
NS-VC PTP 64kbps ISDN SGSN
NS-VC
BSC
SGSN
NS-VL Frame Relay Network
NS-VL
Network Services Layer DLCs

NS-VC1 BSS 1 38 FR Switch 77 NS-VC2 BSS 2 2 FR Switch 44 FR Switch 67 NS-VC3 32 23 11 FR Switch 19 SGSN
85 BSS 3
FR Switch
44 = Data Link Circuit Identifier (DLCI) (Frame Relay Circuits)
Gb L1bis Interface Protocols

Um
Gb
Gn
Network Service
Gi L3
IP/X.25 GTP GTP

UDP/TCP
Relay BSSGP
Network Service
UDP/TCP
L2
L1bis
L1bis
L1
MS
BSC/PCUSN
SGSN
GGSN
Gb L1bis Interface Protocols

One or more physical links between SGSN and
each BSS
Based on E1/T1 links Supports G703/704 Protocols Each Physical link can support multiple NS-VCs
The Gn Interface
SGSN
GGSN
Um
Gb
Gi
Relay
L3
Relay SNDCP LLC BSSGP

Network Service
IP/X.25 GTP GTP

UDP/TCP
Relay BSSGP
Network Service
UDP/TCP
L2 IP L2 L1 L1
L2
IP L2 L1
L1bis
L1bis
L1
MS
BSC/PCUSN
SGSN
GGSN
The GPRS Tunnelling Protocol (GTP)

SGSN
GGSN
Um
Gb
Gi
Relay
L3

Network Service
IP/X.25 GTP GTP

UDP/TCP
Relay BSSGP
Network Service
UDP/TCP
L2 IP L2 L1 L1
L2
IP L2 L1
L1bis
L1bis
L1
MS
BSC/PCUSN
SGSN
GGSN
GPRS Tunnelling Protocol (GTP)

Enables reliable transportation of multi-protocol packets between SGSNs and GGSNs. Defined for both the Gn (SGSN-GGSN) and Gp (GGSN-GGSN) interfaces. Two modes of operation: Unacknowledged (UDP/IP) Acknowledged (TCP/IP)
GPRS Tunnelling Concept

GPRS CORE
BG
Gp
SGSN
Gn
BTS BSC SGSN
BG BSC
Gn
GPRS CORE
GGSN
BTS
INTERNET GTP Protocol
GTP Header Format
The GTP Header comprises 20 octets:

8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13-20 7 6 Version 5 4 3 2 PT Spare '1 1 1' Message Type Length Sequence Number Flow Label SNDCP NPDU Number Spare Spare Spare TID (IMSI+NSAPI) 1 SNN
20 Octets
8 Octets
GTP Encapsulation
User Data (N-PDU)
GGSN
IP/X.25
SGSN
GTP Header
SNDCP
GTP
User Data Payload
GTP
LLC
UDP/TCP
UDP/TCP
BSSGP
IP
IP
Network Service
L2 L1
L1bis
L2 L1
Gn Interface - TCP/UPD Protocols

SGSN
GGSN
Um
Gb
Gi
Relay
L3

Network Service
IP/X.25 GTP GTP

UDP/TCP
Relay BSSGP
Network Service
UDP/TCP
L2 IP L2 L1 L1
L2
IP L2 L1
L1bis
L1bis
L1
MS
BSC/PCUSN
SGSN
GGSN
UDP Encapsulation
User Data (e.g IP datagram)
GGSN
IP/X.25
SGSN
GTP Header
SNDCP
GTP
User Data Payload
GTP
LLC
UDP/TCP
UDP Header
GTP Header
User Data Payload
UDP/TCP
BSSGP
IP
IP
Network Service
L2 L1
L1bis
L2 L1
Gn Interface - TCP/UPD Protocols

SGSN
GGSN
Um
Gb
Gi
Relay
L3

Network Service
IP/X.25 GTP GTP

UDP/TCP
Relay BSSGP
Network Service
UDP/TCP
L2 IP L2 L1 L1
L2
IP L2 L1
L1bis
L1bis
L1
MS
BSC/PCUSN
SGSN
GGSN
Backbone IP Encapsulation
User Data (e.g IP datagram)
GGSN
IP/X.25
SGSN
GTP Header
SNDCP
GTP
User Data Payload
GTP
LLC
UDP/TCP
UDP Header
GTP Header
User Data Payload
UDP/TCP
BSSGP
IP
GPRS Backbone IP header
UDP Header
GTP Header
User Data Payload
IP
Network Service
L2 L1
L1bis
L2 L1
GPRS Transport Channels

Um Gb Gn GGS N
BSS MS
SGSN
TDMA TCH
TCH n
BSSGP VC
BVCI
Virtual Tunnel
TID
CONNECTION TYPE
CONNECTION IDENTIFIER
GPRS Physical Connection Protocols

Um MS BTS AGPRS BSC/ PCU Gb Gn GGS N
SGSN
Proprietary Frame Relay E1 G703 ISDN/E1 TDMA GMSK

Um Gb Gn GGS N
BSS MS
TCP/UDP IP GTP SNDCP LLCP BSSGP RLCP MACP
SGSN
Layer 3 Services to the LLC Layer

