Aula 02

CURSO ONLINE DE INGLS TEORIA E QUESTES COMENTADAS - BACEN PROFESSORA GABRIELA KNOBLAUCH
Whats up, students? E a, alunos? Are the studies going smoothly? Os estudos esto andando suavemente?
Hoje falaremos de um assunto bastante extenso, porm muito importante para a aprendizagem do idioma: os TEMPOS VERBAIS. Vejamos o planejamento para a aula de hoje: Aula 02: Tempos verbais. Provas: BNDES Engenheiro 2011 Cesgranrio Eletrobrs Administrador 2010 Cesgranrio
With loads of enthusiasm, lets start todays topic. Com muito entusiasmo, vamos comear o tpico de hoje.
www.pontodosconcursos.com.br
TEMPOS VERBAIS
Na lngua inglesa existem 12 tempos verbais: Presente 1. 2. 3. 4. Simple Present Present Continuous Present Perfect Present Perfect Continuous
(Presente (Presente (Presente (Presente Simples) Contnuo) Perfeito) Perfeito Contnuo)
Passado 1. 2. 3. 4. Simple Past Past Continuous Past Perfect Past Perfect Continuous
(Passado (Passado (Passado (Passado Simples) Contnuo) Perfeito) Perfeito Contnuo)
Futuro 1. 2. 3. 4. Simple Future Future Continuous Future Perfect Future Perfect Continuous
(Futuro (Futuro (Futuro (Futuro Simples) Contnuo) Perfeito) Perfeito Contnuo)
A seguir, um resuminho de todos os tempos verbais para orientar o estudo para esta aula.
SIMPLE PRESENT SIMPLE PAST SIMPLE FUTURE Tomorrow, I will play soccer. or Tomorrow, I am going to play soccer.
Amanh, eu jogarei futebol.
I play soccer every day.

Eu jogo futebol todos os dias.
Last week, I played soccer.

Semana passada, eu joguei futebol.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
PAST CONTINUOUS
FUTURE CONTINUOUS I will be playing soccer tomorrow at this time. or I am going to be playing soccer tomorrow at this time.
Eu estarei jogando futebol a essa hora amanh.
I am playing soccer now.

Eu estou jogando futebol agora.
I was playing soccer when you called me yesterday.

Eu estava jogando futebol quando voc me ligou ontem.
PRESENT PERFECT
PAST PERFECT
FUTURE PERFECT I will have played soccer by the end of the day. or I am going to have played soccer by the end of the day.
Eu terei jogado futebol at o final do dia.
I have played soccer in Brazil.

Eu jogo/ tenho jogado futebol no Brasil. ou Eu joguei futebol no Brasil.
I had played soccer before I injured my knee.

Eu tinha jogado futebol antes de machucar meu joelho. ou Eu joguei futebol antes de machucar meu joelho.
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS I had been playing soccer for 10 years before I injured my knee.
Eu estive jogando futebol por 10 anos antes de machucar meu joelho. ou Eu joguei futebol por 10 anos antes de machucar meu joelho.
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS By the end of the month, I will have been playing soccer for 3 years. or By the end of the month, I am going to have been playing soccer for 3 years.
At o final do ms, eu estarei jogando futebol h 3 anos.
I have been playing soccer since 2003.

Eu jogo/ tenho estado jogando futebol desde 2003. ou Eu estou jogando futebol desde 2003.
OBS: VERBOS NO INFINITIVO Antes de iniciarmos o estudo acerca dos tempos verbais, importante entender qual a forma dos verbos no infinitivo. Vale lembrar que infinitivo consiste na apresentao do verbo no seu sentido mais vago e geral. Em Portugus, seria quando os verbos terminam em AR, ER ou IR. Ex: danar, conversar, comer, trazer, dormir, repetir... Em ingls, os verbos aparecero com o TO na frente. No caso dos verbos citados acima, teramos: to dance, to talk, to eat, to bring, to sleep, to repeat... PRESENT 1) SIMPLE PRESENT The famous VERB TO BE (O famoso verbo ser/estar) Pronoun I You He She It We You They Verb to be am are is is is are are are Pronome
Eu Voc Ele Ela Isso Ns Vocs Eles
Verbo to be
sou/estou /est /est /est /est somos/estamos so/esto so/esto
O IT um pronome pessoal que no temos em Portugus. Ele usado quando vamos falar de objetos, coisas ou animais. Quando objetos, coisas e animais esto no plural, devemos usar THEY. Exemplo: Se quero dizer Ele bonito e eu estou me referindo ao meu cachorro, devo dizer It is beautiful. Entretanto, se quero dizer Eles so bonitos, referindo-me aos meus 2 cachorros, devo dizer They are beautiful.
Outros verbos no presente simples Devemos usar o verbo, para quase todos os pronomes pessoais, como o usamos na sua forma infinitiva, mas sem o TO. Vamos alterar o verbo apenas na terceira pessoa do singular, ou seja, quando o usarmos com HE, SHE ou IT. Pronoun I You He She It We You They Verb to eat eat eat eats eat eat eat Verb to dance dance dance dances dance dance dance Verb to study study study studies study study study
A alterao necessria nos verbos na terceira pessoa do singular obedece a um conjunto de regras de acordo com a terminao dos mesmos. Observe:
Regra geral: Adiciona-se S ao final do verbo

Ex.
play enjoy dance write read
plays enjoys dances writes reads
(brincar, jogar) (divertir-se, desfrutar) (danar) (escrever) (ler)
Quando o verbo termina em: O, SS, SH, CH, X, Z: Adiciona-se ES
Ex.
go kiss wash watch mix buzz
goes kisses washes watches mixes buzzes
(ir) (beijar) (lavar) (assistir) (misturar) (zumbir)
CONSOANTE + Y: Substitui-se o Y por I e adiciona-se ES.

Ex.
carry cry study EXCEO: have
carries cries studies
(carregar, levar) (chorar) (estudar)
has
(ter, comer, tomar)
Passando para a negativa e para a interrogativa Dos 4 tipos de Presente, o que nos apresenta uma estrutura mais complexa no que tange a sua transformao para a negativa e para a interrogativa , contraditoriamente, o Simple Present. Teremos 2 tipos de estruturas: as que dispensam auxiliares as que necessitam de auxiliares
Negativa e interrogativa: Quando dispensam auxiliares No usaremos auxiliares caso qualquer dos requisitos abaixo no seja obedecido. 1. Tratar-se de frase negativa ou interrogativa 2. Possuir um verbo alm do verbo to be 3. Verbo principal no estar no Present Continuous (ing) Nesse caso, a estrutura :
Negativa Sujeito She They Verbo to be is are NOT not not Complemento pretty. angry.
Ela no bonita. Eles no esto nervosos.
Interrogativa Verbo to be Is Are Sujeito she they Complemento Ela bonita? pretty? Eles esto nervosos? angry?
Negativa e interrogativa: Quando necessitam de auxiliares Caso os 3 requisitos apresentados acima cumulativamente, precisamos usar um auxiliar. sejam obedecidos
Esse auxiliar no aparece na traduo para o portugus. Serve apenas para estruturar a frase. Os auxiliares usados no Simple Present so: DOES DO para he/she/it para as demais pessoas do verbo to be
A estrutura da interrogativa no Simple Present a seguinte: Do/Does Does Do Does Sujeito she you John Verbo like speak play Complemento cake? English? soccer?
Ela gosta de bolo? Voc fala ingls? John joga futebol?
J a estrutura da negativa no Simple Present :

Sujeito Do/Does [negativa] She doesn't/does not You don't/do not John doesn't/does not Verbo like speak play Complemento cake. English. soccer.
Ela no gosta de bolo. Voc no fala ingls. John no joga futebol.
Concluso: Quando usamos auxiliar no Simple Present e quando no usamos? S usamos o auxiliar quando a frase preencher, cumulativamente, 3 requisitos: Tratar-se de frase negativa ou interrogativa Possuir um verbo alm do verbo to be Verbo principal no estar no Present Continuous (ing)
Ex 1.
Afirmativa: She is beautiful.
Como transform-la em negativa e interrogativa? Uso ou no o auxiliar? Vamos checar nossa listinha de pr-requisitos. Tratar-se de frase negativa ou interrogativa OK! o que faremos. Possuir um verbo alm do verbo to be No possui Verbo principal no estar no Present Continuous (ing) OK! No est, pois no temos verbo alm do to be (IS) Preenchemos todos os requisitos? No! Logo, no usaremos o auxiliar. Veja: Negativa: She is not beautiful. Na forma contrada, teramos: She isn't beautiful. Interrogativa: Is she beautiful?
Ex 2.
Afirmativa: She likes cake.
Seguindo o mesmo procedimento acima: Tratar-se de frase negativa ou interrogativa OK! o que faremos. Possua um verbo alm do verbo to be OK! Possui (to like) Verbo principal no esteja no Present Continuous (ing) OK! Temos o verbo to like que no est no Present Continuous. Agora sim! Preenchemos todos os requisitos. Precisamos usar o auxiliar. Usaremos DO ou DOES? Bom, como estamos falando da terceira pessoa do singular (SHE), usaremos o DOES. Ento, como ficaria? Negativa: She does not like cake. Na forma contrada, teramos: She doesn't like cake. Interrogativa: Does she like cake?
ATENO! Observem que quando estamos nos referindo terceira pessoa do singular (he/she/it), precisamos alterar o verbo, lembram?
Ex.
She likes cake. He studies a lot. Entretanto, quando transformamos essas afirmativas em negativas e interrogativas, o auxiliar que indica que estamos falando de He/She/It e no o verbo. Logo, alteramos o auxiliar, usando DOES e no DO, sem, no entanto, promovermos qualquer alterao no verbo.
Ex.
Certo Errado Certo Errado Certo Errado Certo Errado
She doesn't like cake. She doesn't likes cake. Does she like cake? Does she likes cake? He doesn't study a lot. He doesn't studies a lot. Does he study a lot? Does he studies a lot?
10
DO/DOES. Verbo ou auxiliar? O Do/Does tem, basicamente, 2 funes em ingls: Verbo ou Auxiliar
Do/Does como verbo = significa fazer

Ex.
I do my homework everyday.
Eu fao meu dever de casa todos os dias.
She does everything with dedication.

Ela faz tudo com dedicao.
Do/Does como auxiliar = no tem traduo. Serve apenas interrogativas. afirmativas.

Ex.
para estruturar Lembrem-se: no
sentenas negativas ou se usa auxiliar em frases
Do you like to study? Does she cook well? I don't know her. She doesn't understand math
Voc gosta de estudar? Ela cozinha bem? Eu no a conheo. Ela no entende matemtica.
11
2) PRESENT CONTINUOUS O Presente Contnuo expressa: 1. A ao que ainda est ocorrendo (no momento em que se fala ou no).
Ex.
I am studying English now

Eu estou estudando ingls agora.
Ao est ocorrendo no momento em que se fala. He is reading a very good book

Ele est lendo um livro muito bom
Ao no necessariamente est ocorrendo no momento em que se fala. Ele pode estar lendo o livro todos os dias, mas no o estar lendo no momento em que a frase dita.
2. As aes planejadas ou previstas.

Ex.
She is visiting Maria tomorrow

Ela est indo visitar Maria amanh
Os verbos no Present Continuous seriam, comparando com o Portugus, os verbos terminados em ANDO, ENDO, INDO. Ex: falando, fazendo, sorrindo. Vejam como represent-los em ingls: Regra geral: Acrescenta-se ING ao fim do verbo Pronome I You He She It We You They Verbo to be am are is is is are are are Verbo principal + ING dancing dancing dancing dancing dancing dancing dancing dancing
12
Verbos terminados em: CVC (consoante, vogal, consoante) Quando o verbo monossilbico: dobra-se a ltima letra e acrescenta-se ING.
Ex.
cut swim
(cortando) cutting swimming (nadando)
Quando o verbo tem 2 ou mais slabas (2 casos) 1) Quando a ltima slaba tnica dobra-se a ltima letra e acrescenta-se ING.
Ex.
begin admit forget
beginning (comeando) admitting (admitindo) forgetting (esquecendo)
*slaba tnica em negrito
2) Quando a ltima slaba no a slaba tnica no dobra a ltima letra. Apenas acrescenta-se ING.
Ex.
open happen whisper
(abrindo) opening happening (acontecendo) whispering (cochichando)
*slaba tnica em negrito
OBS: Caso o verbo seja terminado em W, Y ou X, no se dobra a ltima letra (independente de qual seja a slaba tnica). Apenas acrescenta-se ING.
Ex.
sew snow play study mix fix
sewing snowing playing studying mixing fixing
(costurando) (nevando) (jogando/tocando/brincando) (estudando) (misturando) (consertando)
13
E: retira-se o E e acrescenta-se ING.
Ex.
love write drive Exceo: See Be
loving writing driving
(abrindo) (escrevendo) (dirigindo)
seeing Being
(vendo) (sendo/estando)
IE: substitui-se o IE por Y e acrescenta-se ING.

Ex.
tie die lie
tying dying lying
(amarrando) (morrendo) (mentindo)
Passando para a negativa Acrescenta-se o NOT aps o verbo to be.

