Professional Documents
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VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND
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VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND
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VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND
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QOS: CAVEATS
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OVERPROVISIONING (2)
Redundancy
RAID: increase fault tolerance/reliability and/or
performance
Availability
A. S. Tanenbaum asks: when was the last time you
picked up the phone and got a busy tone?
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OVERPROVISIONING (3)
Ease of use
Memory garbage collection
Peak performance
Do you really need a dual core 64-bit CPU at 3 GHz?
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Overprovisioning
•"throwing money at a problem"
•"inefficient"
•"ineffective"
•"wasteful"
•it simply sounds wrong
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PRAGMATIC QoS
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Maxinetti
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ATM
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Telephony
VoIP speech
Conversational
Video telephony
E-mail Real-time
Podcasts video
Background Streaming
Messaging
File downloads Radio
Web browsing
Interactive IM
Games
DB & server
access
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Ethernet
IP
Iub RNS Firewall
NODE B Iu
RNC
GGSN
NODE B
Iub Core
Iur SGSN
Network
Iub
NODE B
RNC
NODE B Iu
Iub
RNS
UTRAN
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3G TEST PLATFORM
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Sensor WLAN
network
•Session mobility
•Terminal mobility
3G
Internet
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Testbed environment
•Open development and testing
environment
•Connectet to VTT laboratory network and
to Internet through FUNET and GEANT
Research and implementation work
•Video and Voice over IP services
•Fast rate control supporting cross-layer information
•Mobility and multi-access enhancements
•VHOs between different access networks
•Subscriber station (SS) and base station (BS) side
solutions to gather and process channel and
VHO = vertical handover network state information
MIP = mobile IP
HIP = host identity protocol
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DiffServ = differentiated services
VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND
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FREE BUSY
• DIFS = DCF Interframe Space SENSE THE
CHANNEL FOR BACKOFF
ADDITIONAL
RANDOM TIME BUSY
SENSE THE
FREE CHANNEL
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•QoS Standard
•Work is Final
•Goal:
•enhance the access mechanisms of IEEE802.11
•provide service differentiation
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MONITORING QoS
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MONITORING TOOLS
•Available to all
•Off-the-shelf network analyzers (Ethereal,
Tcpdump, WinDump, … )
•Custom software based on standard packet
capture libraries (libpcap, WinPcap)
•Operator and enterprise level monitoring tools
•OSS
•RTCP, RMON2, RTFM, …
•MRTG
•Typically measure round trip, not end-to-end one-way
parameters
•Network asymmetries dictate a closer look at one-way
end-to-end measurements
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capture
Packet
capture
Packet
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VERIFYING QoSMeT
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• Mobile IP in use
PUBLIC 3G
NETWORK
WLAN WLAN
LAN LAN
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0.2
Delay
0.18
0.16
0.14
0.12
Delay [s]
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0.0 50.0 100.0 150.0 200.0 250.0
Time [s]
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10.000
Loss length
Connection loss length [s]
1.000
0.0 50.0 100.0 150.0 200.0 250.0
0.100
0.010
Time [s]
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350
300
250
X
Goodput (kb/s)
200
150
X
100
X
50
X X
X
0
10000
8000
X
Goodput (kb/s)
6000
X
X
4000
2000
X X
X X
0
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•Scalable:
•classification & conditioning only at boundaries
•small set of forwarding behaviors
•apply per-hop behaviors to aggregates of traffic
•Incrementally deployable
•Differentiation is asymmetric, decoupled from apps
•A refinement of the original Precedence model
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CLASSIFICATION
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STATIC CLASSIFICATION
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Meter
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DiffServ ARCHITECTURE
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SLOW DEPLOYMENT
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•VoIP
•Skype is already making VoIP reality without any
QoS and you only need a dialup connection
•Why would a user pay more for her VoIP
packets? She wouldn't. But she would go for a
Maxinetti kind of service which is cheap and hip :)
•And that is our view: QoS frameworks should be
seen as enablers, not as cash cows
•IPTV
•Video gaming servers
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RELATED WORK
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•Source rate
adaptation
•Traffic differentiation
•Packet prioritization
•Rate adaptation
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SIMULATION METHODOLOGY
1. Virtual video streams
H.264/SVC
Encoder/
Video Packetizer
Network
Video receiver
Video Server
Direction of video packet stream
2. ns-2 simulation
ns-2
trace
Packet arrival
time, size, layer,
…
? Video quality
metrics
3. Trace post-processing
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500000
400000
Throughput (bytes/s)
300000
200000
100000
0
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Time (s)
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3.8
2
3
4/5
4/5
3.3 3
2 H.264/SVC
1
0
0
2.8 1
2
3
4/5
2.3
1.8
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Packet Arrival Time (s)
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3.8 1
2
3
4/5
4/5
3.3 3
2 H.264/SVC
1
0
0
2.8 1
2
3
4/5
2.3
1.8
16 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6 16.7 16.8 16.9 17
Packet Arrival Time (s)
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MAL: SUMMARY
•Skype bundles
•VoIP (the first p2p-based client)
• Free PC-PC, with the best quality compared
to Yahoo!, AIM, Google Talk
• Very cheap (0.02 EUR/min) to/from most of
the world supporting both PC-PSTN
(SkypeOut) and PSTN-PC (SkypeIn)
• Teleconferencing (up to 5 people)
• Recently, video calling too
•Instant messaging (IM)
•File transfer (p2p-based, of course)
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•Skype works
•Seamlessly behind NATs and firewalls
• Implements TURN and STUN (or some
variant) at the client
• In contrast SIP-based VoIP requires explicit
server configuration in applications
•Availability (WinOS, Linux, MacOS, PocketPC)
•Easy installation, same interface and functionality
•Does not require lots of resources (not even
bandwidth)
•Gives a certain feeling of privacy to users by
encrypting all of its traffic -- other IMs do not
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•Skype is KaZaa-based
•Supernode-based hierarchical p2p network
•Can detect NATs and firewalls
•Skype Uses
•TCP for signaling
•UDP (preferably) and TCP for VoIP traffic (if
firewall/NAT-restricted)
•No fixed-ports
•Encryption on all but a few initialization packets
• 256-bit AES for calls and IMs
• 1024-bit RSA to negotiate symmetric AES
keys
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•Supernodes
•Consume less than 205 b/s (!) 50% of the time
• Negligible CPU, memory consumption
•Relay data only 9.6% of the time
• Data sessions are less frequent than VoIP
ones
• File sizes tend to be considerably smaller
than in other p2p networks (photos, docs,
slide sets-- not mp3's and videos)
•Relay NAT-restricted calls:
• Median/mean call duration--2m50s/12m53s
• (PSTN calls average 3m)
• Max call duration--3h26m
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•Traffic classification
•End hosts are the natural points, but due to lack
of trust and maintaining administrative control,
gateways are preferred by NOCs
•Dynamic classification of packets into different
classes is not a trivial task
•Inhibits QoS deployment
•M. Roughan, et al. (2004):
•Framework for scalable, dynamic traffic
classification based on statistical application
signature
•Obtain signatures insensitive to the particular
application protocol
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IP NETWORK
Wide Services & Interactions
PAN Network
Easy Wireless
Allow seamless roaming between wireless
networks while maintaining Quality of Service
• EUREKA/ITEA project
• ITEA is a project clustering
organisation
Belgium
• funding from each country Finland
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SYNOPSIS
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
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FURTHER READING
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•Easy Wireless
http://ew.thales.no
•Ambient Networks
www.ambient-networks.org
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