Um
GMM/SM
Gb
GMM/SM
SNDCP
SNDCP
SMS
LLC RLC MAC GSM RF RLC MAC
Relay BSSGP
Network Service
LLC RLC MAC L1bis
SMS
L3
L2
GSM RF
L1bis
L1
MS
BSC/PCUSN
SGSN
Using SAPIs and NSAPIs

AOL IPv4 Freeserve IPv4 AOL IPv6 X.25 Service PDP Contexts defined in GPRS users subscription profile
N-PDU
NSAPIs
SN-PDU
GMM Signalling
SMS
SNDCP
Other Layer 3 Services
SAPIs
11
LLC
Summary Section 7

MS-BSS Um Interface Protocols SNDCP, LLC, RLC, MAC, Link Layer BSS-SGSN Gb Interface Protocols BSSGP, Network Services (FR Relay) L1bis physical
layer
SGSN-GGSN Gn Interface Protocols GTP, TCP/UDP, IP

Um ISDN/E1 GSM RF TDMA/GMSK BTS BSS AGPRS PCU Frame Relay Network Gn Gi Internet GGSN PSPDN Gb IP-based Core Network SGSN
Course Progress
Day 1
Day 2
Section 8 - Mobility Management

8.1 Introduction 8.2 Mobility Management (MM) States 8.3 GPRS Attach/Detach Procedures 8.4 Routing Areas 8.5 Location Management 8.6 Paging 8.7 Cell Reselection
GPRS Mobility Management (GMM) States

GPRS defines 3 GMM states: Idle - camped on but not attached Standby - attached but not in data transfer
mode
Ready - able to transmit/receive packet data
GMM State Models

GPRS Attach No Data READY GPRS Detach Data Send STANDBY
MS MM State Model:
IDLE
GPRS Attach IDLE GPRS Detach SGSN Time-out READY
No Data STANDBY Transfer Receive
SGSN MM State Model:
MM State Change Conditions

Idle to Ready:
GPRS attach
Ready to Standby:
Standby to Ready: Ready to Idle:
Ready timer expired Forced to Standby Abnormal RLC conditions (SGSN context) Packet transmission/reception required GPRS detach Location cancelled (SGSN context) Implicit detach (SGSN context) Location cancelled (SGSN context)
Standby to Idle:
Ready State Timer

Set in both MS and SGSN Reset on LLC PDU transfer Forces MS to Standby on expiry Configurable only by SGSN: All 0s - immediately forces MS to Standby state All 1s - timer disabled (MS remains in Ready
state)
The GPRS Attach Procedure
BTS
1 2 4
3 BSC 1 2 4 3 MSC/ VLR 3 2
HLR
SGSN
Basic GPRS Attach Procedure

MS BSS
Attach Request Identity Request Identity Response Authentication IMEI Check Update Location Insert Subscriber Data Insert Subscriber Data Ack Update Location Ack Attach Accept Attach Complete IMSI Attach
SGSN
EIR
HLR
MSC/VLR
The GPRS Detach Circumstances
A GPRS MS may detach from the network when:
The MS is turned off or the user manually

disconnects from the GPRS network.
The MS Reachable Timer expires. The SGSN forces a GPRS Detach due to radio
link problems
GPRS Detach Types and Modes
GPRS Detach Types:

IMSI Detach GPRS Detach Combined IMSI/GPRS Detach
GPRS Detach Modes:

Explicit MS initiated Implicit Network initiated
MS-Initiated GPRS Detach Procedure

MS BSS
Detach Request Delete PDP Context Request
SGSN
GGSN
Delete PDP Context Response
Detach Accept
SGSN-Initiated GPRS Detach Procedure
MS
BSS
Detach Request
SGSN
GGSN
Delete PDP Context Request
Detach Accept
MS Reachable Timer
Mobile Reachable Timer:
Stops when MS enters READY state Reset and restarted when MS enters
STANDBY state
Forces IDLE state on expiry (no paging)
Routing Zones
SGSN-1 BSC-2 BSC-1 BSC-3 SGSN-2
CELL CELL CELL RA-1
CELL CELL RA-2 CELL CELL CELL RA-3
LA-1
LA-2
- Routing Area - Location Area
RA
LA
Routing Areas

Served by only one SGSN Subset of a Location Area Cannot Span more than one Location Area Contains one or more GPRS Cells
Area Identities
Location Area Identity (LAI) comprises: Mobile Country Code (MCC) Mobile Network Code (MNC) Location Area Code (LAC) Routing Area Identity (RAI) comprises: Location Area Identity (LAI) Routing Area Code (RAC) Cell Global Identity (CGI) comprises: Cell Identity (CI) LAI (or RAI)
Cells within RAs
Location Area
Routing Areas within LA
Routing Area (RA) Update Timers

The Periodic RA Update Timer: Monitors RA Update procedure in the MS Unique for each RA Initiates periodic RA Update procedure on
expiry
Reset after periodic RA update completed
Location Management Requirement
Why the need for location management? Network must know when and where a GPRS MS attaches
to the network.
Network must know where to route packets. Network must know when a Ready State MS changes cell
and/or RA.
Network must know when a Standby State MS changes RA. Network must know when an MS changes MM state.
Location Information Storage
Location information stored is dependant upon MM state of MS: IDLE - no current location information held STANDBY - only Routing Area information held READY - Routing Area and cell information held
Location Management Functions
Functions provided:
Mechanisms for cell and PLMN selection A mechanism to know the RA for MSs in a STANDBY
state state
A mechanism to know the Cell ID for MSs in a READY
The Network provides the MS with information to be able to:
Detect entering a new cell or RA Determine when to perform a RA update
Location Update Circumstances

