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INVESTIGATION ON THE RHEOLOGY OF DILUTE PARTIALLY HYDROLYZED POLYACRYLAMIDE SOLUTION Supervisor: Dr.

Zamri bin Abdullah Internal Examiner: Mr. Azizul bin Buang


Prepared by: Nor Asyiqin binti Zainal Abidin (13294)

Background of Study Problem Statement Objectives & Scope of Study Literature Reviews Methodology Conclusions References
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BACKGROUND OF STUDY
Rheology Heraclitus (Greek philosopher) described as panta rei everything flows. The deformation and flow of matter. The term comes from Greek rheos - to flow (Adebowale,2013). Fluid rheology Used to describe the consistency of different products. Including viscosity (thickness) and elasticity (stickiness).

Source: http://sydney.edu.au/engineering/aeromech/rheology/rheolog y.html

PROBLEM STATEMENT
Polymer flooding is widely used chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) techniques. How modulus behavior reflects through the strength of polymer solution? There is no specific studies how the viscoelasticity of HPAM is affected by various concentrations and temperatures. To know the trend - Investigate on the rheological properties and modulus behavior effects subjected to : Master Concentrations (ppm) Diluted Concentrations (ppm) Temperatures (C)
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OBJECTIVE & SCOPE OF STUDY


Involves project planning and an experimental work. To investigate the rheological effect of shear and elastic moduli subjected to concentration and temperature difference.

Source: http://www.nationstates.net/nation=viscosity
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OBJECTIVE & SCOPE OF STUDY


One key of EOR polymers that makes polymer flooding - most widely used chemical EOR techniques is its viscoelasticity. Viscoelasticity contribute towards improved displacement efficiency & oil recovery in polymer flood operations (Veerabhadrappa, 2012).

Significance of the Project

The contribution of elasticity of viscoelastic polymers in various concentrations and temperatures has still not been investigated yet

Understanding the rheological properties and modulus behavior is important to get the best out of viscoelastic polymers -result in better recovery performance.

LITERATURE REVIEW
copolymer of acrylamide and sodium acrylate monomers broadly used as drag reducing agent and water based mud in EOR

Contains (-CONH2) and (-COOH)

HPAM
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LITERATURE REVIEW
Figure 1: Structure of HPAM (Gao, 2013)

Figure 2: Polymer and EOR (Polymer EOR, 2010)

Figure 3: Polymer flooding process (Lindley, 2001)


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LITERATURE REVIEW
Intrinsic property of polymer exhibiting both viscous and elastic characteristics when undergoing deformation (Ferry, 1980).

VISCOELASTICITY

Polymers are not ideal elastic bodies.

Elasticity deals with mechanical properties of elastic solids (Hookes Law).

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LITERATURE REVIEW
When oscillatory shear measurements are performed in the linear viscoelastic regime, storage modulus G' (elastic response of HPAM) loss modulus G'' (viscous behavior of HPAM) are independent of the strain amplitude (University of Oslo, 1998) Shear modulus or Modulus of Rigidity :
Shear Modulus,G ShearingStress ShearingStrain

Units: Nm-2 and Pa.


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No

Author

Title

Objective

Result

Study of Effects of Polymer Elasticity on Enhanced Oil Santhosh Kumar 1 Recovery by Core Flooding Veerabhadrappa, 2012 and Visualization Experiments

Polymer with higher To delineate and investigate elasticity gives higher the individual effects of recovery. HPAM samples elasticity of seven samples of with higher AMW will HPAM with different AMW have higher shear towards improved oil recovery viscosity and elasticity.

Marcus V. D. Ferreira, To evaluate the rheological Andr L. Martins, behavior of partially With the increase of the Francileide G. da Costa, Evaluation of Polymers with hydrolyzed polyacrylamide shear rate, PHPA presents 2 Lea Lopes, Marcos S. Drag Reduction Potential (PHPA), Xanthan and Diutan higher viscosifying Figueiredo, Bruno gums solutions that have drag capacity. R.F.C. Paula, Mnica F. reduction characteristics Naccache

Characterization of Zhao Feng, Du Yukou, viscoelastic properties of TANG Jian, 3 hydrolyzed polyacrylamide Li Xingchang & Yang using the stress recovery Ping, 2004 experiment

To study the effect of HPAM concentration on the viscoelastic properties of HPAM solution by two recovery time using the stress recovery experiment.

The viscoelastic properties of HPAM increase and it becomes stronger with the increase of HPAM concentration.

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PREVIOUS RESEARCH #1

Table 2: (Veerabhadrappa,2012)
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PREVIOUS RESEARCH #1

Viscous Modulus vs. Angular Frequency for HPAM-1 to HPAM-7

Elastic Modulus vs. Angular Frequency for HPAM-1 to HPAM-7 (Veerabhadrappa,2012)


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PREVIOUS RESEARCH #1
Viscous Modulus vs. Angular Frequency HPAM-5 to 7 with higher average molecular weight are greater than HPAM-1 to 4 with low average molecular weight. HPAM with higher average molecular weight will have higher shear viscosity or viscous modulus . Elastic Modulus vs. Angular Frequency HPAM-4 has the highest elasticity followed by HPAM-3, HPAM-2 and HPAM-1. Even same average molecular weight, HPAM-7 has the highest elasticity followed by HPAM-6 and 5 (Veerabhadrappa,2012).

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Figure 3 : Viscosity curves for all polymers available (Marcus V. D. Ferreira et. al, n.d.)

More shear thinning will present a good drag reduction potential. Xanthan gum is more shear thinning than others . With the increase of the shear rate at 10s-1, HPAM (PHPA) presents higher viscosifying capacity (Marcus V. D. Ferreira et. al, n.d.).
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Graph of Shear Stress (Pa) vs Time (s)


Slow recovery process - the reorientation and recovery movement of HPAM chain coils Fast recovery process (above) local recovery movement of HPAM chain segments. Results shown viscoelastic behavior of HPAM solution becomes stronger with the increase of the concentration (Zhao et. al, 2004)
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METHODOLOGY
Research on rheology of HPAM Preparation of master solution Prepare diluted solution from master solution

Analyzing Data

Gathering the Data

Setting temperatures

Conclusion

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KEY MILESTONE & GANTT CHART

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CONCLUSION
Investigating the rheology behavior of HPAM is important to investigate the effect of shear and elastic moduli subjected to : Various master solution concentrations Diluted solution from master solution Temperature difference.

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