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or 0 < < 90 .
( x, y )
hypotenuse opposite
y 1 x
Half Angle Formulas 1 sin 2 = (1 cos ( 2 ) ) 2 1 cos 2 = (1 + cos ( 2 ) ) 2 1 cos ( 2 ) 2 tan = 1 + cos ( 2 ) Sum and Difference Formulas sin ( ) = sin cos cos sin cos ( ) = cos cos sin sin tan tan 1 tan tan Product to Sum Formulas 1 sin sin = cos ( ) cos ( + ) 2 1 cos cos = cos ( ) + cos ( + ) 2 1 sin cos = sin ( + ) + sin ( ) 2 1 cos sin = sin ( + ) sin ( ) 2 Sum to Product Formulas + sin + sin = 2sin cos 2 2 + sin sin = 2 cos sin 2 2 + cos + cos = 2 cos cos 2 2 + cos cos = 2sin sin 2 2 Cofunction Formulas tan ( ) =
sin = cos 2 csc = sec 2 tan = cot 2 cos = sin 2 sec = csc 2 cot = tan 2
adjacent sin = opposite hypotenuse adjacent cos = hypotenuse opposite tan = adjacent hypotenuse opposite hypotenuse sec = adjacent adjacent cot = opposite csc = sin = y =y 1 x cos = = x 1 y tan = x 1 y 1 sec = x x cot = y csc =
1 + cot 2 = csc 2 Even/Odd Formulas sin ( ) = sin csc ( ) = csc cos ( ) = cos tan ( ) = tan Periodic Formulas If n is an integer. sin ( + 2 n ) = sin sec ( ) = sec cot ( ) = cot
csc ( + 2 n ) = csc
cos ( + 2 n ) = cos sec ( + 2 n ) = sec tan ( + n ) = tan cot ( + n ) = cot Double Angle Formulas sin ( 2 ) = 2sin cos cos ( 2 ) = cos 2 sin 2 = 2 cos 2 1 = 1 2sin 2 2 tan tan ( 2 ) = 1 tan 2 Degrees to Radians Formulas If x is an angle in degrees and t is an angle in radians then x 180t t = t= and x = 180 x 180
T= T T T T T
tan ( ) csc ( )
sec ( )
cot ( )
2 = = 2 = 2 = =
Unit Circle y
1 3 , 2 2 2 2 , 2 2 3 1 , 2 2
( 0,1)
2 2 3 90 120 60
y = cos 1 x is equivalent to x = cos y y = tan x is equivalent to x = tan y Domain and Range Function Domain y = sin 1 x y = cos x y = tan 1 x
1 1
3 4
4
45
5 6
135
30
1 x 1 1 x 1 < x <
y 2 2 0 y
Range
150
< y<
( 1,0 )
180
0
360
0 2
(1,0 )
c
7 6 210
225
3 1 , 2 2
2 2 , 2 2
5 4
11 6
4 3
240
3 1 , 2 2
2 2 , 2 2
b
Law of Sines sin sin sin = = a b c Law of Cosines a 2 = b 2 + c 2 2bc cos Law of Tangents a b tan 1 2 ( ) = a + b tan 1 2 ( + ) b c tan 1 2 ( ) = 1 b + c tan 2 ( + ) a c tan 1 2 ( ) = 1 a + c tan 2 ( + )
1 3 , 2 2
1 3 , 2 2
For any ordered pair on the unit circle ( x, y ) : cos = x and sin = y Example 5 1 cos = 3 2 3 5 sin = 2 3