Heat A form of energy Unit: Joule Measured with calorie meter

Temperature The measurement of the degree of hotness of an object. Unit: degree Celsius / Kelvin Measured with thermometer

2 object of different temperature are in contact, (thermal contact). There is heat transfer between them. The rate of heat transfer from the hot object to the cold object is > The rate of heat transfer from the cold object to the hot object .

A (Hot)

B (Cold)

After some time, The rate of heat transfer from A to B = The rate of heat transfer from B to A. (There is no net heat transfer) Both the objects have the same temperature. Thermal Equilibrium is achieved

A (= temperature)

Thermal Equilibrium
No net heat transfer
Have the same temperature

Example of thermal equilibrium

Explanation Hot coffee left on the table becomes cold after some time.

Food placed inside a refrigerator becomes cold.

Cold towel placed on the forehead to bring down temperature of a patient with fever.

Example of thermal equilibrium

Explanation Ice is added to a hot drink to cool it.

Food is heat up in a pot on a stove.

Cold towel placed on the forehead to bring down temperature of a patient with fever.

Heat Capacity
The amount of heat required to change the

temperature a substance by 1 degree Celcius / Kelvin. It is affected by the mass of the substance. When the mass increases, the heat capacity increases. Unit: J/K or J/degree C

Specific Heat Capacity

The amount of heat required to change the

temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 degree Celcius / Kelvin. It is a constant value. Unit: J/kg/K or J/kg/degree C

Substance Solids Ice Ceramic Aluminium Glass Silicon Iron Copper Silver Lead Gold

Specific Heat Capacity 2100 1090 900 840 700 452 387 235 130 129 4200 2450 2410 1740 139 2010 3500

Liquids Water Ethyl alcohol Glycerine Benzene mercury

Gas Steam Human body

Both water and alcohol are of the same mass, 1kg. They received the same amount of heat. But the rise in temperature of water is lower than the rise in temperature of alcohol. This is because water has a much higher specific heat capacity than alcohol.

Experiment to determine the specific heat capacity of a metal

Result:
Power, P = 50 W
Time, t = 10 min = 10x60 s = 600 s Mass, m = 1 kg Initial temperature, T1 = 30 degree C Maximum temperature, T2 = 63 degree C Change in temperature, = T2 T1 = 63-30 = 33 degree C

Electric energy = Heat energy Pt = H Pt = mc c = Pt/m c = 50x600/(1x33) c = 909.7 J/kg/degree C

Discussion
1. A small amount of oil is put into the hole so that there will be good thermal contact between the bulb of the thermometer and the aluminium cylinder. 2. The aluminium cylinder is wrapped with cotton to reduce heat lost to the surrounding. 3. After the experiment, the maximum and not the final temperature is taken because it takes time for the heat to be transferred to the bulb of the thermometer. 4. The value of the specific heat capacity obtained from the experiment is higher than the standard value because there is heat lost to the surrounding.

Experiment to determine the specific heat capacity of a liquid

Result:
Power, P = 50 W
Time, t = 10 min = 10x60 s = 600 s Mass, m = 1 kg Initial temperature, T1 = 30 degree C Maximum temperature, T2 = 63 degree C Change in temperature, = T2 T1 = 63-30 = 33 degree C

Pt = mc c = Pt/m

Discussion
1. The beaker is wrapped with cotton to reduce heat lost to the surrounding. 2. After the experiment, the maximum and not the final temperature is taken because it takes time for the heat to be transferred to the bulb of the thermometer. 3. The value of the specific heat capacity obtained from the experiment is higher than the standard value because there is heat lost to the surrounding.

Application of specific heat capacity

1.

Cooking utensil
Metal is used to make the base of a cooking utensil Metal has low specific heat capacity It can be heated up fast and so the food that is placed in it will be cooked quickly.

2.

Handle of a cooking utensil

Made of wood or plastic which has high specific heat capacity. Will not get hot easily, so handle can be held.

3.

Water as a coolant for car engine

Water has very high specific heat capacity. Is able to absorb large amount of heat with only little increase in temperature.

Application

Seabreeze

During the day, land is hotter than the sea because land has lower specific heat capacity than water. Therefore the air above the land is hotter than the air above the sea. Hot air is less dense and lower pressure than cold air. The difference in pressure produces a flow of air (wind) from the sea (high pressure) to the land (low pressure). This is called sea breeze.

Daily life Phenomena

Latent Heat
The amount of heat required to change the state of a

substance without a change in temperature.

Specific Latent Heat

The amount of heat required to change the state of 1

kg of a substance without a change in temperature. Unit:

Specific Latent Heat

Specific latent heat of Specific latent heat of

fusion is the amount of heat required to change 1 kg of a substance from solid to liquid without changing the temperature.

vaporisation is the amount of heat required to change 1 kg of a substance from liquid to gas without changing the temperature.

Experiment to determine the specific latent heat of vaporisation of a liquid

Result:
Power, P = 50 W
Time, t = 10 min = 10x60 s = 600 s Initial mass of boiling water, m1 Final mass of boiling water, m2 Decrease in mass, m = m1 m2

Electric energy = Heat energy Pt = ml l = Pt/m

Steam has high specific latent heat of vaporisation (2,260,000 J/kg) When steam condenses to water, latent heat vaporisation is released. This large amount of heat is able to cook food.

During the change of phase, the temperature remains constant even though there is heat transfer. The heat absorbed does not increase the kinetic energy of the atoms. The heat is used to weaken the forces between the atoms so that the atoms can free themselves from their fixed positions and move among each other.

Scalding caused by steam is more serious than that caused by boiling water. This is because of high latent heat of vaporisation of steam.

When solid melts, latent heat of fusion is absorbed but there is no increase in temperature because the heat absorbed is used to break the bond between the molecules.

When liquid boils, latent heat of vaporisation is absorbed but there is no increase in temperature because the heat absorbed is used to break the bond between the molecules.