Ex.
I am not studying English. She is not reading a very good book. He is not visiting Maria tomorrow. Passando para a interrogativa Inverte-se o sujeito e o verbo to be.
Ex.
Am I studying English? Is she reading a very good book? Is he visiting Maria tomorrow?
14
3) PRESENT PERFECT Usamos este tempo verbal para nos referirmos a 3 situaes: 1. Aes que comearam no passado e continuam at o presente. comum que, neste caso, o Present Perfect seja usado com: for, since, up to now, lately, so far, recently
Ex.
She has worked at the mall since December.

Ela trabalha/ tem trabalhado no shopping desde dezembro.
I've studied science for many years.

Eu estudo/tenho estudado cincias por muitos anos.
You have studied very hard lately.

Voc estuda/tem estudado muito ultimamente.
2. Algo que aconteceu no passado, mas que mantm algum tipo de conexo com o presente
Ex.
Jennifer has had a baby.

Jennifer teve um beb.
Ou seja, em razo de uma ao passada, agora Jennifer tem um filho. I have broken my leg.
Eu quebrei minha perna.
Em virtude de uma ao passada, agora a minha perna est quebrada. 3. Aes que ocorreram em um tempo indefinido no passado. comum que, neste caso, o Present Perfect seja usado com advrbios, tais como: just, always, never, yet, already...
Ex.
I have been to China. She has never traveled to Brazil. You have made a big mistake.
Eu estive na China Ela nunca viajou para o Brasil Voc cometeu um grande erro
15
importante destacar que, quando nossa frase est no Present Perfect, no podemos usar advrbios de tempo definido, como: yesterday, last night, last week, then, in 2003, ten years ago... Alm disso, devemos entender que nesse tempo verbal o foco a AO e no o tempo em que ela ocorre. J no passado simples, como veremos na aula 4, o foco o tempo.
Sujeito I He Joana Have/Has have Hs Hs Past Participle fallen broken done Complemento asleep. the vase. the dishes.
Eu adormeci. Ele quebrou o vaso. Ela lavou a loua.
Passando para a negativa Acrescenta-se o NOT aps o have/has.

Ex. He has not broken the vase. Joana has not done the dishes.
Passando para a interrogativa... Inverte-se o sujeito e o have/has.

Ex. Has he broken the vase? Has Joana done the dishes?
16
4) PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS Usamos Present Perfect Continuous quando nos referimos a uma ao que comeou no passado e continua ocorrendo no presente. Normalmente usado com FOR e SINCE.
Ex.
I have been studying since last week.

Eu estudo / tenho estado / estou estudando desde a semana passada.
She has been trying to talk to him for over 2 hours.

Ela tenta / tem estado tentando / est tentando falar com ele h mais de 2 horas.
They have been calling me for days.

Eles ligam / tm estado ligando / esto ligando para mim h dias.
Vocs devem estar se perguntando: Como irei diferenciar os dois tipos de Present Perfect?. Ambos so usados para relacionar uma ao passada com o presente. Em muitos casos, podemos usar um ou outro. Entretanto, possvel estabelecer uma pequena distino. Usamos: Present Perfect Quando a ao j se completou ou quando queremos enfatizar o resultado. Someone has eaten my cake.
Algum comeu o meu bolo.
Present Perfect Continuous Quando a ao ainda no se completou ou quando queremos enfatizar a durao That man has been standing there all day long.
Aquele homem tem estado em p l o dia todo.
I have washed the car.

Eu lavei o carro.
They have been learning English for years.

Eles tm estado estudando ingls h anos.
17
Verbo principal + ING doing working
Sujeito
Have/ Has have have
Been
Complemento many things lately. together for years.

Eu tenho estado fazendo muitas coisas ultimamente. Ns temos estado trabalhando juntos h anos.
I We
been been
As regras para transformar as frases no Present Perfect Continuous para negativa e interrogativa seguem as mesmas regras do Present Perfect. Vejam: Passando para a negativa Acrescenta-se o NOT aps o have/has.
Ex.
She has not been trying to talk to him. They have not been calling me. Passando para a interrogativa... Inverte-se o sujeito e o have/has.
Ex.
Has she been trying to talk to him? Have they been calling me?
18
PAST 1) SIMPLE PAST The famous VERB TO BE (O famoso verbo ser/estar) Pronoun I You He She It We You They Verb to be was were was was was were were were Pronome
Eu Voc Ele Ela Isso Ns Vocs Eles
Verbo to be
era/estava era/estava era/estava era/estava era/estava eramos/estvamos eram/estavam eram/estavam
Outros verbos no presente simples Os verbos no passado podem ser regulares ou irregulares. Os regulares so aqueles que pouco alteram sua forma ao serem colocados no passado. No quadro abaixo, to dance e to study so regulares. J os irregulares so aqueles que alteram substancialmente sua forma quando esto no passado. o caso do verbo to eat. Um detalhe importante que, diferente dos verbos no presente que alteram sua forma para indicar que tratam de terceira pessoa do singular, os verbos no passado sero sempre iguais em qualquer pessoa da conjugao. Pronoun I You He She It We You They Verb to eat ate ate ate ate ate ate Verb to dance danced danced danced danced danced danced Verb to study studied studied studied studied studied studied 19
A alterao necessria nos verbos regulares quando os colocamos no tempo verbal passado obedece a um conjunto de regras de acordo com a terminao dos mesmos. Observe: Regra geral: Adiciona-se ED ao final do verbo
Ex.
kiss watch wash mix fix wait
kissed watched washed mixed fixed waited
(beijar) (assistir) (lavar) (misturar) (consertar) (esperar)
Quando o verbo termina em: E: Adiciona-se apenas o D

Ex.
remove love smoke live Y:
removed loved smoked lived
(remover) (amar) (fumar) (viver)
Se precedido de vogal: Adiciona-se ED.

Ex.
play destroy
played destroyed
(brincar, jogar) (destruir)
Se precedido de consoante: Substitui-se o Y por I e adiciona-se IED.

Ex.
carry cry study
carried cried studied
(carregar, levar) (chorar)
20
Verbos terminados em consoante-vogal-consoante sendo esta ltima slaba sua slaba tnica: Dobra-se a ltima consoante e acrescenta-se ED.
Ex.
chop step prefer admit control EXCEES
chopped stepped preferred admitted controlled
(picar) (pisar) (preferir) (admitir) (controlar)
Nos verbos terminados em X e W, no devemos dobrar a ltima consoante.

Ex.
fix show
fixed showed
(consertar) (mostrar)
Quanto aos verbos irregulares, eles no seguem uma regra para sua alterao quando no passado. preciso conhecer caso a caso. E sim, so muuuuuuuitos casos. Para facilitar o conhecimento deles, disponibilizarei - em breve - um material extra com uma lista para consulta dos verbos irregulares e sua forma no passado. Por hora, vejam alguns exemplos: read have go speak read had went spoke
(ler) (ter) (ir) (falar)
Passando para a negativa e para a interrogativa Segue a mesma regra do Simple Present, mas com pequenas alteraes. Observem: Teremos 2 tipos de estruturas: as que dispensam auxiliares as que necessitam de auxiliares
21
Negativa e interrogativa: Quando dispensam auxiliares No usaremos auxiliares caso qualquer dos requisitos abaixo no seja obedecido. Tratar-se de frase negativa ou interrogativa Possuir um verbo alm do verbo to be Verbo principal no estar no Past Continuous (ing) Nesse caso, a estrutura : Negativa Sujeito She They Verbo to be was were NOT not not Complemento pretty. angry.
Ela no era bonita. Eles no estavam nervosos.
Interrogativa Verbo to be Was Were Sujeito she they Complemento pretty? angry?
Ela era bonita? Eles estavam nervosos?
22
Negativa e interrogativa: Quando necessitam de auxiliares Caso os 3 requisitos apresentados acima cumulativamente, precisamos usar um auxiliar. sejam obedecidos
Esse auxiliar no aparece na traduo para o portugus. Serve apenas para estruturar a frase. Diferente do Simple Present que conta com 2 auxilares (DO e DOES), temos apenas um auxiliar no passado para todas as pessoas: DID A estrutura da interrogativa no Simple Past a seguinte: Do/Does Did Did Did Sujeito she you John Verbo like speak play Complemento the cake? English? Soccer?
Ela gostou do bolo? Voc falou ingls? John jogou futebol?
J a estrutura da negativa no Simple Past :

Sujeito Did She didn't/did not You didn't/did not John didn't/did not Verbo like speak play Complemento the cake. English. Soccer.
Ela no gostou do bolo. Voc no falou ingls. John no jogou futebol.
ATENO! Nas frases negativas e interrogativas, quando precisamos usar o auxiliar DID, o verbo no vai para o passado, ok?
Ex.
Certo Errado Certo Errado Certo Errado Certo Errado
She didn't like the cake. She didn't liked the cake. Did she like the cake? Did she liked the cake? He didn't study a lot. He didn't studied a lot. Did he study a lot? Did he studied a lot?
DID. Verbo ou auxiliar? A mesma explicao dada sobre o assunto para o DO/DOES aplica-se ao DID. 23
2) PAST CONTINUOUS O Passado Contnuo expressa: 1. A ao que teve uma certa durao no passado, que j terminou e que na frase o tempo est especificado.
Ex.
I was studying English last night.

Eu estava estudando ingls ontem noite.
He was reading a very good book last month.

Ele estava lendo um livro muito bom ms passado.
2. Ao que estava ocorrendo no passado e que foi interrompida por outra. Neste caso, a frase ter duas partes. Uma no past continuous tratando de uma ao de longa durao e uma no simple past tratando de uma ao curta (a que interrompe a longa).
Ex.
Mary was talking on the phone when I arrived.

Mary estava falando ao telephone quando eu cheguei.
3. Aes simultneas no passado. Neste caso, ambas estaro no past continuous.

Ex.
Mary was talking on the phone while I was watching TV.

Mary estava falando ao telephone enquanto eu estava vendo TV.
Os verbos no Past Continuous seriam, comparando com o Portugus, os verbos terminados em ANDO, ENDO, INDO. Ex: falando, fazendo, sorrindo. Vejam como represent-los em ingls:
24
Regra geral: Acrescenta-se ING ao fim do verbo Pronome I You He She It We You They Verbo to be was were was was was Were Were Were Verbo principal + ING dancing dancing dancing dancing dancing dancing dancing dancing
Regras quanto s terminaes dos verbos com ING no Simple Past so as mesmas do Present Continuous. A nica diferena que o verbo TO BE estar no passado (conforme quadro acima).
Passando para a negativa Acrescenta-se o NOT aps o verbo to be no passado.

Ex.
I was not studying English last night. She was not reading a very good book last month. Mary was not talking on the phone when I arrived. Passando para a interrogativa Inverte-se o sujeito e o verbo to be.
Ex.
Was I studying English last night? Was she reading a very good book last month? Was Mary talking on the phone when I arrived?
25
3) PAST PERFECT Usamos este tempo verbal para nos referirmos a uma ao que ocorreu no passado antes de uma outra ao ter ocorrido. Ambas as aes esto no passado. A mais antiga, no Past Perfect e, a mais nova, no Simple Past. Este tempo verbal segue a seguinte estrutura:
Sujeito I He Had had had Past Participle fallen left Complemento asleep when the movie started. before his mom gave him permission. the dishes when her husband arrived.
Eu adormeci/tinha adormecido quando o filme comeou. Ele saiu/tinha sado antes que a me lhe desse permisso. Joana lavou/tinha lavado a loua quando o marido dela chegou.
Joana
had
done
Passando para a negativa Acrescenta-se o NOT aps o had.

Ex.
He had not left before his mom gave him permission. Joana had not done the dishes when her husband arrived. Passando para a interrogativa... Inverte-se o sujeito e o had.
Ex.
Had he left before his mom gave him permission? Had Joana done the dishes when her busband arrived?
26
4) PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS Usamos Present Perfect Continuous quando nos referimos a: 1. Uma ao que ocorreu no passado durante um certo tempo at ser interrompida por uma outra ao.
Ex.
I had been studying all day when Mark arrived.

Eu estive/tinha estado estudando o dia todo quando Mark chegou.
She had been trying to talk to him when she heard that he was travelling.
Ela esteve/tinha estado tentado falar com ele quando ela ouviu que ele estava viajando.
2. Tambm pode ser usada para demonstrar uma relao de causa e efeito entre 2 aes no passado.
Ex.
He became strong because he had been going to the gym a lot lately.
Ele se tornou forte porque ele tem ido muito academia ultimamente.
Importante: Neste tempo verbal no podemos especificar o tempo. Isso s ocorrer no Simple Past e Past Continuous.
Sujeito Had Been Verbo principal + ING doing Complemento the report when the phone rang. when it started to rain.
Eu estive/tinha estado fazendo o relatrio quando o telefone tocou. Ns estvamos/tnhamos estado correndo quando comeou a chover.
had
been
We
had
been
running
27
Passando para a negativa Acrescenta-se o NOT entre o had e o been.