Location updates take place when: An MS attaches to the network A Ready-state MS changes cell A Ready or Standby-state MS changes RA A Ready or Standby-state MS changes SA An MS periodic RA update timer expires
Location Update Scenarios
When a GPRS terminal camps on to a new cell, one of 3 possible scenarios is indicated:
A cell update is required A Routing Area update is required A combined Routing Area and Location Area
update is required
Changing Cells

Notification only required if MS in Ready state MS detects change by comparing stored Cell ID with received Cell ID Change indicates requirement for one of three procedures: Cell ID update RAI Update (inter or intra-SGSN update) Combined LAI / RAI update
Changing GPRS Routing Area(RA)

Notification only required if MS in Ready or Standby state Update required when: New RAI detected by MS Periodic RA update timer expires
MS detects change by comparing stored RAI with received RAI Cell ID update implicit in RA update
Changing SGSN Service Area (SA)
When a MS changing RA, one of two states occur: MS has moved to new RA in same SGSN SA as old RA MS has moved to new RA in new SGSN SA
If new SA is entered, an Inter-SGSN RA update is initiated by SGSN If new RA is in same SA, Intra-SGSN RA update is initiated by MS Periodic RA updates are always of Intra-SGSN type
Intra-SGSN Location Updating

MS BSS
Routing Area Update Request
SGSN
Security Functions
Routing Area Update Accept
Routing Area Update Confirm
Inter-SGSN Location Updating

MS BSS New SGSN Old SGSN GGSN HLR MSC/VLR
Routing Area Update Request SGSN Context Request SGSN Context Response
SECURITY FUNCTIONS
SGSN Context Ack Forward Packets Update PDP Context Request Update PDP Context Response Update Location Cancel Location Cancel Location Ack Insert Subscriber Data Insert Subscriber Data Ack Update Location Ack Location Update Request Location Update Accept Routing Area Update Accept Routing Area Update Complete
GPRS Paging Procedure
MS
BSS
Paging Request GPRS Paging Request Any LLC Frame Any LLC Frame
SGSN
PDP PDU
Cell Reselection Procedures

In standby or Ready states, handover procedures used In Idle state, C31 and C32 cell reselection criteria used: C31 Parameter - Signal strength criterion to prioritise cell selection C32 Parameter - Improvement over C31 by applying:

individual offset and hysteresis value to each pair of cells uses temporary offsets like C2 additional values that require routing area updates
C31, C32 are only used if PBCCH is implemented. Otherwise the C2 criteria is used
Summary Section 8

Mobility Management States GPRS Attach / Detach Routing Areas Location Management Location Updates Changing Routing and Service Area Paging Cell Reselection
Section 9 - Radio Resource Management

9.1 Introduction 9.2 Timeslot Resource Allocation 9.3 Temporary Block Flows (TBFs) 9.4 Uplink Packet Access 9.5 Downlink Packet Access 9.6 Radio Resource Operating Modes
Using Spare GSM Air Interface Capacity

Maximum Capacity
Timeslot Usage
Available for GPRS Circuit Switched Demand
Available for GPRS
Time (hours) 0 24
GPRS traffic assigned to dedicated channel GPRS traffic dynamically assigned
Traffic Level
Ti m esl ots
Time
Time
The Packet Data Traffic Channel (PDCH)

Channel allocated for packet data transfer Temporary or permanent allocation for one or multiple GPRS terminals Unidirectional in either: Uplink (PDTCH/U) Downlink (PDTCH/D) When used for single timeslot operation can be: Half rate (PDTCH/H) Full Rate (PDTCH/F) Must be full rate in multislot operation
System Timeslot Resource Allocation
GPRS timeslot allocation to terminals: Up to 8 timeslots on the same carrier can be allocated to a
single GPRS terminal
Up to 8 GPRS terminals can share a single timeslot
GPRS timeslot allocation for traffic: Timeslots specifically allocated for GPRS traffic Allocation of spare CS timeslot capacity on a statistical basis
Operator Timeslot Resource Allocation

Operators can specify the following:
GPRS capacity cell-by-cell or TRX-by-TRX Dedicated GPRS timeslots GPRS-capable channels that can be allocated for CS traffic CS channels dynamically configured to carry GPRS traffic BCCH or non-BCCH TRX preferences for GPRS
Uplink Timeslot Allocation
Dynamic resource allocation - using the

USF
Fixed resource allocation Exclusive resource allocation (optional)
Temporary Block Flow (TBF)

Supports uni-directional transfers of LLC PDUs on physical channels between the MS and BSC. Allocated Radio resources on one or more PDCHs Consists of one or more MAC/RLC blocks carrying one or more LLC PDUs Exists only for the duration of a specific call Each TBF is allocated a Temporary Flow Identifier (TFI) One MS can be assigned multiple TBFs
Temporary Flow Identifier

Identifies recipient MS at RLC/MAC Layer Assigned by network Contained within each RLC/MAC radio block Only unique for one PDCH in one direction
TFI1 TFI1 Um
BTS PCU
GSM RF
BSS AGPRS
MS-Initiated TBF Establishment

