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10

edaykarminyl;nUvRBHbnl manesckIbeRgnxH EdlCabnarbs;elak


savkb:ul enAkgsac;QamKWCakarRbiteRbgnUvEPkEdlmanCmWeraKa . eTaHCay:ag
Nakeday kelaksavkb:ul)ansresrfa bnarbs;Kat;enaH KWCaviBaaNGaRkk; CaGk
naMsarrbs;sataMg EdlRtv)anbBanmk[eFVIkarcak;ruk brMxandl;Kat; .
RBHKm<Ir2kUrinfUs 127 Ecgfa ehIyERkgekItmancitFM edayeRBaHkar
ebIksMEdgdhYsl,t;enaH )anCamanbna1cat;mkkgsac;Qam KWCaeTvtarbs;
GarksataMg EdlmkeFVITuk edIm,IkuM[mancitFMeT,Iy.
KankEngNa EdlRBHKm<IrbeRgnfa bnarbs;elaksavkb:ul Edlcak;enA
kgsac;QamCaCmWeraKaxagEpkrUbkayenaHeT .
esckIRtvkarKWCakarnaMmknUvesckIsab;b?

enAeBlEdlRBHRTg;)anerobnwgykeyIgecjBIpH etIeyIgRtvkarTTYl
nUvCmW edIm,I[)ansab;b?
RbsinebICabMNgRBHhbTyRBH Edl[eyIgrs;enARbkbedaysuxPaB Ca
erogral;fenAkgCIvitrbs;eyIg enaHehtuGVI)anCaRTg;caM)ac;RtvEteFVI[eyIgQW edIm,I
[)ansab;eFVIGVI?
elakm:UesKWCaKMrUdGsarmak; Kat;manGayu120qaMenAeBlEdlRBHRTg;)an
Rtas;ehAKat;[ecjBIpHmk . suxPaBrbs;Kat;enAlNas; Kat;enAEtGacmankmaMg
eLIgeTAelIPMedIm,ICYbnwgRBH)an . Kat;minEdl)anTTYlkar)at;bg; nUvckviBaaN b
kmaMgkayrbs;Kat;eLIy .
RBHKm<IrecaTiykfa 347 Ecgfa kalmU:essab;eTA enaH)anGayu120qaM
ehIy EtEPkelakminexSay ehIykMLaMgmin)anGn;esaH.
enAeBlEdlmnusScMNas;RtvTTYlnUvCmW vaCabMNgRBHhbTynRBH edIm,I
nwgeR)asBYkeK[Ca . vaCaeBlevlarbs;RBH enAeBlEdlviBaaNrbs;BYkeKnwgRtv
cakecjBIrUbkayrbs;eKeTA ehIyebHdUgrbs;eKnwgQb;elateTAEdr .

etIRBHRTg;GnuBaat[karenaHekIteLIgb?

etIRBHRTg; {GnuBaat} [manCmW besckIsab;muneBlkMNt; mkelI


mnusSrbs;RTg;b?
manmnusSCaeRcIn)anbenasRBH enAeBlEdleKmanCmW besckIcUlmkdl;
eKniyayfa {ehtuGVI)anCaRBHRTg;)anbeNay[karenHekIteLIgy:agdUecH?}
elakGdam nignageGv:aRtv)anRbTan[nUvsiTiGMNac nigGMNacRKb;RKgelI
rbs;TaMgGs; Edl)anekIteLIgenAelIEpndIenH KWenAeBleBlEdlBYkeKRtv)anbegIt
mk [manrUbPaBdUcCaRBH .
11