Ex.
She had not been trying to talk to him. They had not been calling me. Passando para a interrogativa... Inverte-se o sujeito e o had.
Ex.
Had she been trying to talk to him? Had they been calling me?
28
FUTURE 1) SIMPLE FUTURE Para expressarmos futuro, devemos usar os auxiliares WILL ou GOING TO. Como qualquer auxiliar, eles sozinhos no tm traduo. Pronoun I You He She It We You They Pronoun I You He She It We You They Will will will will will will will will will Going to going to going to going to going to going to going to going to going to
Verb to be am are is is is are are are
No futuro simples, ns no alteramos o verbo de forma alguma. Ufa! Apenas seguimos a estrutura abaixo: Pronoun I You He She It We You They will will will will will will will Verb to dance dance dance dance dance dance dance Verb to study study study study study study study 29
Passando para a negativa (WILL)... Apenas acrescentamos NOT depois de WILL.
Ex.
I will not study English tomorrow. She will not read a very good book next month. John will not work this week. Passando para a negativa (GOING TO)... Acrescentamos NOT depois de verbo TO BE.
Ex.
I am not going to study English tomorrow. She is not going to read a very good book next month. John is not going to work this week. Passando para a interrogativa (WILL)... Inverte-se as posies do sujeito e do WILL.
Ex.
Will you study English tomorrow? Will she read a very good book next month? Will John work this week? Passando para a interrogativa (GOING TO)... Inverte-se as posies do sujeito e do verbo to be.
Ex.
Are you going to study English tomorrow? Is she going to read a very good book next month? Is John going to work this week?
30
WILL. Verbo ou auxiliar? auxiliar. Ele sozinho no tem sentido. GOING TO. Verbo ou auxiliar? Se estiver expressando o presente contnuo, verbo.
Ex.
I am going to the beach now.

Eu estou indo praia agora.
Se estiver expressando futuro, auxiliar.

Ex.
I am going to the beach tomorrow.

Eu estou indo/irei praia amanh.
31
2) FUTURE CONTINUOUS Este tempo verbal expressa uma ao que estar ocorrendo em algum momento definido no futuro.
Ex.
They will be leaving for Paris next week.

Eles estaro partindo para Paris semana que vem.
I will be reading the newspaper tomorrow morning.

Eu estarei lendo o jornal amanh de manh.
She is going to be taking notes during the lecture next Friday.

Ela estar tomando notas durante a palestra na prxima sexta-feira.
Sujeito I He
Will be will be will be
Verbo + ING travelling working
Complemento in December. during the holiday.

Eu estarei viajando em dezembro. Ele estar trabalhando durante o feriado.
OU
Sujeito + verbo to be I AM He is Going to be going to be going to be Verbo + ING travelling working
Complemento in December. during the holiday.

Eu estarei viajando em dezembro. Ele estar trabalhando durante o feriado.
Regras quanto s terminaes dos verbos com ING no Future Continuous so as mesmas do Present Continuous.
32
Passando para a negativa (WILL)... Apenas acrescentamos NOT entre o WILL e o BE.
Ex.
They will not be leaving for Paris next week. I will not be reading the newspaper tomorrow morning. She will not be taking notes during the lecture next Friday. Passando para a negativa (GOING TO)... Acrescentamos NOT entre o verbo TO BE e o GOING TO.
Ex.
They are not going to be leaving for Paris next week. I am not going to be reading the newspaper tomorrow morning. She is not going to be taking notes during the lecture next Friday. Passando para a interrogativa (WILL)... Inverte-se as posies do sujeito e do WILL.
Ex.
Will they be leaving for Paris next week? Will you be reading the newspaper tomorrow morning? Will she be taking notes during the lecture next Friday? Passando para a interrogativa (GOING TO)... Inverte-se as posies do sujeito e do verbo to be.
Ex.
Are they going to be leaving for Paris next week? Are you going to be reading the newspaper tomorrow morning? Is she going to be taking notes during the lecture next Friday?
33
3) FUTURE PERFECT Trata de uma ao que ainda no ocorreu, mas que esperada ou planejada, e que ser finalizada em tempo futuro especificado na frase.
Ex.
I will have arrived at your house by 10.

Eu terei chegado sua casa at s 10.
We will have forgotten this problem in a few days.

Ns teremos esquecido esse problema em alguns dias.
Classes will have finished by the end of January.

As aulas tero acabado at o fim de janeiro.
Para este tempo verbal usaremos a seguinte estrutura:

Sujeito I He Peter Will have will have will have will have Past Participle achieved done arrived Complemento this goal by next year. the dishes in 2 hours. by the time you go.
Eu terei alcanado este objetivo at o ano que vem. Ele ter terminado de lavar a loua em 2 horas. Peter ter chegado at a hora de voc ir.
OU
Sujeito + verbo to be I am He is Peter is
Going to have going to have going to have going to have
Past Participle achieved done arrived
Complemento this goal by next year. the dishes in 2 hours. by the time you go.
Eu terei alcanado este objetivo at o ano que vem. Ele ter terminado de lavar a loua em 2 horas. Peter ter chegado at a hora de voc ir.
34
Passando para a negativa (WILL)... Apenas acrescentamos NOT entre o WILL e o HAVE.
Ex.
I will not have arrived at your house by 10. We will not have forgotten this problem in a few days. Classes will not have finished by the end of January. Passando para a negativa (GOING TO)... Acrescentamos NOT entre o verbo TO BE e o GOING TO.
Ex.
I am not going to have arrived at your house by 10. We are not going to have forgotten this problem in a few days. Classes are not going to have finished by the end of January. Passando para a interrogativa (WILL)... Inverte-se as posies do sujeito e do WILL.
Ex.
Will you have arrived at your house by 10? Will we have forgotten this problem in a few days? Will classes have finished by the end of January? Passando para a interrogativa (GOING TO)... Inverte-se as posies do sujeito e do verbo TO BE.
Ex.
Are you going to have arrived at your house by 10? Are we are going to have forgotten this problem in a few days? Are classes going to have finished by the end of January?
35
4) PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS Este tempo verbal descreve uma ao contnua, geralmente j em progresso, que termina antes de determinado momento no futuro.
Ex.
By the end of this year, I will have been working here for 30 years.
At o final deste ano, eu estarei trabalhando aqui por 30 anos.
Karla will have been studying english for 5 years by the time she graduates from college.
Karla estar estudando ingls por 5 anos quando ela terminar a faculdade.
They are going to have been playing as pros by 2014s Olympics.