Mobile
Packet Channel Request Phase 1 PAGCH or AGCH Packet Immediate Assignment PRACH or RACH
BSS
Packet Resource Request Phase 2 (optional)
PACCH
PACCH
Packet Immediate Assignment
Network-Initiated TBF Establishment

Mobile
PPCH or PCH
BSS
Packet Paging Request
Packet Channel Request
PRACH or RACH
PAGCH or AGCH
Packet Downlink Assignment
Packet Paging Response
PACCH
Packet Immediate Assignment Message

Packet Channel Description
Frequency coding if SFH is implemented

Initial Timing Advance Value Packet Uplink Assignment Construction
Packet Access type granted (1-phase or single block packet access) TFI USF value or fixed allocation bitmap Channel coding scheme for RLC data blocks Power Control Parameters Optional TBF start time (mandatory if fixed allocation usedl)
One and Two-Phase TBF Access
1-Phase Access: When PCCCH is available in Cell When in Acknowledged mode Total data to be transmitted does not exceed 8 RLC/MAC
blocks
When layer 3 signalling is requested
2-Phase Access When PCCCH is not available in Cell When in Unacknowledged mode Total data to be transmitted does exceeds 8 RLC/MAC blocks
Uplink State Flag (USF) Example

B0 B1 B2 T B3 B4 B5 X B6 B7 B8 T B9 B10 B11 X
Key:
USF = 1 USF = 2 USF = 3
User A USF = 1
B0
B1
B2
B3
B4
User B USF = 2
B5 X B6 B7 B8
RLC Block Flow Control

Sliding window in range 0-64 Each block contains a Block Sequence Number assigned incrementally by the transmitter Transmitter transmits packets in accordance with the Acknowledge State Array V(B) Receiver acknowledges packet receipt using the Receive Block Bitmap (RBB) contained in the ack/nack message. RRB is created in receiver from the Receive State Array V(N)
Radio Resource Operating Modes

Packet Idle Mode
No TBF Listens for paging request Class A terminals can establish CS connections
Packet Transfer Mode
TBF established TBF suspended on handover
Dual Transfer Mode
Simultaneous CS and PS connection
Summary Section 9
Timeslot Resource Allocation Uplink Timeslot Allocation Downlink Timeslot Allocation Uplink State Flags (USFs) Uplink/Downlink Packet Access Temporary Block Flows (TBFs) Radio Resource Operating Modes
Course Progress
Day 1
Day 2
Section 10 - Packet Routing and Transfer

10.1 Introduction 10.2 Packet Data Protocol (PDP) States 10.3 Effect of MM States on Packet Transfer 10.4 PDP Contexts and Addresses 10.5 Access Point Names 10.6 PDP Context Activation/Deactivation 10.7 Packet Transfer Functions
PDP States
Inactive:
PDP Context not established No packet transfer possible
Active:
PDP Context established Packet transfer possible Only possible in READY or STANDBY MM states
Activate PDP Context
Functional PDP State Model
INACTIVE
ACTIVE
Deactivate PDP Context MM State change to IDLE
The Packet Data Protocol (PDP) Context

A contract set up with the GPRS network to allow connection to external PDNs Requires allocation of IP Address: Static allocation Dynamic allocation This contract (context) specifies: Protocol Type (IPv4 or IPv6) IP Address assigned to the MS QoS level requested GGSN access point identity
PDP Address Assignment
Static IP addressing: Permanently allocated to MS by home PLMN Network-activated PDP contexts must address static
IP addresses
Dynamic IP addressing: Temporarily allocated to MS by PLMN for duration of

PDP context only. GGSN is responsible for dynamic address assignment
Multiple IP addresses can be associated with each IMSI (MS)
Access Point Names (APNs)

Identifies external PDN access point at the GGSN 3 APN selection modes: Requested by MS at PDP activation (APN(R)) Supplied by SGSN at PDP activation (default APN(SGSN)) Extracted from subscriber profile at HLR (APN(S))
Invalid APN will reject PDP activation at the GGSN APN format in two parts:
{network identifier}.{operator identifier}
PDP Context Activation/Deactivation
Activation: Initiated By MS Requested by GGSN
Modification: Decided by SGSN Deactivation: Initiated by MS, SGSN or GGSN
MS Initiated PDP Context Activation Process

MS BSS SGSN GPRS Core Network GGS N
Activate PDP Context Request
Create PDP Context Request
Create PDP Context Response
Activate PDP Context Accept
Network Requested PDP Context Activation Process

PDP PDU
PDP Notification Request
PDP Notification Response Request PDP Context Activation PDP Context Activation Procedure
PDP Context Modification Process

Update PDP Context Request
Update PDP Context Response Modify PDP Context Request Modify PDP Context Accept
Valid PDP Context Deactivation Cases
Connection at TE-MT (R reference point) broken Radio connection lost TE deactivates last remaining PDP context MS initiates a deactivation procedure
MS PDP Context Deactivation Process

Deactivate PDP Context Request
GTP Delete PDP Context Request
GTP Delete PDP Context Response
Deactivate PDP Context Accept
SGSN PDP Context Deactivation Process

Delete PDP Context Request Delete PDP Context Response Deactivate PDP Context Request
GGSN PDP Context Deactivation Process

Delete PDP Context Request
Deactivate PDP Context Request
Effect of MM States on Packet Transfer

