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Trig Cheat Sheet

Definition of the Trig Functions


Right triangle definition For this definition we assume that 0 < <

Formulas and Identities


Tangent and Cotangent Identities sin cos tan = cot = cos sin Reciprocal Identities 1 1 csc = sin = sin csc 1 1 sec = cos = cos sec 1 1 cot = tan = tan cot Pythagorean Identities sin 2 + cos 2 = 1 tan + 1 = sec
2 2

or 0 < < 90 .

Unit circle definition For this definition is any angle.


y

( x, y )
hypotenuse opposite
y 1 x

Half Angle Formulas 1 sin 2 = (1 cos ( 2 ) ) 2 1 cos 2 = (1 + cos ( 2 ) ) 2 1 cos ( 2 ) 2 tan = 1 + cos ( 2 ) Sum and Difference Formulas sin ( ) = sin cos cos sin cos ( ) = cos cos sin sin tan tan 1 tan tan Product to Sum Formulas 1 sin sin = cos ( ) cos ( + ) 2 1 cos cos = cos ( ) + cos ( + ) 2 1 sin cos = sin ( + ) + sin ( ) 2 1 cos sin = sin ( + ) sin ( ) 2 Sum to Product Formulas + sin + sin = 2sin cos 2 2 + sin sin = 2 cos sin 2 2 + cos + cos = 2 cos cos 2 2 + cos cos = 2sin sin 2 2 Cofunction Formulas tan ( ) =
sin = cos 2 csc = sec 2 tan = cot 2 cos = sin 2 sec = csc 2 cot = tan 2

adjacent sin = opposite hypotenuse adjacent cos = hypotenuse opposite tan = adjacent hypotenuse opposite hypotenuse sec = adjacent adjacent cot = opposite csc = sin = y =y 1 x cos = = x 1 y tan = x 1 y 1 sec = x x cot = y csc =

1 + cot 2 = csc 2 Even/Odd Formulas sin ( ) = sin csc ( ) = csc cos ( ) = cos tan ( ) = tan Periodic Formulas If n is an integer. sin ( + 2 n ) = sin sec ( ) = sec cot ( ) = cot

Facts and Properties


Domain The domain is all the values of that can be plugged into the function. sin , can be any angle cos , can be any angle 1 tan , n + , n = 0, 1, 2, 2 n , n = 0, 1, 2, csc , 1 sec , n + , n = 0, 1, 2, 2 n , n = 0, 1, 2, cot , Range The range is all possible values to get out of the function. csc 1 and csc 1 1 sin 1 1 cos 1 sec 1 and sec 1 tan cot Period The period of a function is the number, T, such that f ( + T ) = f ( ) . So, if is a fixed number and is any angle we have the following periods. sin ( )
cos ( )

csc ( + 2 n ) = csc

cos ( + 2 n ) = cos sec ( + 2 n ) = sec tan ( + n ) = tan cot ( + n ) = cot Double Angle Formulas sin ( 2 ) = 2sin cos cos ( 2 ) = cos 2 sin 2 = 2 cos 2 1 = 1 2sin 2 2 tan tan ( 2 ) = 1 tan 2 Degrees to Radians Formulas If x is an angle in degrees and t is an angle in radians then x 180t t = t= and x = 180 x 180

T= T T T T T

tan ( ) csc ( )
sec ( )

cot ( )

2 = = 2 = 2 = =

2005 Paul Dawkins

2005 Paul Dawkins

Unit Circle y
1 3 , 2 2 2 2 , 2 2 3 1 , 2 2

Inverse Trig Functions


Definition y = sin 1 x is equivalent to x = sin y Inverse Properties cos ( cos 1 ( x ) ) = x cos1 ( cos ( ) ) = sin ( sin 1 ( x ) ) = x tan ( tan 1 ( x ) ) = x Alternate Notation sin 1 x = arcsin x cos 1 x = arccos x tan 1 x = arctan x sin 1 ( sin ( ) ) = tan 1 ( tan ( ) ) =
1 3 2, 2 2 2 2 , 2 3 1 , 2 2

( 0,1)

2 2 3 90 120 60

y = cos 1 x is equivalent to x = cos y y = tan x is equivalent to x = tan y Domain and Range Function Domain y = sin 1 x y = cos x y = tan 1 x
1 1

3 4

4
45

5 6

135

30

1 x 1 1 x 1 < x <

y 2 2 0 y

Range

150

< y<

( 1,0 )

180

0
360

0 2

(1,0 )

Law of Sines, Cosines and Tangents

c
7 6 210
225

330 315 7 300 270 4 5 3 3 2


( 0,1)

3 1 , 2 2

2 2 , 2 2

5 4

11 6

4 3

240

3 1 , 2 2

2 2 , 2 2

b
Law of Sines sin sin sin = = a b c Law of Cosines a 2 = b 2 + c 2 2bc cos Law of Tangents a b tan 1 2 ( ) = a + b tan 1 2 ( + ) b c tan 1 2 ( ) = 1 b + c tan 2 ( + ) a c tan 1 2 ( ) = 1 a + c tan 2 ( + )

1 3 , 2 2

1 3 , 2 2

For any ordered pair on the unit circle ( x, y ) : cos = x and sin = y Example 5 1 cos = 3 2 3 5 sin = 2 3

b 2 = a 2 + c 2 2ac cos c = a + b 2ab cos


2 2 2

Mollweides Formula a + b cos 1 2 ( ) = c sin 1 2

2005 Paul Dawkins

2005 Paul Dawkins

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