Eles estaro jogando como profissionais at as Olimpadas de 2014.
Sujeito
Will have will have
Been
Verbo + ING doing
Complemento this report for hours by the time you arrive home. as managers for 3 years by 2012.
Eu estarei fazendo esse relatrio h horas quando voc chegar em casa. Ns estaremos trabalhando como gerentes h 3 anos em 2012.
been
We
will have
been
working
OU
Sujeito + verbo to be I am
Going to have going to have
Been
Verbo + ING
Complemento this report for hours by the time you arrive home. as managers for 3 years by 2012.
Eu terei estado fazendo esse relatrio h horas at a hora que voc chegar em casa. Ns estaremos trabalhando como gerentes h 3 anos em 2012.
been
doing
We are
going to have
been
working
36
Passando para a negativa (WILL) Acrescenta-se o NOT entre o WILL e o have been.
Ex.
By the end of this year, I will not have been working here for 30 years. Karla will not have been studying english for 5 years by the time she graduates from college. Passando para a negativa (GOING TO) Acrescenta-se o NOT entre o verbo to be e o going to.
Ex.
They are not going to have been playing as pros by 2014s Olympics. Passando para a interrogativa (WILL) Inverte-se o sujeito e o WILL.
Ex.
By the end of this year, will you have been working here for 30 years? Will Karla have been studying english for 5 years by the time she graduates from college? Passando para a interrogativa (GOING TO) Inverte-se a posio do sujeito e do verbo to be.
Ex.
Are they going to have been playing as pros by 2014s Olympics?
37
PROVA 1
Sugiro que imprimam a prova toda e criem o banco de provas
PROVA
Banco de provas
BNDES Cargo: Engenheiro Ano: 2011
Why Companies Need Less Innovation By Pat Lencioni
Perhaps the most popularand misunderstood term of the first decade of the new millennium is innovation. A new stack of books and articles is produced every year asserting the critical importance of innovation for organizations that want to survive, especially during 05 these challenging times. And to a large extent, I agree with that assertion. Unfortunately, most organizations in search of innovation seem to be generating as much cynicism as they are new thinking.
01
The problem isnt so much that were overstating the importance of innovation; its more about what so many leaders are doing with it. 10 Too many of them are exhorting all of their employees to be more innovative, providing classes and workshops designed to teach everyone how to think outside the box. Theyre also doing their best to include innovation on a list of core values, emblazoning the word on annual reports and hallway posters, hoping that this will inspire people 15 to come up with new ideas that will revolutionize the long-term strategic and financial prospects of the company. For all the talk about innovation, most executives dont really like the prospect of their people generating new ways to do things, hoping instead that theyll simply do what theyre being asked to do in the 20 most enthusiastic, professional way possible. So it is no surprise when leaders get pounded for preaching innovation without really valuing it.
38
Only a Few Innovators What should leaders do? Be more open to new ideas from employees? Probably not. Better yet, they should stop overhyping innovation to 25 the masses and come to the realization that only a limited number of people in any company really needs to be innovative. As heretical as that may seem to those who want to believe that innovation is everyones business, consider that even the most innovative and creative organizations need far more people to be 30 dutiful, enthusiastic, and consistent in their work than innovative or creative. Think about a movie set. For every writer or director or actor on the payroll, there are hordes of people who have to be technically proficient, consistent, patient, and disciplined in their responsibilities. 35 If they innovate, the project turns to chaos. And the most creative restaurant requires the work of a single chef to design a fabulous menu, and dozens of cooks and waitresses and waiters and dishwashers who will do their jobs with commitment, consistency, and dutifulness. If the cooks innovate, consistency is 40 gone and customers cant rely on what theyre going to get. Even a high-tech company doesnt want or need its finance department or sales staff to be truly innovative. What should leaders demand of their people, if not innovation? How about a combination of interpersonal creativity and autonomy? Creatonomy. I realize that sounds like a protein drink for 45 bodybuilders; however, what it means is that we need our employees to take complete responsibility to do their jobs and satisfy customers in the most effective and charismatic way possible, but within the bounds of sound business principles. For those who say Well, thats 50 what we mean when we use the word innovation, one needs to realize that its not what employees are hearing. The Creatonomy Factor Creatonomy is something that thrives in great companies. The worlds best airlines, quick-service restaurant companies, department stores, 55 and entrepreneurial businesses excel in it. Their employees are passionate and committed and take complete responsibility for their 39
work, consistently turning customers into loyal fans. Sure, theyre encouraged to share their ideas about new ways to work, but most of what they are known for is being great at what has already been 60 defined as the product or service that their company offers. And most leaders I know would take that any day, even before innovation. There is one group of people in an organization that has to exercise the capacity for innovation, regardless of their functional area. That group is the leadership team. Those who are chartered with overseeing 65 a companys various departments from the top are the keepers of innovation. They are ultimately responsible for determining the boundaries of change that are acceptable and, perhaps most important of all, identifying the handful of others within their departments who have the invitation and freedom to innovate.
70
Therefore, if youre a leader, the next time you think about giving a speech or sending out an e-mail calling for your people to innovate, consider being more specific about what you really want from them. And if you really believe that your organization isnt innovative enough, focus your efforts first on the people at the top.
http://www.businessweek.com/innovate/content/aug2010/ id20100825_409624.htm, retrieved on December 19, 2010. (slightly adapted)
21 - The authors intention in this text is to (A) warn organizations that 21st century employees should abandon creatonomy at work. (B) clarify the scope of innovation in business environments and restrain its relevance to certain jobs. (C) blame employees for distorting the original meaning of innovation for their benefit. (D) encourage employees to become more creative and innovative than the leadership team. (E) suggest that top leaders in industrial companies should avoid being innovative.
40
22 - The fragment to teach everyone how to think outside the box. (lines 11-12) suggests that company leaders are (A) stimulating employees to adopt classic ways of thinking and behaving. (B) defending that all workers must learn to organize their materials in classified boxes. (C) showing their employees how to look further and see things from unconventional perspectives. (D) finding ways to criticize the business executives lateral thought processes which contradict standard ideas. (E) planning new courses and training sessions that will teach workers to follow all of the norms for out-of-company procedures. 23 - In only a limited number of people in any company really needs to be innovative. (lines 25-26), the fragment really needs to be transmits the idea of (A) minor ability (B) strong necessity (C) weak possibility (D) severe regulation (E) inevitable advice 24 - In the fragments this will inspire people to come up with new ideas that will revolutionize the long-term strategic and financial prospects of the company. (lines 14-16) and customers cant rely on what theyre going to get. (line 40), come up with and rely on could be replaced in the text with, respectively, (A) suggest depend on (B) propose calculate 41
(C) supply understand (D) borrow count on (E) discard believe in 25 - In paragraphs 6 and 7 (lines 32-43), the contexts of a movie set and a creative restaurant are mentioned to illustrate the fact that (A) those are the only areas in which innovation is, definitely, not welcome. (B) only actors and cooks are allowed to take innovative actions in their jobs. (C) chefs and movie directors must excel in innovation just as every business employee. (D) all employees in the entertainment industry are taught to be innovative and creative all the time. (E) in all business contexts, innovation and creativity aptitudes for only a part of the professionals. 26 - In terms of reference, (A) ...it. (line 09) refers to ...problem... (line 08) (B) ...them... (line 10) refers to ...employees... (line 10) (C) ...it. (line 21) refers to ...surprise... (line 20) (D) they... (line 24) refers to ...leaders... (line 23) (E) ...that... (line 62) refers to ...innovation. (line 63) are essential
42
27 - The question What should leaders demand of their people, if not innovation? (line 43) implies that (A) people feel that innovation only matters for demanding business leaders. (B) innovation is not in demand for all leaders and customers. (C) innovation is irrelevant for most business leaders nowadays. (D) leaders should require all their people to be innovative. (E) leaders should expect their subordinates to develop skills other than innovation. 28 - The boldfaced item is synonymous with the expression in parentheses in (A) Unfortunately, most organizations in search of innovation seem to be generating as much cynicism as they are new thinking. lines 6-7 (Definitely). (B) So it is no surprise when leaders get pounded for preaching innovation without really valuing it. lines 20-21 (Nonetheless). (C) If they innovate, the project turns to chaos. line 35 (Although). (D) however, what it means is that we need our employees to take complete responsibility to do their jobs lines 46-47 (moreover). (E) Therefore, if youre a leader, the next time you think about giving a speech or sending out an e-mail calling for your people to innovate, lines 70-71 (Thus). 29 - Based on the meanings in the text, (A) ...asserting... (line 3) and denying are synonyms. (B) ...overstating... (line 8) and emphasizing express similar ideas. (C) ...exhorting... (line 10) and encouraging are antonyms. 43
(D) ...prospect... (line ideas. 18) and possibility express contradictory
(E) ...thrives... (line 53) can not be substituted by flourishes.
30 - The author defends creatonomy at work because (A) creativity and autonomy are the only characteristics required of business leaders. (B) employees should be extremely innovative and avoid following the norms for their jobs. (C) customers request to be attended to by business assistants who follow the politeness principles. (D) employees should be able to act responsibly and serve their clients appropriately and pleasantly. (E) people working in the same company should share feelings of harmony and credibility.
44
PROVA 1 TRADUO E COMENTRIOS
Why Companies Need Less Innovation Por que as Empresas Precisam de Menos Inovao
Perhaps the most popularand misunderstood term of the first decade of the new millennium is innovation. A new stack of books and articles is produced every year asserting the critical importance of innovation for organizations that want to survive, especially during 05 these challenging times. And to a large extent, I agree with that assertion. Unfortunately, most organizations in search of innovation seem to be generating as much cynicism as they are new thinking.
01
Talvez o mais popular - e incompreendido termo da primeira dcada do novo milnio "inovao". Uma nova pilha de livros e artigos produzida todos os anos afirmando a importncia crucial de inovao para as organizaes que querem sobreviver, especialmente durante estes tempos desafiadores. E, em grande medida, eu concordo com essa afirmao. Infelizmente, a maioria das organizaes em busca de inovao parece estar gerando tanto cinismo quanto um novo pensamento.
The problem isnt so much that were overstating the importance of innovation; its more about what so many leaders are doing with it. 10 Too many of them are exhorting all of their employees to be more innovative, providing classes and workshops designed to teach everyone how to think outside the box. Theyre also doing their best to include innovation on a list of core values, emblazoning the word on annual reports and hallway posters, hoping that this will inspire people 15 to come up with new ideas that will revolutionize the long-term strategic and financial prospects of the company.
O problema no tanto que estamos exagerando na importncia da inovao; mais sobre o que tantos lderes esto fazendo com ela. Muitos deles esto estimulando todos os seus funcionrios a serem mais inovadores, proporcionando aulas e workshops destinados a ensinar a todos como pensar de modo no convencional. Eles tambm esto fazendo o seu melhor para incluir a inovao em uma lista de valores fundamentais, exaltando a palavra em relatrios anuais e cartazes no corredor, esperando que isso inspire as pessoas a criar novas ideias que iro revolucionar as perspectivas estratgicas e financeiras de longo prazo da empresa.
45
For all the talk about innovation, most executives dont really like the prospect of their people generating new ways to do things, hoping instead that theyll simply do what theyre being asked to do in the 20 most enthusiastic, professional way possible. So it is no surprise when leaders get pounded for preaching innovation without really valuing it. Apesar de toda a conversa sobre inovao, a maioria dos executivos no gosta muito da perspectiva de seu pessoal gerando novas maneiras de fazer as coisas, esperando em vez disso que eles simplesmente faam o que est sendo solicitado a fazer da forma mais entusiasmada e profissional possvel. Ento, no nenhuma surpresa quando os lderes so criticados por pregar inovao sem realmente valoriz-la. Only a Few Innovators Apenas alguns poucos inovadores What should leaders do? Be more open to new ideas from employees? Probably not. Better yet, they should stop overhyping innovation to 25 the masses and come to the realization that only a limited number of people in any company really needs to be innovative. O que os lderes devem fazer? Serem mais abertos a novas ideias dos funcionrios? Provavelmente no. Melhor ainda, eles devem parar de alardear inovao para as massas e chegar concluso de que apenas um nmero limitado de pessoas em qualquer empresa realmente precisa ser inovador. As heretical as that may seem to those who want to believe that innovation is everyones business, consider that even the most innovative and creative organizations need far more people to be 30 dutiful, enthusiastic, and consistent in their work than innovative or creative. Por mais hertico que isso possa parecer para aqueles que querem acreditar que "a inovao um assunto de todos", considerar que mesmo as organizaes mais inovadoras e criativas precisam muito mais de pessoas para ser obedientes, entusiasmadas, e consistentes em seu trabalho do que inovadoras ou criativas. Think about a movie set. For every writer or director or actor on the payroll, there are hordes of people who have to be technically proficient, consistent, patient, and disciplined in their responsibilities. 35 If they innovate, the project turns to chaos. 46
Pense em um set de filmagem. Para cada escritor ou diretor ou ator na folha de pagamento, h hordas de pessoas que tm de ser tecnicamente competentes, consistentes, pacientes e disciplinadas em suas responsabilidades. Se eles inovarem, o projeto se transforma em caos. And the most creative restaurant requires the work of a single chef to design a fabulous menu, and dozens of cooks and waitresses and waiters and dishwashers who will do their jobs with commitment, consistency, and dutifulness. If the cooks innovate, consistency is 40 gone and customers cant rely on what theyre going to get. Even a high-tech company doesnt want or need its finance department or sales staff to be truly innovative. E o restaurante mais criativo exige o trabalho de um nico chef para projetar um menu fabuloso, e dezenas de cozinheiros e garons e garonetes e lavadores de louas que vo fazer o seu trabalho com empenho, consistncia e zelo. Se os cozinheiros inovarem, a consistncia acaba e os clientes no podem confiar no que eles vo receber. At mesmo uma empresa de alta tecnologia no quer ou precisa que seu departamento financeiro ou de pessoal de vendas seja verdadeiramente inovador. What should leaders demand of their people, if not innovation? How about a combination of interpersonal creativity and autonomy? 45 Creatonomy. I realize that sounds like a protein drink for bodybuilders; however, what it means is that we need our employees to take complete responsibility to do their jobs and satisfy customers in the most effective and charismatic way possible, but within the bounds of sound business principles. For those who say Well, thats 50 what we mean when we use the word innovation, one needs to realize that its not what employees are hearing. O que os lderes devem exigir de seu pessoal, se no a inovao? Que tal uma combinao de criatividade interpessoal e autonomia? "Criatonomia." Eu sei que soa como uma bebida de protena para fisiculturistas, no entanto, o que isso significa que precisamos que nossos funcionrios assumam a total responsabilidade de fazer o seu trabalho e satisfazer os clientes da forma mais eficaz e carismtica possvel, mas dentro dos limites de princpios comerciais slidos. Para aqueles que dizem: "Bem, isso o que queremos dizer quando usamos a palavra " inovao "," preciso perceber que no o que os funcionrios esto ouvindo. 47
The Creatonomy Factor O Fator Criatonomia Creatonomy is something that thrives in great companies. The worlds best airlines, quick-service restaurant companies, department stores, 55 and entrepreneurial businesses excel in it. Their employees are passionate and committed and take complete responsibility for their work, consistently turning customers into loyal fans. Sure, theyre encouraged to share their ideas about new ways to work, but most of what they are known for is being great at what has already been 60 defined as the product or service that their company offers. And most leaders I know would take that any day, even before innovation. Criatonomia algo que se desenvolve em grandes empresas. As melhores companhias areas do mundo, restaurantes de servio rpido, lojas de departamento e empresas empreendedoras se destacam nisso. Seus funcionrios so apaixonados e comprometidos e assumem completa responsabilidade por seu trabalho, transformando de forma consistente clientes em fs leais. Claro, eles so encorajados a compartilhar suas ideias sobre novas formas de trabalhar, mas eles so - em grande parte - conhecidos por serem timos no que j foi definido como o produto ou servio que sua empresa oferece. E a maioria dos lderes que eu conheo prefere isso, antes mesmo da inovao. There is one group of people in an organization that has to exercise the capacity for innovation, regardless of their functional area. That group is the leadership team. Those who are chartered with overseeing 65 a companys various departments from the top are the keepers of innovation. They are ultimately responsible for determining the boundaries of change that are acceptable and, perhaps most important of all, identifying the handful of others within their departments who have the invitation and freedom to innovate. H um grupo de pessoas em uma organizao que tem de exercer a capacidade de inovao, independentemente da sua rea funcional. Esse grupo a equipe de liderana. Aqueles que so contratados para supervisionar os vrios departamentos de uma empresa a partir do topo so os guardies da inovao. Eles so responsveis por determinar os limites de mudana que so aceitveis e, talvez o mais importante de tudo, identificar o punhado de outros dentro de seus departamentos que tm o convite e liberdade para inovar.
48
70
Therefore, if youre a leader, the next time you think about giving a speech or sending out an e-mail calling for your people to innovate, consider being more specific about what you really want from them. And if you really believe that your organization isnt innovative enough, focus your efforts first on the people at the top. Portanto, se voc um lder, a prxima vez que voc pensar em dar um discurso ou o enviar de um e-mail pedindo ao seu pessoal para inovar, considere ser mais especfico sobre o que voc realmente quer deles. E se voc realmente acredita que sua organizao no inovadora o suficiente, concentre seus esforos em primeiro lugar nas pessoas no topo. 21 - The authors intention in this text is to A inteno do autor neste texto (A) warn organizations that 21st century employees should abandon creatonomy at work. alertar organizaes de que os funcionrios do sculo 21 devem abandonar a criatonomia no trabalho. (B) clarify the scope of innovation in business environments and restrain its relevance to certain jobs. clarificar o mbito da inovao em ambientes empresariais e restringir a sua relevncia a certos empregos. (C) blame employees for distorting the original meaning of innovation for their benefit. culpar os funcionrios por distorcer o significado original de inovao em seu benefcio. (D) encourage employees to become more creative and innovative than the leadership team. incentivar os funcionrios a se tornarem mais criativos e inovadores do que a equipe de liderana. (E) suggest that top leaders in industrial companies should avoid being innovative. sugerir que os lderes do topo em empresas industriais devem evitar serem inovadores.
49
Letra A Errada. O autor diz que as maiores empresas do mundo possuem criatonomia (criatividade + autonomia). Relembrem:
Creatonomy is something that thrives in great companies. The worlds best airlines, quick-service restaurant companies, department stores, and entrepreneurial businesses excel in it. Criatonomia algo que se desenvolve em grandes empresas. As melhores companhias areas do mundo, restaurantes de servio rpido, lojas de departamento e empresas empreendedoras se destacam nisso.
Logo, os funcionrios devem possuir essa qualidade e no abandonla (abandon). Erro de contradio. Letra B Correta. O texto nos diz que as empresas precisam de criatividade seja restrita (restrained) a alguns cargos (certain jobs). Em outros, precisam apenas que o trabalho seja bem executado. Afirma que quem deve inovar a equipe de liderana (leadership team). Assim, clarifica o mbito da inovao (clarify the scope of innovation) em ambientes empresariais e restringir a sua relevncia a certos empregos (restrain its relevance to certain jobs.). Confiram:
they should stop overhyping innovation to the masses and come to the realization that only a limited number of people in any company really needs to be innovative. ... eles devem parar de alardear inovao para as massas e chegar concluso de que apenas um nmero limitado de pessoas em qualquer empresa realmente precisa ser inovador. even the most innovative and creative organizations need far more people to be dutiful, enthusiastic, and consistent in their work than innovative or creative. ... mesmo as organizaes mais inovadoras e criativas precisam muito mais de pessoas para ser obedientes, entusiasmadas, e consistentes em seu trabalho do que inovadoras ou criativas. There is one group of people in an organization that has to exercise the capacity for innovation, regardless of their functional area. That group is the leadership team. H um grupo de pessoas em uma organizao que tem de exercer a capacidade de inovao, independentemente da sua rea funcional. Esse grupo a equipe de liderana.
Letra C Errada. A culpa (blame) pela distoro (distortion) do sentido original (original meaning) da palavra inovao so os empregadores (employers) no os funcionrios (employees). Notem: 50
For all the talk about innovation, most executives dont really like the prospect of their people generating new ways to do things, hoping instead that theyll simply do what theyre being asked to do in the most enthusiastic, professional way possible. So it is no surprise when leaders get pounded for preaching innovation without really valuing it. Apesar de toda a conversa sobre inovao, a maioria dos executivos no gosta muito da perspectiva de seu pessoal gerando novas maneiras de fazer as coisas, esperando em vez disso que eles simplesmente faam o que est sendo solicitado a fazer da forma mais entusiasmada e profissional possvel. Ento, no nenhuma surpresa quando os lderes so criticados por pregar inovao sem realmente valoriz-la. For those who say Well, thats what we mean when we use the word innovation, one needs to realize that its not what employees are hearing. Para aqueles que dizem: "Bem, isso o que queremos dizer quando usamos a palavra " inovao "," preciso perceber que no o que os funcionrios esto ouvindo.
Letra D Errada. Vide letra B. Erro de contradio. Quem precisa ser criativa a equipe de liderana (leadearship team), no os empregados (employees). Letra E Errada. Vide letra B. Erro de contradio. Os top leaders precisam ser inovadores e no evitar (avoid) tal postura. 22 - The fragment to teach everyone how to think outside the box. (lines 11-12) suggests that company leaders are O fragmento "... Para ensinar a todos como pensar de modo no convencional" (linhas 11-12) sugere que os lderes da empresa esto (A) stimulating employees to adopt classic ways of thinking and behaving. estimulando os funcionrios a adotar formas clssicas de pensar e de agir. (B) defending that all workers must learn to organize their materials in classified boxes. defendendo que todos os trabalhadores devem aprender a organizar os seus materiais em caixas classificadas. (C) showing their employees how to look further and see things from unconventional perspectives. mostrando seus funcionrios como enxergar mais longe e ver as coisas de perspectivas no convencionais. 51
(D) finding ways to criticize the business executives lateral thought processes which contradict standard ideas. encontrando formas de criticar o processo de pensamento lateral dos executivos de negcio o que contradiz as ideias convencionais. (E) planning new courses and training sessions that will teach workers to follow all of the norms for out-of-company procedures. Planejando novos cursos e sesses de treinamento que iro ensinar os trabalhadores a seguir todas as normas para procedimentos fora-dacompanhia.
TO THINK OUTSIDE DE BOX uma expresso idiomtica. Sua traduo ao p da letra seria pensar fora da caixa. Podemos interpretar como pensar fora dos limites, fora do que comum pensar, ter ideais inovadoras. Vejam a definio dada pelo dicionrio MacMillan:
TO THINK OUTSIDE THE BOX
encontrar novas maneiras de fazer as coisas, especialmente de resolver de problemas
Se os lderes da empresa (company leaders) querem que seus funcionrios (employees) pensem outside the box, podemos entender que eles encorajam seus empregados a olhar alm (look further) e ver as coisas de perspectivas no convencionais (see things from unconventional perspectives). Letra C.
23 - In only a limited number of people in any company really needs to be innovative. (lines 25-26), the fragment really needs to be transmits the idea of Em (A) minor ability pequena habilidade (B) strong necessity forte necessidade 52
(C) weak possibility fraca possibilidade (D) severe regulation norma severa (E) inevitable advice conselho inevitvel
O verbo TO NEED significa:

Precisar Necessitar Requerer Carecer de
O advrbio REALLY serve para reforar a ideia citada e significa:
Realmente De fato Muito Sem dvida
Sendo assim, REALLY NEEDS (realmente necessita, precisa muito) expressa forte necessidade (strong necessity). Letra B.
24 - In the fragments this will inspire people to come up with new ideas that will revolutionize the long-term strategic and financial prospects of the company. (lines 14-16) and customers cant rely on what theyre going to get. (line 40), come up with and rely on could be replaced in the text with, respectively, Nos fragmentos esperando que isso inspire as pessoas a criar novas ideias que iro revolucionar as perspectivas estratgicas e financeiras de longo prazo da empresa. (linhas 14-16) e ...clientes no podem confiar no que eles vo receber. (linha 40), come up with e rely on poderiam ser substitudos no texto por, respectivamente,
53
(A) suggest depend on sugerir depender de (B) propose calculate propor - calcular (C) supply understand fornecer - entender (D) borrow count on pegar emprestado contra com (E) discard believe in descartar acreditar em
Vamos aprender um phrasal verb e um verbo novos:

TO COME UP WITH TO RELY ON criar, inventar, sugerir depender de algo
Assim, SUGGEST sinnimo de COME UP WITH e DEPEND ON transmite o mesmo sentido que RELY ON. Letra A.
25 - In paragraphs 6 and 7 (lines 32-43), the contexts of a movie set and a creative restaurant are mentioned to illustrate the fact that Nos pargrafos 6 e 7 (linhas 32-43), os contextos de um set de filmagem e de um restaurante criativo so mencionados para ilustrar o fato de que (A) those are the only areas in which innovation is, definitely, not welcome. essas so as nicas reas em que a inovao no , definitivamente, bem-vinda. (B) only actors and cooks are allowed to take innovative actions in their jobs. apenas atores e cozinheiros esto autorizados a tomar aes inovadoras em seus trabalhos. 54
(C) chefs and movie directors must excel in innovation just as every business employee. chefs e diretores de cinema deve primar pela inovao, assim como cada funcionrio da empresa. (D) all employees in the entertainment industry are taught to be innovative and creative all the time. todos os funcionrios da indstria do entretenimento so ensinados a serem inovadores e criativos o tempo todo. (E) in all business contexts, innovation and creativity are essential aptitudes for only a part of the professionals. em todos os contextos de negcios, inovao e criatividade so aptides essenciais para apenas uma parte dos profissionais.
Think about a movie set. For every writer or director or actor on the payroll, there are hordes of people who have to be technically proficient, consistent, patient, and disciplined in their responsibilities. If they innovate, the project turns to chaos. Pense em um set de filmagem. Para cada escritor ou diretor ou ator na folha de pagamento, h hordas de pessoas que tm de ser tecnicamente competentes, consistentes, pacientes e disciplinadas em suas responsabilidades. Se eles inovarem, o projeto se transforma em caos. And the most creative restaurant requires the work of a single chef to design a fabulous menu, and dozens of cooks and waitresses and waiters and dishwashers who will do their jobs with commitment, consistency, and dutifulness. If the cooks innovate, consistency is gone and customers cant rely on what theyre going to get. Even a high-tech company doesnt want or need its finance department or sales staff to be truly innovative. E o restaurante mais criativo exige o trabalho de um nico chef para projetar um menu fabuloso, e dezenas de cozinheiros e garons e garonetes e lavadores de louas que vo fazer o seu trabalho com empenho, consistncia e zelo. Se os cozinheiros inovarem, a consistncia acaba e os clientes no podem confiar no que eles vo receber. At mesmo uma empresa de alta tecnologia no quer ou precisa que seu departamento financeiro ou de pessoal de vendas seja verdadeiramente inovador.
Letra A Errada. No que a inovao (innovation) no seja bemvinda (welcome). Ela . O que o texto ressalta a maior necessidade de funcionrios que faam o trabalho mais mecnico bem feito. Os criativos so minoria. Letra B Errada. Erro de reduo. As funes citados so exemplos de cargos que demandam pessoas criativas. No se trata de uma lista 55
exaustiva. H outros profissionais que esto autorizados a tomar aes inovadoras em seus trabalhos (are allowed to take innovative actions in their jobs). Letra C Errada. Apenas alguns profissionais precisam primar pela inovao (must excel in innovation). No todos os funcionrios (every business employee) Letra D Errada. O texto no afirma isso. Erro de extrapolao. Cuidado com alternativas que generalizam usando termos como todos (all) e o tempo todo (all the time). Letra E Correta. Vide comentrios da letra A. 26 - In terms of reference, Em termos de referncia, (A) ...it. (line 09) refers to ...problem... (line 08) ela. (linha 09) refere-se a ...problema (linha 08) (B) ...them... (line 10) refers to ...employees... (line 10) .deles (linha 10) refere-se a ...funcionrios... (linha 10) (C) ...it. (line 21) refers to ...surprise... (line 20) -la. (linha 21) refere-se a surpresa (linha 20) (D) they... (line 24) refers to ...leaders... (line 23) eles (linha 24) refere-se a lderes... (linha 23) (E) ...that... (line 62) refers to ...innovation. (line 63) que (linha 62) refere-se a inovao. (linha 63) Letra A Errada. It refere-se inovao (innovation). Letra B Errada. Them refere-se a lderes (leaders). Letra C Errada. la refere-se a inovao (innovation). Letra D Correta. Letra E Errada. That refere-se a grupo (group). 56
27 - The question What should leaders demand of their people, if not innovation? (line 43) implies that A pergunta "O que os lderes devem exigir de seu pessoal, se no a inovao? " (linha 43) sugere que (A) people feel that innovation only matters for demanding business leaders. as pessoas sentem que a inovao s importante para os lderes empresariais mais exigentes. (B) innovation is not in demand for all leaders and customers. a inovao no est na demanda por todos os lderes e clientes. (C) innovation is irrelevant for most business leaders nowadays. a inovao irrelevante para a maioria dos lderes de negcios hoje em dia. (D) leaders should require all their people to be innovative. os lderes devem exigir que todo o seu pessoal seja inovador. (E) leaders should expect their subordinates to develop skills other than innovation. os lderes devem esperar que seus subordinados desenvolvam outras habilidades alm da inovao. Letra A Errada. Erro de reduo com o uso do apenas (only). Letra B Errada. O texto no afirma isso. Letra C Errada. Erro de contradio com o uso de irrelevante (irrelevant). Letra D Errada. Erro de extrapolao com o uso de todos (all). Letra E Correta. O trecho if not innovation? (se no a inovao) transmite a ideia de que os lders devem exigir de seus subordinados (subordinates) habilidades (skills) alm da inovao.
57
28 - The boldfaced item is synonymous with the expression in parentheses in O item em negrito sinnimo da expresso entre parnteses em (A) Unfortunately, most organizations in search of innovation seem to be generating as much cynicism as they are new thinking. lines 6-7 (Definitely). Infelizmente, a maioria das organizaes em busca de inovao parece estar gerando tanto cinismo quanto um novo pensamento. linhas 6-7 (Definitivamente) (B) So it is no surprise when leaders get pounded for preaching innovation without really valuing it. lines 20-21 (Nonetheless). Ento, no nenhuma surpresa quando os lderes so criticados por pregar inovao sem realmente valoriz-la. linhas 20-21 (Apesar disso) (C) If they innovate, the project turns to chaos. line 35 (Although). Se eles inovarem, o projeto se transforma em caos. linha 35 (Embora) (D) however, what it means is that we need our employees to take complete responsibility to do their jobs lines 46-47 (moreover). no entanto, o que isso significa que precisamos que nossos funcionrios assumam a total responsabilidade de fazer o seu trabalho... linhas 46 47 (alm disso). (E) Therefore, if youre a leader, the next time you think about giving a speech or sending out an e-mail calling for your people to innovate, lines 70-71 (Thus). Portanto, se voc um lder, a prxima vez que voc pensar em dar um discurso ou o enviar de um e-mail pedindo ao seu pessoal para inovar, linhas 70-71 (assim) Pessoal, aprendemos CONECTIVOS e MARCADORES DO DISCURSO em nossa aula passada. Vamos praticar o que vimos. Peo que acompanhem a explicao com o quadro-resumo sobre o assunto. Vamos relembrar:
58
CONECTIVO/MARCADOR UNFORTUNATELY DEFINITELY SO NONETHELESS IF ALTHOUGH HOWEVER MOREOVER THEREFORE THUS INDICA contraste nfase resultado, consequncia contraste condio/ hiptese concesso ou contraste contraste adio concluso resultado, consequncia
Os sentidos que mais se aproximam so o de concluso e o de resultado/consequncia. Letra E.
29 - Based on the meanings in the text, Com base nos significados no texto, (A) ...asserting... (line 3) and denying are synonyms. "... afirmando ..." (linha 3) e negando so sinnimos. (B) ...overstating... (line 8) and emphasizing express similar ideas. "... exagerando ..." (linha 8) e enfatizando expressam ideias semelhantes. (C) ...exhorting... (line 10) and encouraging are antonyms. (C) "... estimulando ..." (linha 10) e encorajando so antnimos. (D) ...prospect... (line 18) and possibility express contradictory ideas. "... perspectivas ..." (linha 18) e possibilidade expressam ideias contraditrias. (E) ...thrives... (line 53) can not be substituted by flourishes. "... se desenvolve ..." (linha 53), no pode ser substitudo por floresce.
59
As tradues resolvem a questo. A dica que deixo para vocs prestar ateno aos cognatos. As assertivas esto cheias deles! Mesmo que vocs no soubessem certas palavras pedidas, era possvel eliminar algumas apenas com um pouco de ateno. Letra B.
30 - The author defends creatonomy at work because O autor defende a "criatonomia no trabalho porque (A) creativity and autonomy are the only characteristics required of business leaders. a criatividade e autonomia so as nicas caractersticas exigidas de lderes empresariais. (B) employees should be extremely innovative and avoid following the norms for their jobs. os funcionrios devem ser extremamente inovadores e evitar seguir as normas em seus empregos. (C) customers request to be attended to by business assistants who follow the politeness principles. os clientes pedem para serem atendidos por assistentes de negcios que seguem os princpios de educao. (D) employees should be able to act responsibly and serve their clients appropriately and pleasantly. os funcionrios devem ser capazes de agir de forma responsvel e servir os seus clientes de forma adequada e agradvel. (E) people working in the same company should share feelings of harmony and credibility. as pessoas que trabalham na mesma empresa devem compartilhar sentimentos de harmonia e credibilidade.
60
Letra A Errada. Houve reduo com o uso do apenas (only). Letra B Errada. Contradio. Letra C Errada. O texto no afirma isso. Letra D Correta. o que nos informa o trecho abaixo:
Creatonomy Criatonomia ... Their employees are passionate and committed and take complete responsibility for their work, consistently turning customers into loyal fans. Seus funcionrios so apaixonados e comprometidos e assumem completa responsabilidade por seu trabalho, transformando de forma consistente clientes em fs leais.
Letra E Errada. O texto no afirma isso.
61
PROVA 2
Sugiro que imprimam a prova toda e criem o banco de provas
PROVA
Banco de provas
ELETROBRS Cargo: Administrador Ano: 2010
Text I Could you live without electricity? 1.6 billion are in the dark, using dirty fuels to get by
01
05
Earth Day has come and gone, but its a fact of daily and especially nightly life that 1.6 billion people around the globe have no electricity in their homes. Instead, most use wood, coal or even dung to heat and cook their homes resulting in indoor air pollution that kills 1.6 million people a year. Its not expected to improve much, and in Africa its predicted to worsen. By 2030, when Earths population will likely top 8 billion, 1.3 billion people will still lack electricity, the International Energy Agency estimates. Of those, 700 million will be in Africa, and 490 million in South Asia. Case in point: Ghana, in West Africa, where most of the northern half of the country lives without lights. A decade ago, Ghanas government launched a campaign to electrify the rural north but, except for periodic jumpstarts during election season, it has languished. As a result, three out of four Ghanans in the north are without electricity to refrigerate with, to cook with, to study with, to start businesses with. Like most others around the world in the same situation, these Ghanans use traditional fuels (wood, coal, dung) to meet their cooking needs. The World Health Organization estimates that using those fuels, which also releases greenhouse gases, is responsible for 1.5 million deaths per year most of them children and women. 62
10
15
20
What would electricity for everyone around the globe cost? The International Energy Agency, which is made up of 28 member countries, figures it would run $35 billion a year from 2008 to 2030 to reach that. The United Nations (UN) has taken up the issue, organizing a summit on April 28 hosted by Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon. Energy services are essential for meeting basic human needs, reducing poverty, creating and accumulating wealth and sustaining advances in social development, he said in announcing the summit. Access to adequate, affordable and basic modern energy services is thus crucial to achieving sustainable human development. In a video report, Peter DiCampo shows what life without lights is like in Ghana as he follows residents into their darkness and reveals their attempts to improvise. Whenever they post teachers in our schools, the teachers dont want to stay because we dont have lights, said one resident DiCampo interviewed. However, in the same region, mobile phones are widespread, and a growing local film industry allows northerners to see movies in a setting and language familiar to them for the first time. All of this exists despite the absence of a convenient outlet in which to plug basic electronic appliances.
2010 msnbc.com http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/36712257/ns/world_news-world_ environment/Retrieved June 4, 2010. (slightly adapted)
25
30
35
40
21 - The authors main intention in Text I is to (A) criticize the high costs of electricity in most African countries. (B) defend the electrification of regions which lack modern energy services. (C) convince the government of Ghana to invest in the mobile phone industry. (D) suggest that some traditional fuels can be harmless substitutes to electricity in Africa. (E) warn about the spread of lung diseases in African population due to the use of coal as fuel. 63
22 - In By 2030, when Earths population will likely top 8 billion, (line 8), will likely means the same as (A) will certainly. (B) will similarly. (C) will probably. (D) will eventually. (E) will considerably.
23 - Ghana is mentioned in Text I because (A) Ban Ki-moon, United Nations Secretary-General, was born there. (B) its population of 1.3 billion people will still lack electricity in 2030. (C) it is the only country in Africa to have mobile phones and a growing film industry. (D) it is a typical example of a country that suffers with the absence of investments in electricity. (E) it has celebrated Earth Day stimulating the population to use coal for cooking and heating homes.
24 - The expression in boldface introduces the idea of consequence in (A) Instead, most use wood, coal or even dung to heat and cook their homes (lines 4-5) (B) but, except for periodic jumpstarts during election season, (lines 14-15) (C) Access to adequate, affordable and basic modern energy services is thus crucial to achieving sustainable human development. (lines 31-33) 64
(D) However, in the same region, mobile phones are widespread, (lines 38-39) (E) All of this exists despite the absence of a convenient outlet in which to plug basic electronic appliances. (lines 41-42)
25 - Based on the meanings in the text, the two items are synonymous in (A) ... worsen. (line 8) improve. (B) ... made up of... (line 24) composed of. (C) figures... (line 25) numbers. (D) has taken up... (line 27) has discarded. (E) affordable... (line 32) expensive.
26 - In paragraph 7 (lines 27-32), Ban Ki-moon states that energy services (A) cannot aid nations to overcome difficulties in human development. (B) can play a fundamental role in the fulfillment of basic human needs. (C) are unavailable development. in poor countries with sustained social
(D) will have no impact on promoting social advances or on reducing poverty. (E) will help poor nations accumulate wealth and produce electrical appliances.
65
Text II Nigeria: 1.5 Billion People Live Without Electricity
24 November 2009
01