Downlink:
Ready - packet download possible Standby - Paging required Idle - no data transfer possible
Uplink:
Ready - packet upload possible Standby - PDP context must be established Idle - GPRS Attach required
Packet Routing and Transfer Function (1)
The packet routing and transfer function:

Transfers packets as NS-PDUs between the
Mobile TE and the GGSN external port
Transfers packets as NS-PDUs between the

Mobile TE and other PLMNs via the Gp interface user TEs
Transfers packets as NS-PDUs between GPRS
Packet Transfer Function (2)

Packet transfer between BSS and SGSN is accomplished via SNDCP Packet transfer between SGSN and GGSN is accomplished using UDP/IP or TCP/IP via GTP tunnels Network Node Relay Function: Relay packets from incoming port to appropriate outgoing port Stores packets until forwarded or holding time expires
Packet Transmission Connections

Um Gb Gn GGS N
IMSI/NSAPI
BSS MS
PDP Context
SGSN
Logical Link Control Connection
TLLI
Data Link Connection
DLCI
Virtual Tunnel
TID
CONNECTION TYPE
CONNECTION IDENTIFIER

Um Gb Gn GGS N
BSS MS
TCP/UDP IP SNDCP BSSGP Frame Relay RLCP MACP
SGSN
Packet Transfer Relay Functions

Network Node Relay Function:
Relay packets from incoming port to appropriate outgoing port Stores packets until forwarded or holding time expires
SGSN Relay Function:
Adds sequence numbers to NS-PDU received from SNDCP May perform packet re-sequencing prior to passing to SNDCP
layer
GGSN Relay Function:
Adds sequence numbers to NS-PDU received from the Gi

interface May perform packet re-sequencing prior to passing to Gi Interface
Packet Transfer Over the Gb Interface
BSS
38
FR Switch 77
11 FR Switch 32 19 SGSN
BSS
2 FR Switch 44 FR Switch 67
23
85 BSS
FR Switch
44 = Data Link Circuit Identifier (DLCI)
GGSN-SGSN Packet Encapsulation

SGSN
GTP GTP Header UDP Header UDP Header GTP Header GTP Header
PDP PDU encapsulated by GTP GTP encapsulated by TCP/UDP TCP/UDP encapsulated by IP

GGSN
User Data (e.g IP datagram) User Data Payload IP/X.25
GTP
UDP/TC P
User Data Payload
UDP/TCP
IP L2 L1
IP header
User Data Payload
IP L2 L1
SGSN-MS Encapsulation

MS or SGSN PDUs encapsulated within LLC LLC link uniquely identified by a TLLI Each PDP context established within a TLL is assigned a unique 4-bit NSAPI.
Um
Application IP/X.25 SNDCP LLC RLC MAC Link Layer RLC MAC Link Layer Relay BSSGP
Network Service
Gb
SNDCP LLC BSSGP

Network Service
L1 bis
L1bis
MS
BSS
SGSN
Summary Section 10
PDP Contexts Context States Addressing Activation / Deactivation Effects of MM States on Packet Transfer Access Point Names (APNs) Packet Transfer Functions
BSS 38 FR Switch 11 BSS 2 44 FR Switch BSS 85 77 FR Switch 7 67 FR Switch 32 23 FR Switch 19 SG SN
Course Progress
Day 1
Day 2
Section 11 - GPRS Operational Issues
11.1 Introduction 11.2 Bearer Services 11.3 Quality of Service (QoS) 11.4 GPRS Security 11.5 Billing
Bearer Services
Two Bearer Services offered:
Point-to-Point (PTP): PTP-CNLS

PTP-CONS
Point-to-Multipoint (PTM) PTM-M

PTM-G
GPRS Quality of Service (QoS)

Why the need for QoS? Address customer requirements Dynamic resource allocation Customer confidence
GPRS Quality of Service (QoS)

Service Precedence (priority) Reliability 3 classes (GSM 02.60) 5 classes (GSM 03.60) Delay 4 delay classes Throughput max and mean bit rates
QoS - Precedence
High
Medium Low
QoS - Reliability
Reliability classes define the effect of the following on Service Data Units (SDUs): loss of SDUs

duplication of SDUs mis-sequencing of SDUs corruption of SDUs
GSM release 02.60 defines 3 reliability classes GSM release 03.60 defines 5 reliability classes
QoS - Reliability
Reliability Class GTP Mode LLC Frame Mode LLC Data RLC Block Mode Traffic Type
Acknowledged
Acknowledged
Protected
Unacknowledged
Acknowledged
Protected
Unacknowledged
Unacknowledged
Protected
Unacknowledged
Unacknowledged
Protected
Unacknowledged
Unacknowledged
Unprotected
Non real-time traffic, error-sensitive Acknowledged application that cannot cope with data loss. Non real-time traffic, error-sensitive Acknowledged application that can cope with infrequent data loss. Non real-time traffic, error-sensitive Acknowledged application that can cope with data loss, GMM/SM, and SMS. Non real-time traffic, error-sensitive Unacknowledged application that cannot cope with data loss. Non real-time traffic, error-sensitive Unacknowledged application that cannot cope with data loss.
QoS - Delay
GPRS
defines 4 classes of delay and include the following parameters:

Radio channel access delay (uplink/downlink) Radio channel transit delay (uplink/downlink) GPRS-network delay (multiple hops)
This
does not include external network delays.
QoS - Delay
Delay (maximum values) SDU size : 128 octets Mean Transfer Delay (sec) <0.5 <5 <50 95 percentile Delay (sec) <1.5 <25 <250 SDU size : 1024 octets Mean Transfer Delay (sec) <2 <15 <75 Unspecified 95 percentile Delay (sec) <7 <75 <375
Delay Class 1. (Predictive) 2. (Predictive) 3. (Predictive) 4. (Best Effort)
QoS - Throughput
The throughput parameter indicates the user data
throughput requested by the user.
Throughput is defined by two negotiable

parameters :
Peak bit rate Mean bit rate
QoS Peak Throughput

Peak Throughput Classes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Peak Throughput (octets/sec) Up to 1000 (8kbps) Up to 2000 (16kbps) Up to 4000 (32kbps) Up to 8000 (64kbps) Up to 16000 (128kbps) Up to 32000 (256kbps) Up to 64000 (512kbps) Up to 128000 (1024kbps) Up to 256000 (2048kbps)
QoS Mean Throughput

Mean Throughput Classes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 31 Mean Throughput (octets/hour) 100 (~0.22bps) 200 (~0.44bps) 500 (~1.11bps) 1000 (~2.2bps) 2000 (~4.4bps) 5000 (~11.1bps) 10000 (~22bps) 20000 (~44bps) 50000 (~111bps) 100000 (~0.22kbps) 200000 (~0.44kbps) 500000 (~1.11kbps) 1000000 (~2.2kbps) 2000000 (~4.4kbps) 5000000 (~11.1kbps) 10000000 (~22kbps) 20000000 (~44kbps) 50000000 (~111kbps) Best Effort
Purposes of GPRS Security

Purposes of GSM Security include: Protecting of user identity confidentiality Use of temporary identities (TMSI) Protection against unauthorised access Authentication & service request validation Provision of data confidentiality Encryption (Ciphering) Provision of network signalling confidentiality
Protecting User ID Confidentiality

Benefits of user ID confidentiality include: Ensures IMSI is not disclosed without authorisation Prevents location tracking using air interface data Prevents user ID from being extracted from signalling information
Implemented using replacement Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (P-TMSI)
Authentication
Benefits of authentication include:
Prevents unauthorised network access Prevents illegal impersonation of legitimate subscribers
Implemented by using an authentication procedure. Procedure triggered by:

A change in subscriber profile data at the SGSN Accessing a service First network access after SGSN restart Cipher key sequence number mismatch
The GPRS Authentication Process

MS BSS SGSN Send Authentication info [IMSI] AuC
MS
Ki
SGSN
RAND Ki Authentication & ciphering Request Send Authentication info Ack IMSI, Triplets (RAND,SRES,Ki)
A3
SRES
A3
SRES
[RAND]
Authentication & ciphering Response [SRES]
User Data Encryption

Benefits of user data encryption include:
Provides confidentiality for user data across air interface Selection from seven encryption algorithms
Capability is mandatory for MS and network Implementation is optional Does not provide for end-to-end encryption
The GPRS Encryption Process

MS
Ki
SGSN
RAND Ki
A8
Kc Data
A8
Kc Data
A5
A5
Kc + Data
Signalling Data Encryption

Signalling data encryption provides confidentiality for user identities across air interface Applied to selected fields of signalling messages including:
International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) Calling subscriber directory number (mobile terminating calls) Called subscriber directory number (mobile originated calls)
These fields are not protected on initial connection Does not provide for end-to-end encryption
Charging for GPRS Services
GSNs collects GPRS-related billing data such as: destination and source address usage of radio interface usage of external PDNs usage of PDP addresses usage of general GPRS resources location of mobile station volume of packet traffic
Internet
Charging for GPRS Services

GPRS allows the user to be always connected Some possible methods of charging are:
By volume of data transferred Flat rate for Internet access Time spent on-line By Transaction For content - operator may provide own
pages (value added services)
Internet
These charging methods can be modified by:
Enhanced quality of service Enhanced security
UK GPRS Service Provider Tariffs
Vodafone UK: GPRS: No monthly access charge. 2p for every 1KB sent or received. GPRS 1: 7.49 monthly access charge including 1MB of information.
0.5p for every additional 1KB sent or received.
BT Cellnet: Pay As You Use: 3.99 monthly access charge. 2p for every 1KB sent
or received.
Value Bundle: 7.99 monthly access charge including 1MB of

information. 0.39p for every additional 1KB sent or received.
Summary Section 11

Subscriber Services PTP, PTM Quality of Service Precedence, Reliability, Delay, Throughput, Security Authentication, Encryption, User ID Confidentiality Billing Parameters, Methods, Existing Tariffs.
Data A5 A5 MS Ki SGSN RAND Ki
A8 Kc
A8 Kc Data
Kc + Data
Course Progress
Day 1
Day 2
Section 12 - Interaction With GSM Services

12.1 Introduction 12.2 Interactions Between SGSN and MSC/VLR 12.3 Network Operating Systems 12.4 Combined IMSI/GPRS Attach/Detach 12.5 Combined Location Updating 12.6 Paging Coordination
SGSN-MSC/VLR Supported Functions

Combined IMSI/GPRS attach Coordinated / combined RA / LA updating Coordinated paging for CS/GPRS connections Alert procedures for non-GPRS services. Identification procedure MM Information procedure
Network Operating Mode I