A new UN report says more than a quarter of the global population, or 1.5 billion people live without electricity. The report also said that 80 per cent of the people live in the least developed countries (LDCs) of South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. The report was produced in partnership with the UN Development Programme (UNDP) and the World Health Organisation (WHO), with support from the International Energy Agency (IEA). According to the report, to halve the proportion of people living in poverty by 2015, 1.2 billion more people will need access to electricity. It also stated that two billion more people will need access to modern fuels like natural gas or Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), also called propane. It noted that two million people die every year from causes associated with exposure to smoke from cooking with biomass and coal, while 99 per cent of those deaths occur in developing countries. The report further said that, in LDCs and sub-Saharan Africa, half of all deaths from pneumonia in children under five years, chronic lung disease and lung cancer in adults are attributed to the use of solid fuel, compared with 38 per cent in developing countries overall. The time has come to make hard choices to combat climate change and enhance global energy security, and at the same time, we should not forget 1.5 billion people who have no access to electricity in the developing world, Fatih Birol, chief economist of IEA, said in the report.
http://allafrica.com/stories/200911260385.html, retrieved June 7, 2010
05
10
15
20
66
27 - Both Text I and Text II (A) report on the high death rates in Africa and Asia resulting from the use of electricity. (B) condemn African countries that are trying to offer their populations healthy living conditions. (C) blame the UN for the difficulties Africans have faced due to the inefficient electricity provisions in the continent. (D) announce that the use of fuels such as natural gas and propane reduced the death rates in developing countries. (E) argue for the implementation of widespread access to electricity in developing nations so as to reduce poverty.
28 - Considering some of the numerical figures in Text II, (A) ... 1.5 billion ... (line 2) refers to more than 25% of the world population who survive without access to electricity. (B) ... 80 per cent ... (line 3) refers to the share of the total world population living in the least developed countries. (C) 1.2 billion ... (line 9) refers to the amount of global population that will certainly live without electricity in 2015. (D) ... 99 per cent ... (line 14) refers to the percentage of deaths resulting from smoking cigarettes in developing countries. (E) ... 38 per cent ... (line 18) refers to the amount of adults who die of lung disease in the sub-Saharan Africa.
29 - In It also stated that two billion more people will need access to modern fuels (lines 10-11 Text II) , it refers to (A) ... report, (line 8) (B) ... proportion ... (line 8) 67
(C) ... poverty ... (line 9) (D) ... access ... (line 9) (E) ... electricity. (line 9)
30 - According to Fatih Birol in Paragraph 5 (lines 19-23 Text II), it (A) will be impossible to meet the large demand for energy in the developing world. (B) will be imperative in the next century to find solutions for energy and climate problems around the globe. (C) is useless to combat changes in weather and promote wide access to energy nowadays. (D) is time to find ways to fight climate change, improve energy security and expand the access to electricity. (E) may be necessary to take violent actions against the unfair distribution of energy in developing nations.
68
PROVA 2 TRADUO E COMENTRIOS
Text I Texto I Could you live without electricity? Voc poderia viver sem electricidade? 1.6 billion are in the dark, using dirty fuels to get by 1,6 bilhes esto no escuro, usando combustveis sujos para sobreviver
01
05
Earth Day has come and gone, but its a fact of daily and especially nightly life that 1.6 billion people around the globe have no electricity in their homes. Instead, most use wood, coal or even dung to heat and cook their homes resulting in indoor air pollution that kills 1.6 million people a year. Dia da Terra veio e foi, mas um fato da vida diria - e especialmente noturna - que 1,6 bilhes de pessoas ao redor do mundo no tm energia eltrica em suas casas. Em vez disso, a maioria usa madeira, carvo ou mesmo esterco para aquecer e cozinhar em suas casas - o que resulta em poluio interna do ar que mata 1,6 milho de pessoas por ano. Its not expected to improve much, and in Africa its predicted to worsen. No esperado melhorar muito, e na frica est previsto piorar. By 2030, when Earths population will likely top 8 billion, 1.3 billion people will still lack electricity, the International Energy Agency estimates. Of those, 700 million will be in Africa, and 490 million in South Asia. At 2030, quando a populao da Terra provavelmente chegar a 8 bilhes, 1,3 bilho de pessoas ainda no tero energia eltrica, estima a Agncia Internacional de Energia. Destes, 700 milhes estaro na frica, e 490 milhes no sul da sia. Case in point: Ghana, in West Africa, where most of the northern half of the country lives without lights. A decade ago, Ghanas government launched a campaign to electrify the rural north but, except for periodic jumpstarts during election season, it has languished. As a 69
10
15
result, three out of four Ghanans in the north are without electricity to refrigerate with, to cook with, to study with, to start businesses with. Caso em questo: Gana, na frica Ocidental, onde a maior parte da metade norte do pas vive sem luzes. Uma dcada atrs, o governo de Gana, lanou uma campanha para eletrificar o norte rural, mas, com exceo de iniciativas peridicas durante a poca de eleio, ela definhou. Como resultado, trs de cada quatro ganeses no norte esto sem eletricidade para refrigerar, cozinhar, estudar, para iniciar negcios. Like most others around the world in the same situation, these Ghanans use traditional fuels (wood, coal, dung) to meet their cooking needs. The World Health Organization estimates that using those fuels, which also releases greenhouse gases, is responsible for 1.5 million deaths per year most of them children and women. Como a maioria dos outros ao redor do mundo na mesma situao, estes ganeses usam combustveis tradicionais (madeira, esterco, carvo) para atender suas necessidades de cozinha. A Organizao Mundial de Sade estima que o uso desses combustveis, que tambm libera gases de efeito estufa, seja responsvel por 1,5 milhes de mortes por ano - a maioria delas crianas e mulheres. What would electricity for everyone around the globe cost? The International Energy Agency, which is made up of 28 member countries, figures it would run $35 billion a year from 2008 to 2030 to reach that. Quanto custaria a eletricidade para todos em torno do globo? A Agncia Internacional de Energia, que composta de 28 pases membros, calcula que custaria $ 35 bilhes por ano entre 2008 e 2030 para chegar a isso. The United Nations (UN) has taken up the issue, organizing a summit on April 28 hosted by Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon. Energy services are essential for meeting basic human needs, reducing poverty, creating and accumulating wealth and sustaining advances in social development, he said in announcing the summit. Access to adequate, affordable and basic modern energy services is thus crucial to achieving sustainable human development. A Organizao das Naes Unidas (ONU) retomou a questo, organizando uma reunio de cpula em 28 de abril a convite do Secretrio-Geral Ban Ki-moon. "Os servios de energia so essenciais para atender s necessidades humanas bsicas, reduzir a pobreza, criar e acumular riqueza e sustentar avanos no desenvolvimento 70
20
25
30
social", disse ele, ao anunciar a cpula. "O acesso a adequados, acessveis e bsicos servios modernos de energia , portanto, crucial para alcanar o desenvolvimento humano sustentvel." In a video report, Peter DiCampo shows what life without lights is like in Ghana as he follows residents into their darkness and reveals their attempts to improvise. Whenever they post teachers in our schools, the teachers dont want to stay because we dont have lights, said one resident DiCampo interviewed. However, in the same region, mobile phones are widespread, and a growing local film industry allows northerners to see movies in a setting and language familiar to them for the first time. All of this exists despite the absence of a convenient outlet in which to plug basic electronic appliances. Em uma reportagem em vdeo, Peter DiCampo mostra como a vida sem luz em Gana enquanto ele segue residentes em sua escurido e revela suas tentativas de improvisar. "Sempre que eles postam professores nas nossas escolas, os professores no querem ficar porque no temos luzes", disse um morador DiCampo entrevistado. No entanto, na mesma regio, os telefones mveis so comuns, e uma crescente indstria de cinema local permite que os nortistas vejam filmes em um ambiente e linguagem familiares para eles pela primeira vez. Tudo isto existe a despeito da ausncia de uma tomada conveniente para ligar aparelhos eletrnicos bsicos.
2010 msnbc.com http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/36712257/ns/world_news-world_ environment/Retrieved June 4, 2010. (slightly adapted)
35
40
21 - The authors main intention in Text I is to A principal inteno do autor no texto I (A) criticize the high costs of electricity in most African countries. criticar os altos custos de energia eltrica na maioria dos pases africanos. (B) defend the electrification of regions which lack modern energy services. defender a eletrificao de regies que carecem de servios energticos modernos. (C) convince the government of Ghana to invest in the mobile phone industry. convencer o governo de Gana a investir no setor de telefonia mvel. 71
(D) suggest that some traditional fuels can be harmless substitutes to electricity in Africa. sugerir que alguns combustveis tradicionais podem ser substitutos inofensivos eletricidade na frica. (E) warn about the spread of lung diseases in African population due to the use of coal as fuel. alertar sobre a propagao de doenas pulmonares na populao africana devido ao uso do carvo como combustvel. No se percam analisando o texto todo nesse tipo de questo. J falamos sobre isso e sabemos que normalmente a maioria (algumas vezes todas) das assertivas aparecem no texto. A inteno principal (main intention) do texto est no ttulo e no primeiro pargrafo. Vejam:
Could you live without electricity? Voc poderia viver sem electricidade? 1.6 billion are in the dark, using dirty fuels to get by 1,6 bilhes esto no escuro, usando combustveis sujos para sobreviver Earth Day has come and gone, but its a fact of daily and especially nightly life that 1.6 billion people around the globe have no electricity in their homes. Instead, most use wood, coal or even dung to heat and cook their homes resulting in indoor air pollution that kills 1.6 million people a year. Dia da Terra veio e foi, mas um fato da vida diria - e especialmente noturna que 1,6 bilhes de pessoas ao redor do mundo no tm energia eltrica em suas casas. Em vez disso, a maioria usa madeira, carvo ou mesmo esterco para aquecer e cozinhar em suas casas - o que resulta em poluio interna do ar que mata 1,6 milho de pessoas por ano.
Se o texto fala da poluio interna em razo do uso de combustveis sujos (dirty fuels), podemos entender que o autor defende a eletrificao de regies que carecem (lack) de servios energticos modernos. Isso aparece mais explicitamente ao longo do desenvolvimento do texto. Para os que acharam que a letra E est correta, atentem para a extrapolao. O autor no fala em doenas pulmonares (lung diseases) devido ao uso do carvo como combustvel (due to the use of coal as fuel). Letra B.
72
22 - In By 2030, when Earths population will likely top 8 billion, (line 8), will likely means the same as Em At 2030, quando a populao da Terra provavelmente chegar a 8 bilhes, (linha 8) will likely significa o mesmo que (A) will certainly. certamente (B) will similarly. similarmente (C) will probably. provavelmente (D) will eventually. eventualmente (E) will considerably. consideravelmente Vejamos o que nos ensina o dicionrio Michaelis:
LIKELY provvel, plausvel, verossmil provavelmente
Sem grandes mistrios e com muitas palabvras cognatas nas assertivas para ajudar no trabalho de eliminao das erradas, nossa reposta a letra B.
23 - Ghana is mentioned in Text I because Gana mencionado no texto, porque (A) Ban Ki-moon, United Nations Secretary-General, was born there. Ban Ki-moon, Secretrio-Geral, nasceu l. (B) its population of 1.3 billion people will still lack electricity in 2030. a sua populao de 1,3 bilho de pessoas ainda no ter energia eltrica em 2030.
73
(C) it is the only country in Africa to have mobile phones and a growing film industry. o nico pas da frica a ter telefones celulares e uma indstria cinematogrfica em crescimento (D) it is a typical example of a country that suffers with the absence of investments in electricity. um exemplo tpico de um pas que sofre com a ausncia de investimentos em energia eltrica. (E) it has celebrated Earth Day stimulating the population to use coal for cooking and heating homes. comemorou o Dia da Terra, estimulando a populao a utilizar o carvo para cozinhar e para aquecimento de casas. Letra A Errada. O texto no afirma isso. Letra B Errada. Isso no mundo todo, no apenas em Gana. Erro de reduo. Letra C Errada. No se pode afirmar isso. Erro de reduo com o uso de apenas (only). Letra D Correta. Gana usada como exemplo. Letra E Errada. Erro de contradio. O texto fala na necessidade de substituir combustveis sujos (dirty fuels) como o carvo (coal). No h estmulo para que a populao utilize tal combustvel. 24 - The expression in boldface introduces the idea of consequence in (A) Instead, most use wood, coal or even dung to heat and cook their homes (lines 4-5) "Em vez disso, a maioria usa madeira, carvo ou mesmo esterco para aquecer e cozinhar em suas casas (linhas 4-5) (B) but, except for periodic jumpstarts during election season, (lines 14-15) mas, com exceo de iniciativas peridicas durante a poca de eleio, (linhas 14-15) 74
(C) Access to adequate, affordable and basic modern energy services is thus crucial to achieving sustainable human development. (lines 31-33) "O acesso a adequados, acessveis e bsicos servios modernos de energia , portanto, crucial para alcanar o desenvolvimento humano sustentvel." (linhas 31-33) (D) However, in the same region, mobile phones are widespread, (lines 38-39) No entanto, na mesma regio, os telefones mveis so comuns, (linhas 38-39) (E) All of this exists despite the absence of a convenient outlet in which to plug basic electronic appliances. (lines 41-42) Tudo isto existe a despeito da ausncia de uma tomada conveniente para ligar aparelhos eletrnicos bsicos. (linhas 41-42) Viram como as questes se repetem? Vamos l:
CONECTIVO/MARCADOR INSTEAD BUT THUS HOWEVER DESPITE INDICA contraste contraste Resultado/consequncia contraste contraste
Moleza, n? Letra C.
25 - Based on the meanings in the text, the two items are synonymous in Com base nos significados do texto, os dois itens so sinnimos em (A) ... worsen. (line 8) improve. "... piorar "(linha 8) -. melhorar. (B) ... made up of... (line 24) composed of. "... composta de ... "(linha 24) composta de. (C) figures... (line 25) numbers. "calcula ..." (linha 25) - nmeros. 75
(D) has taken up... (line 27) has discarded. "retomou ..." (linha 27) - foi descartada. (E) affordable... (line 32) expensive. "acessveis ..." (linha 32) - caro. As tradues matam a pergunta. Contudo, cuidado com uma pegadinha. Se vocs procurarem FIGURES no dicionrio, encontraro NMEROS (numbers) como um de seus sinnimos. Lembrem que nesse tipo de questo deve-se analisar o contexto para definir o sentido da palavra. Em nosso texto, FIGURES no sinnimo de nmeros, ok? Letra B. 26 - In paragraph 7 (lines 27-32), Ban Ki-moon states that energy services No pargrafo 7 (linhas 27-32), Ban Ki-moon afirma que os servios de energia (A) cannot aid nations to overcome difficulties in human development. no podem ajudar as naes a superar as dificuldades no desenvolvimento humano. (B) can play a fundamental role in the fulfillment of basic human needs. podem desempenhar um papel fundamental no atendimento das necessidades humanas bsicas. (C) are unavailable in poor countries with sustained social development. no esto disponveis em pases pobres com o desenvolvimento social sustentado. (D) will have no impact on promoting social advances or on reducing poverty. no tero impacto na promoo de avanos sociais ou na reduo da pobreza. (E) will help poor nations accumulate wealth and produce electrical appliances. vai ajudar os pases pobres a acumular riqueza e produzir aparelhos eltricos. 76
Relembrem o pargrafo 7:
The United Nations (UN) has taken up the issue, organizing a summit on April 28 hosted by Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon. Energy services are essential for meeting basic human needs, reducing poverty, creating and accumulating wealth and sustaining advances in social development, he said in announcing the summit. Access to adequate, affordable and basic modern energy services is thus crucial to achieving sustainable human development. A Organizao das Naes Unidas (ONU) retomou a questo, organizando uma reunio de cpula em 28 de abril a convite do Secretrio-Geral Ban Ki-moon . "Os servios de energia so essenciais para atender s necessidades humanas bsicas, reduzir a pobreza, criar e acumular riqueza e sustentar avanos no desenvolvimento social", disse ele, ao anunciar a cpula. "O acesso a adequados, acessveis e bsicos servios modernos de energia , portanto, crucial para alcanar o desenvolvimento humano sustentvel."
Letra A Errada. Houve erro de contradio com o uso de no podem (cannot). Na verdade, podem sim. Letra B Correta. Notem:
Energy services: can play a fundamental role in the fulfillment of basic human needs podem desempenhar um papel fundamental no atendimento das necessidades humanas bsicas = are essential for meeting basic human needs Os servios de energia so essenciais para atender s necessidades humanas bsicas
Letra C Errada. O texto no afirma isso. Letra D Errada. Contradio com o uso do no (no). Haver sim impacto. Letra E Errada. O texto no afirma isso.
77
Text II Texto II Nigeria: 1.5 Billion People Live Without Electricity Nigria: 1,5 bilho de pessoas vivem sem energia eltrica
01
A new UN report says more than a quarter of the global population, or 1.5 billion people live without electricity. Um novo relatrio da ONU diz que mais de um quarto da populao mundial, ou 1,5 bilho de pessoas vivem sem eletricidade. The report also said that 80 per cent of the people live in the least developed countries (LDCs) of South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. The report was produced in partnership with the UN Development Programme (UNDP) and the World Health Organisation (WHO), with support from the International Energy Agency (IEA). O relatrio tambm disse que 80 por cento das pessoas vivem nos pases menos desenvolvidos (PMD) do Sul da sia e frica subsaariana. O relatrio foi produzido em parceria com o Programa de Desenvolvimento das Naes Unidas (PNUD) e da Organizao Mundial da Sade (OMS), com o apoio da Agncia Internacional de Energia (AIE). According to the report, to halve the proportion of people living in poverty by 2015, 1.2 billion more people will need access to electricity. It also stated that two billion more people will need access to modern fuels like natural gas or Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), also called propane. It noted that two million people die every year from causes associated with exposure to smoke from cooking with biomass and coal, while 99 per cent of those deaths occur in developing countries. De acordo com o relatrio, para reduzir metade a proporo de pessoas vivendo na pobreza em 2015, 1,2 bilhes de pessoas mais precisaro ter acesso eletricidade. Ele tambm afirmou que dois bilhes de pessoas mais precisaro de acesso a combustveis modernos como o gs natural ou gs liquefeito de petrleo (GLP), tambm chamado de propano. Ele observou que dois milhes de pessoas morrem a cada ano de causas associadas exposio fumaa de cozinhar com biomassa e carvo, enquanto que 99 por cento dessas mortes ocorrem em pases em desenvolvimento.
05
10
78
15
The report further said that, in LDCs and sub-Saharan Africa, half of all deaths from pneumonia in children under five years, chronic lung disease and lung cancer in adults are attributed to the use of solid fuel, compared with 38 per cent in developing countries overall. O relatrio disse ainda que, "nos pases menos desenvolvidos e subsaariana, metade de todas as mortes por pneumonia em crianas menores de cinco anos, doena pulmonar crnica e cncer de pulmo em adultos so atribudas ao uso de combustvel slido, em comparao com 38 por cento nos pases em desenvolvimento em geral ". The time has come to make hard choices to combat climate change and enhance global energy security, and at the same time, we should not forget 1.5 billion people who have no access to electricity in the developing world, Fatih Birol, chief economist of IEA, said in the report. "Chegou a hora de fazer escolhas difceis para combater a mudana do clima e aumentar a segurana energtica global e, ao mesmo tempo, no devemos esquecer 1,5 bilho de pessoas que no tm acesso eletricidade no mundo em desenvolvimento", Fatih Birol, economistachefe da AIE, disse no relatrio.
http://allafrica.com/stories/200911260385.html, retrieved June 7, 2010
20
27 - Both Text I and Text II Tanto o Texto I quanto o Texto II (A) report on the high death rates in Africa and Asia resulting from the use of electricity. relatam as altas taxas de mortalidade na frica e sia decorrentes do uso de energia eltrica (B) condemn African countries that are trying to offer their populations healthy living conditions. condenam os pases africanos que esto a tentar oferecer suas populaes condies de vida saudveis. (C) blame the UN for the difficulties Africans have faced due to the inefficient electricity provisions in the continent. culpam a ONU pelos africanos terem enfrentado dificuldades devido s disposies de eletricidade ineficientes no continente.
79
(D) announce that the use of fuels such as natural gas and propane reduced the death rates in developing countries. anunciar que o uso de combustveis, tais como gs natural e propano reduziram as taxas de mortalidade nos pases em desenvolvimento. (E) argue for the implementation of widespread access to electricity in developing nations so as to reduce poverty. defendem a implementao de um acesso generalizado energia eltrica em pases em desenvolvimento, de modo a reduzir a pobreza. Letra A Errada. As mortes so resultado do uso de combustveis sujos (dirty fuels) e no do uso da eletricidade. Letra B Errada. A afirmao nem faz sentido. Letra C Errada. Nenhum dos textos coloca a culpa (blame) da ONU. Letra D Errada. O texto no fala reduo das taxas de mortalidade (death rates). Letra E Correta. Como j falado nas demais questes, o objetivo dos dois textos sugerir a eletricidade como substituto aos combustveis sujos. 28 - Considering some of the numerical figures in Text II, Considerando-se alguns dos valores numricos no texto II, (A) ... 1.5 billion ... (line 2) refers to more than 25% of the world population who survive without access to electricity. (A) "... 1.5 bilho..."(linha 2) refere-se a mais de 25% da populao do mundo que sobrevive sem acesso a energia elctrica. (B) ... 80 per cent ... (line 3) refers to the share of the total world population living in the least developed countries. "... 80 por cento ... "(linha 3) refere-se parcela do total da populao mundial que vive nos pases menos desenvolvidos. (C) 1.2 billion ... (line 9) refers to the amount of global population that will certainly live without electricity in 2015. "1,2 bilhes ..." (linha 9) refere-se quantidade da populao mundial que, certamente, viver sem energia eltrica em 2015. 80
(D) ... 99 per cent ... (line 14) refers to the percentage of deaths resulting from smoking cigarettes in developing countries. "... 99 por cento ... "(linha 14) refere-se ao percentual de mortes resultantes de fumar cigarros em pases em desenvolvimento. (E) ... 38 per cent ... (line 18) refers to the amount of adults who die of lung disease in the sub-Saharan Africa. "... 38 por cento ... "(linha 18) refere-se quantidade de adultos que morrem de doena pulmonar na frica sub-saariana.
Letra A Correta. 1,5 bilho = mais de um quarto da populao mundial (more than a quarter of the global population) = nmero de pessoas que vivem sem eletricidade (live without electricity). Letra B Errada. 80% = pessoas vivem nos pases menos desenvolvidos (PMD) do Sul da sia e frica sub-saariana (people live in the least developed countries (LDCs) of South Asia and subSaharan Africa) Letra C Errada. 1.2 bilho = pessoas que precisaro ter acesso eletricidade (people will need access to electricity) Letra D Errada. 99% = das mortes associadas exposio fumaa de cozinhar com biomassa e carvo, 99% ocorrem em pases em desenvolvimento. Letra E Errada. 38% = percentual de mortes por pneumonia em crianas menores de cinco anos e entre adultos em pases em desenvolvimento (developing countries) por doena pulmonar crnica e cncer de pulmo atribudas ao uso de combustvel slido (solid fuel).
81
29 - In It also stated that two billion more people will need access to modern fuels (lines 10-11 Text II) , it refers to Em Ele tambm afirmou que dois bilhes de pessoas mais precisaro de acesso a combustveis modernos... (linhas 10-11 Texto II), IT refere-se a (A) ... report, (line 8) relatrio, (linha 8) (B) ... proportion ... (line 8) proporo (linha 8) (C) ... poverty ... (line 9) pobreza (linha 9) (D) ... access ... (line 9) acesso (linha 9) (E) ... electricity. (line 9) eletricidade (linha 9)
According to the report, to halve the proportion of people living in poverty by 2015, 1.2 billion more people will need access to electricity. It also stated that two billion more people will need access to modern fuels like natural gas or Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), also called propane. De acordo com o relatrio, para reduzir metade a proporo de pessoas vivendo na pobreza em 2015, 1,2 bilhes de pessoas mais precisaro ter acesso eletricidade. Ele tambm afirmou que dois bilhes de pessoas mais precisaro de acesso a combustveis modernos como o gs natural ou gs liquefeito de petrleo (GLP), tambm chamado de propano.
Lembram daquele macete de Portugus de perguntar ao verbo? Vamos l! Quem que afirmou (stated)? O relatrio (report), no ? Letra A.
82
30 - According to Fatih Birol in Paragraph 5 (lines 19-23 Text II), it De acordo com Fatih Birol no Pargrafo 5 (linhas 19-23 - Texto II), (A) will be impossible to meet the large demand for energy in the developing world. ser impossvel atender grande demanda por energia no mundo em desenvolvimento. (B) will be imperative in the next century to find solutions for energy and climate problems around the globe. ser imperativo no prximo sculo encontrar solues para problemas de energia e clima em todo o mundo. (C) is useless to combat changes in weather and promote wide access to energy nowadays. intil combater as mudanas no clima e promover o amplo acesso energia nos dias de hoje. (D) is time to find ways to fight climate change, improve energy security and expand the access to electricity. tempo de encontrar formas de combater as alteraes climticas, melhorar a segurana energtica e expandir o acesso energia eltrica. (E) may be necessary to take violent actions against the unfair distribution of energy in developing nations. pode ser necessrio tomar medidas violentas contra a injusta distribuio de energia nos pases em desenvolvimento.
The time has come to make hard choices to combat climate change and enhance global energy security, and at the same time, we should not forget 1.5 billion people who have no access to electricity in the developing world, Fatih Birol, chief economist of IEA, said in the report. "Chegou a hora de fazer escolhas difceis para combater a mudana do clima e aumentar a segurana energtica global e, ao mesmo tempo, no devemos esquecer 1,5 bilho de pessoas que no tm acesso eletricidade no mundo em desenvolvimento", Fatih Birol, economista-chefe da AIE, disse no relatrio.
83
It is time = The time has come tempo = Chegou a hora -----------------------------------------------------------to find ways to fight climate change, improve energy security de encontrar formas de combater as alteraes climticas, melhorar a segurana energtica = to combat climate change and enhance global energy security para combater a mudana do clima e aumentar a segurana energtica global ----------------------------------------------------------and expand the access to electricity e expandir o acesso energia eltrica = we should not forget 1.5 billion people who have no access to electricity in the developing world no devemos esquecer 1,5 bilho de pessoas que no tm acesso eletricidade no mundo em desenvolvimento
Letra D.
84
REPORTAGEM
Banco de Textos Texto retirado do site www.bls.gov
Recent developments The recent nancial crisis has resulted in large losses for the insurance industry. Industry conditions in the near term remain tenuous, particularly as many companies will continue to experience declining revenues, investment losses, and credit rating downgrades, which can affect an insurers ability to repay debt by having to pay a higher interest rate. Additionally, insurance companies that were trading in credit default swaps and other risky instruments without sufcient hedging suffered especially hard, and some companies even became insolvent. Companies with prudent risk management strategies also suffered large losses, because most investment instruments owned by insurance companies experienced falling values as they were being sold or marked down as the stock market deteriorated in late 2008. Nonetheless, as insurers rebuild capital and adhere to stricter Federal regulations, the insurance industry is likely to stabilize. The Internet is an important tool for insurance carriers in reaching potential and existing customers. Insurance carriers use the Internet to enable customers to access online account and billing information, view insurance quotes, and purchase policies.
85
TRADUO
Recent developments Recentes desenvolvimentos The recent nancial crisis has resulted in large losses for the insurance industry. Industry conditions in the near term remain tenuous, particularly as many companies will continue to experience declining revenues, investment losses, and credit rating downgrades, which can affect an insurers ability to repay debt by having to pay a higher interest rate. Additionally, insurance companies that were trading in credit default swaps and other risky instruments without sufcient hedging suffered especially hard, and some companies even became insolvent. Companies with prudent risk management strategies also suffered large losses, because most investment instruments owned by insurance companies experienced falling values as they were being sold or marked down as the stock market deteriorated in late 2008. Nonetheless, as insurers rebuild capital and adhere to stricter Federal regulations, the insurance industry is likely to stabilize. A recente crise financeira resultou em grandes perdas para a indstria do seguro. As condies da indstria no curto prazo permanecem tnues, particularmente j que grandes empresas continuaro a experimentar a queda de receitas, perdas em investimentos, rebaixamento da classificao de crdito, o que pode afetar a habilidade de uma seguradora de pagar o dbito por ter que pagar uma taxa de juros mais elevada. Adicionalmente, empresas seguradoras que estavam comercializando os swaps de crdito e outros instrumentos de risco sem cobertura suficiente sofreram ainda mais, e algumas empresas at se tornaram insolventes. Empresas com estratgias prudentes de gesto de risco tambm sofreram grandes perdas, porque a maioria dos instrumentos de investimentos possudos pelas empresas seguradoras experimentou queda de valores enquanto eram vendidos ou marcados a menos enquanto o mercado de aes deteriorava no final de 2008. Entretanto, conforme as seguradoras reconstroem o capital e aderem a regulamentaes federais mais severas, a indstria de seguros tende a se estabilizar.
86
The Internet is an important tool for insurance carriers in reaching potential and existing customers. Insurance carriers use the Internet to enable customers to access online account and billing information, view insurance quotes, and purchase policies. A internet uma importante ferramenta para operadoras de seguros para atingir consumidores potenciais e existentes. Operadoras de seguros usam a internet para permitir que consumidores acessem a conta online e informaes de faturamento, vejam cotaes de seguros, e comprem aplices.
87
VOCABULRIO DA AULA
Banco de vocabulrio
E F G
a quarter ability appliances attempts billing information biomass boundaries campaign challenge coal commitment credit default swaps credit rating customers darkness deaths debt developing countries development developments dirty fuels downgrades dung Earth electricity employees fuels greenhouse
um quarto habilidade aparelhos tentativas informaes de faturamento biomassa limites campanha desafio carvo comprometimento swaps de crdito classificao de crdito consumidores, clientes escurido mortes dbito pases em desenvolvimento desenvolvimento desenvolvimentos combustveis sujos rebaixamento esterco Terra energia eltrica funcionrios combustveis efeito estufa 88
H half hedging insolvent insurance insurance carriers insurance quotes insurer interest rate jumpstarts lack leader least developed countries (LDCs) light losses marked down misunderstood need online account outlet overall partnership payroll perhaps policies poverty proportion prospects regardless report revenues search smoke stock market summit support surprise sustainable tool UN (United Nations) way metade cobertura insolvente seguro operadoras de seguros cotaes de seguros seguradora taxa de juros iniciativas falta de algo lder pases menos desenvolvidos (PMD) luz perdas marcado a menos mal entendido necessidade conta online tomada de energia em geral parceria folha de pagamento talvez aplices pobreza proporo perspectivas independentemente relatrio receitas busca fumaa mercado de aes reunio de cpula apoio surpresa sustentvel ferramenta ONU (Naes Unidas) forma, maneira 89
M N O
T U
W wealth widespread without wood riqueza muito espalhado ou difundido, comum sem madeira
Verbs A B D E F G to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to achieve assert believe decline enhance focus follow forget get worse grow halve heat hope improve kill languish launch need occur overhype plug preach predict provide purchase release rely require stabilize state state survive alcanar, atingir afirmar, declarar acreditar declinar, cair, diminuir melhorar, aumentar concentrar-se seguir esquecer piorar crescer reduzir metade aquecer esperar, ter esperana melhorar matar definhar lanar precisar, necessitar ocorrer alardear, supervalorizar, transformar em moda plugar, conectar pregar, defender prever fornecer comprar liberar, soltar contar com algo, confiar, depender requerer, necessitar, precisar estabilizar afirmar, declarar afirmar, declarar sobreviver 90
H I K L N O
T V to teach to thrive to value ensinar desenvolver-se, prosperar, florescer dar valor
Phrasal verbs to turning into to get by transformar em sobreviver
Expresses idiomticas
to think outside the box to take up an issue to meet a persons needs
pensar de forma inovadora retomar a questo atender as necessidades de algum
Hope you all have enjoyed todays class! Espero que todos vocs tenham aproveitado a aula de hoje! Keep studying and keep believing! Continuem estudando e continuem acreditando! Hugs Abraos Teacher Gabriela
91