Gs Gb SGSN
A BSS
MSC/ VLR
Combined LA/RA Update Combined paging Longer MS sleep periods Smaller Paging Load (MS only paged in RA)
The Gs Interface

Interface between MSC/VLR and SGSN Optional implementation When present: All MSC-originated paging of GPRS-attached MSs is via the When absent: All MSC-originated paging of GPRS-attached MSs is via the A
interface Paging coordination not possible SGSN Paging coordination possible
Network Operating Modes II & III

Separate LA and RA updates
A BSC Gb SGSN MSC/ VLR
Two types of paging channels to be

monitored
MS paged in LA Mode II - PPCH not available in cell Mode III - PPCH available in cell
Combined IMSI/GPRS Attach Procedure

MS
Attach Request Identification Request ID Request ID Response
SECURITY FUNCTIONS
New SGSN
Old SGSN
new MSC/VLR
HLR
old MSC/VLR
Identification Response
Update Location Cancel Location Cancel Location Ack Insert Subscriber Data Insert Subscriber Data Ack Update Location Ack Location Update Request Update Location Cancel Location Cancel Location Ack Insert Sub Data Insert Sub Data Ack Attach Accept Attach Complete TMSI Reallocation Complete Location Update Accept Update Location Ack
Combined IMSI/GPRS Detach Procedure

MS BSS
Detach Request Delete PDP Context Request
SGSN
GGSN
MSC/VLR
Delete PDP Context Response IMSI Detach Indication GPRS Detach Indication
Detach Accept
Combined Intra-SGSN RA/LA Update

MS
RA Update Request
SECURITY FUNCTIONS
SGSN
new MSC/VLR
HLR
old MSC/VLR
Location Update Request Update Location Cancel Location Cancel Location Ack Insert Sub Data Insert Sub Data Ack Update Location Ack Location Update Accept RA Update Accept RA Update Complete TMSI Reallocation Complete
Combined Inter-SGSN RA/LA Update

MS New SGSN Old SGSN GGSN
RA Update Request
new MSC/VLR
HLR
old MSC/VLR
SGSN Context request SGSN Context Response

SECURITY FUNCTIONS
SGSN Context Ack Forward Packets Update PDP Contexts Request Update PDP Contexts Response Update Location ID Request ID Response Insert Subscriber Data Ack Update Location Ack Location Update Request Update Location Insert Sub Data Insert Sub Data Ack RA Update Accept RA Update Complete TMSI Reallocation Complete Location Update Accept Update Location Ack Cancel Location Cancel Location Ack Cancel Location Ack Insert Subscriber Data Cancel Location
Network Modes - Paging Coordination

Operating Mode I:
CS paging takes place on GPRS paging or traffic channel Operating Mode II: GPRS and CS paging takes place on CS paging channel (CCCH) MS only monitors one paging channel Operating Mode III: CS paging uses the CS paging channel (CCCH) GPRS uses either CCCH or PCCCH MS must monitor both paging channels
(PCCCH or PPCH) MS only monitors one paging channel
Network Modes - Paging Coordination
Mode I
II III
GSM Paging Channel GPRS Paging Channel Paging Coord? Packet Paging Channel Packet Paging Channel CS Paging Channel CS Paging Channel Yes Packet Data Channel not applicable CS Paging Channel CS Paging Channel No CS Paging Channel Packet Paging Channel No CS Paging Channel CS Paging Channel
Summary Section 12

Interactions Between SGSN and MSC/VLR The Gs Interface Network Operating Modes Combined IMSI/GPRS Attach / Detach Procedures Combined GSM/GPRS Location Updating GSM/GPRS Paging Coordination
A BSS Gb SGSN MSC/ VLR Gs
Course Progress
Day 1
Day 2
Section 13 - GPRS Internetworking

13.1 Introduction
13.2 The Interworking Interfaces
13.3 The Gi Interface IP Connection
13.4 The Gi Interface X.25 Connection
13.5 The Inter-PLMN Gp Interface
GPRS Interworking Interfaces

PUBLIC PACKET DATA NETWORK
Gi Interface INTER-PLMN BACKBONE
Gi Interface
Gp Interface
GGSN
BG
BG
GGSN
GPRS Core Network SGSN SGSN
GPRS Core Network SGSN SGSN
GPRS-PDN (Gi) Interface

Internet
GGSN
X.25 Gi
Um
Network Service
Gb

Network Service
L3
IP/X.25 GTP GTP

UDP/TCP
UDP/TCP
L2 IP L2 L1 L1
L2
IP L2 L1
L1bis
L1bis
L1
MS
BSC/PCUSN
SGSN
GGSN
Gi Interface IP Connection
IPv4 or IPv6 Addressing
Gi
PLMN
TE
IP NETWORK(S)
GPRS NETWORK
TE
IPv4 or IPv6 Addressing
Gn
SGSN
Gn GPRS Backbone Gi
GGSN
DNS
Mobile Operator IP Network

DHCP
LAN
Firewall
Internet
Host
GGSN
Router
Gi IP Network
Router
IP
IP
IP
IP
L2
L2
GPRS Bearer
L1 L1
Gi Interface X.25 Connection
Gi X.121 Addressing
X.121 Addressing
PLMN
TE
DTE
PSPDN
TE
GPRS NETWORK
DCE
Gi Interface X.25 Connection

GGSN
X.25 Relay
Gi PSDN
Relay X.25 X.75
GPRS Bearer
LAPB
LAPB
L1
L1
Inter-PLMN Working Over the Gp Interface

PUBLIC/PRIVATE DATA CONNECTION
Gp Interface
GGSN
BG
BG
GGSN
GPRS Core Network 1 SGSN SGSN
Inter-PLMN Roaming Issues
Addressing Inter-PLMN Link Establishment QoS Implementation Security Routing Protocol Agreement Charging Agreements
Summary Section 13

Interworking Interfaces The Gi Interface IP Connections X.25 Connections The Gp Interface Inter-PLMN Interface Inter-PLMN GPRS Roaming Issues
PUBLIC/PRIVATE DATA CONNECTION Gp Interface
GGSN
BG
BG
GGSN
Course Progress
Day 1
Day 2
Section 14 GPRS Network Planning Considerations
14.1 Introduction 14.2 Coverage 14.3 Capacity 14.4 C/I Interference 14.5 Effect on QoS
Some GPRS Radio Planning Issues
Coverage Capacity C/I Interference QoS Implementation
Coverage

Current GSM networks designed primarily for voice/CS data. GPRS coverage may differ from that of GSM Coding scheme used is radio path quality dependant
CS4
CS3 CS2
GSM only cell
Enabling GPRS
GSM coverage
CS1
Capacity
Most existing GSM900 networks are capacity restricted now Difficult to add new services due to restricted capacity GSM1800 networks have most to offer Smaller cell sizes Typically higher capacity availability
C/I Interference

GPRS data throughput is coding scheme dependant Coding scheme used relates to C/I levels Lower C/I

Packet loss, retransmissions
Higher C/I
Increase of throughput
C/I improvements can be achieved by: Minimising cell overlap by optimising the network Cell splitting
Impact of GPRS on GSM Network Quality

Increase in Blocked Call Rate Increase in Dropped Call Rate Avoiding impact on speech channels: No dedicated GPRS resources GPRS upgrade only if there are enough idle speech
channels (2-3 TS)
GPRS downgrade if the load on speech channels increases
(number of idle speech channels kept at the level of 1-2 TS)
Summary Section 14

GPRS deployment requires reconsideration of the cell planning and frequency planning strategies The analysis of the network should include both circuit switched & packet switched traffic Throughput relates to C/I Lower C/I = Packet loss, retransmissions, delays Higher C/I = Increased throughput C/I improvements can be achieved by Minimising cell overlap by optimising the network Cell splitting
GSM only cell Enabling GPRS
CS4
CS3 CS2 CS1
GSM coverage
Course Summary
Day 1
Day 2

GPRS For Eng

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General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) For Engineers

PACKET SWITCH PACKET SWITCH PACKET SWITCH

PACKET SWITCH PACKET SWITCH PACKET SWITCH

PACKET SWITCH PACKET SWITCH

PACKET SWITCH PACKET SWITCH

PACKET SWITCH PACKET SWITCH

Advantages of Packet Switching

Advantages of Circuit Switching

Packet Routing Strategies

Packet Data Delivery

Packet Switching Technologies

The Virtual Circuit (VC) Concept

Virtual Circuit Connections

Permanent Virtual Circuit (PVC):

Switched Virtual Circuit (SVC):

Forward and Backward Error Correction

Section 2 - Mobile Data Evolution

The Requirement for Mobile Data

The Requirement for Mobile Data

GSM Phase 1 & 2 Data Services

Emerging Mobile Data Technologies

GPRS 9.6 kb/s CSD SMS

Circuit Switched Packet Switched

Maximum data rate quoted as 115 kb/s = 14.4 x 8

HSCSD Mobile Equipment

HSCSD handsets are typically limited to 4 timeslots, allowing:

Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution

(0,1,0) (1,1,0) (1,1,1) (1,0,1) (1,0,0)

Use 8 Phase-Shift Keying (8PSK) modulation

Section 3 - GPRS Overview

GSM Architecture Overview

GPRS - Conceptual View

Air Interface BSS GPRS IP Core Internet

Shared GSM/GPRS Infrastructure

GPRS Core Infrastructure

GPRS Phases 1 and 2

GPRS Architecture Overview

Key GPRS User Enhancements

Speed Immediacy Simultaneity New and Improved Applications Affordability (?)

Key GPRS Network Enhancements

Current GPRS Deployment

(inc UK and USA)

Most Popular GPRS Services

Overview of GSM Network Elements

Phase 1/Phase 2 Introduction

Current GPRS Global Deployment

Useful Internet GPRS Resources

SMS GMS C BSS TRX BTS BSC PCU SGSN

PLMN EIR HLR

Section 4 - GPRS Architecture and Interfaces

Elements of the GPRS Network

DNS Inter-PLMN Network LIG Corporate LAN

GSM/GPRS Mobile Terminal (MT)

Um Base Station Subsystem

Gb GPRS Core Network

SIM TE Mobile Terminal (MT) MS

GPRS Mobile Terminal Classes

Three GPRS Terminal Classes:

A - Simultaneous support for GPRS and other

B - Can monitor GPRS and GSM services but

C - Supports GPRS or GSM services. The

GPRS Mobile Station (MS) Modifications