Aula 02

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Aula 02

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CURSO ONLINE DE INGLS TEORIA E QUESTES COMENTADAS - BACEN PROFESSORA GABRIELA KNOBLAUCH

I play soccer every day.

Last week, I played soccer.

I am playing soccer now.

I was playing soccer when you called me yesterday.

I have played soccer in Brazil.

I had played soccer before I injured my knee.

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

I have been playing soccer since 2003.

Regra geral: Adiciona-se S ao final do verbo

play enjoy dance write read

plays enjoys dances writes reads

(brincar, jogar) (divertir-se, desfrutar) (danar) (escrever) (ler)

go kiss wash watch mix buzz

goes kisses washes watches mixes buzzes

(ir) (beijar) (lavar) (assistir) (misturar) (zumbir)

CONSOANTE + Y: Substitui-se o Y por I e adiciona-se ES.

carry cry study EXCEO: have

carries cries studies

(carregar, levar) (chorar) (estudar)

(ter, comer, tomar)

Ela gosta de bolo? Voc fala ingls? John joga futebol?

J a estrutura da negativa no Simple Present :

Ela no gosta de bolo. Voc no fala ingls. John no joga futebol.

Afirmativa: She is beautiful.

Afirmativa: She likes cake.

Certo Errado Certo Errado Certo Errado Certo Errado

Do/Does como verbo = significa fazer

She does everything with dedication.

Do/Does como auxiliar = no tem traduo. Serve apenas interrogativas. afirmativas.

para estruturar Lembrem-se: no

sentenas negativas ou se usa auxiliar em frases

I am studying English now

Ao est ocorrendo no momento em que se fala. He is reading a very good book

2. As aes planejadas ou previstas.

She is visiting Maria tomorrow

(cortando) cutting swimming (nadando)

begin admit forget

beginning (comeando) admitting (admitindo) forgetting (esquecendo)

*slaba tnica em negrito

open happen whisper

(abrindo) opening happening (acontecendo) whispering (cochichando)

*slaba tnica em negrito

sew snow play study mix fix

sewing snowing playing studying mixing fixing

(costurando) (nevando) (jogando/tocando/brincando) (estudando) (misturando) (consertando)

love write drive Exceo: See Be

loving writing driving

(abrindo) (escrevendo) (dirigindo)

IE: substitui-se o IE por Y e acrescenta-se ING.

tie die lie

tying dying lying

(amarrando) (morrendo) (mentindo)

Passando para a negativa Acrescenta-se o NOT aps o verbo to be.

She has worked at the mall since December.

I've studied science for many years.

You have studied very hard lately.

Jennifer has had a baby.

Passando para a negativa Acrescenta-se o NOT aps o have/has.

Passando para a interrogativa... Inverte-se o sujeito e o have/has.

I have been studying since last week.

She has been trying to talk to him for over 2 hours.

They have been calling me for days.

I have washed the car.