RBHKm<Irelakub,ti 126k Ecgfa RTg;kmanbnlfa cUreyIgeFVImnusS[dUc


CarUbeyIg [manPaBdUceyIg ehIy[manGMNac>>>.
siTiGMNac nigGMNacRKb;RKg EdlRtv)an)at;bg;eTA KWenAeBlEdlelak
Gdam nignageGv:a)aneFVI)ab enaHRtv)anEkCafIeLIgvijedaysarRBHeysUv .
RBHKm<Irm:afay 1619 Ecgfa nwg[kUnesarnnKrsansYKdl;Gk ebI
GknwgcgTukGVIenAEpndI enaHnwgRtvcgTukenAelIsansYKEdr ehIyebIGknwgRsay
GVIenAEpndI enaHnwgRtvRsayenAsansYKEdr .
CmW)anmktamryGMNacrbs;sataMg b:uEnRBHeysUvRTg;manbnlfa sBVf
enH BYkGkeCO)anTTYlnUvGMNacecsa bsiTiGMNacelIGMNacrbs;xaMgsRtvvij
ehIy .
RBHKm<IrlUka 1019 Ecgfa emIl [Gkral;KamanGMNacnwgedIrCan;TaMg
Bs;nigxadMrI ehIyelIRKb;TaMg\TibTirbs;xaMgsRtvpg KanGVInwgeFVITukGkral;Ka
eLIy .
edaykarmin)aneRbInUvGMNacRKb;RKg Edl)anRbTanmkBIRBHenAelIEpndI
enH enaHeyIgkmin)ansuxEdr KWRBHRTg;)anGnuBaat[sataMgnaMmknUvCmW CmWeraKa
nigesckIsab;mkelIeyIg nigelIGkCaTIRsLaj;rbs;eyIg .
RbPBnCmW
RKb;CmW nigCmWeraKaTaMgGs; KWmkBIGarkSsataMg minEmnmkBIRBHeLIy .
manmnusSCaeRcIn)anTTYlnUvCmW BIeRBaHBYkeK)anRbKl;xneTA[BYkviBaaNGaRkk;
dUcCaviBaaNBikarPaBCaedIm edaykareFVI)ab mkBImin)ansab;bgab; bkedaysar
karminykcitTukdak; nwgeKalkarN_nkareFVI[mansuxPaBl nigmanCIvCatiRKb;RKan;
sRmab;rUbragkayrbs;eyIgCaedIm .
RBHKm<IreGePsUr 427 Ecgfa kkMu[GarkSmankas[esaH.
kareRbInUvsiTiGMNacEdl)anEkCafIeLIgvijrbs;eyIg enaHeyIgGacbeNj
viBaaNGaRkk;ecjBIeyIg)an dUcCaviBaaNBikarPaB bCaviBaaNnCmWEdl)anmkenA
kgeyIgCaedIm .
RBHKm<Iry:akub 47x Ecgfa >>> ehIytsUnwgGarkSvijcuH enaHvanwgrt;ecj
BIGkral;KaeTA .
BYkGkeCOmansiTiGMNacedIm,IedjviBaaNGaRkk;ecj)an ehIykGaceR)as
RKb;TaMgRbePTnCmW nigCmWeraKaTaMgGs;ecj)an .

12

RBHKm<Irm:afay 101 Ecgfa kalRTg;)anehABYksisSTaMg12nak;mk


ehIy enaHkRbTan[eKmanGMNac GacnwgedjGarkSGaesac ehIynwgemIlRKb;TaMg
CMgWeraKa nigCraBikarTaMgGs;[)anCapg .
erOgr:avEdlGarkSGaceFVImkelIeyIg)an KWCaGVIEdleyIgGnuBaat[vaeFVIEt
b:ueNaH . minKYrKb,IsYry:agdUecHfa {ehtuGVI)anCaRBHGnuBaat[karenHekIteLIg?}
CMnYs[nUvsMNYrrebobenH vaKYrKb,I[)aneKeBalfa {ehtuGVI)anCaeyIgGnuBaat[kar
enH ekIteLIgy:agdUecH?} vij .
cMNaM edIm,Iyl;[)aneBjeljnUvsMNYrenH eyIgmansMNUmBr[elakGk
GanesovePAemeron siTiGMNacrb;GkeCO Edlsresredayelak eG>EGl>
hIl nigesovePAmYyeTotrbs;Kat; EdlmaneQaHfa karkMNt;Tuk[sRmab;
GMNacRKb;RKg .
sataMg)aneRbICmWeFVICaGavuF [eyIgbraCy
karFak;cuHrbs;sataMg
sataMgnigBYkeTvtarbs;vaRtv)anTmak;cuHmkEpndI bnab;BIBYkva)aneFVIkarbH
e)arenAnKrsansYKmk . cUreyIgGannUvbBaIxageRkamenHenAkg
RBHKm<IrvIvrN 127-10 Ecgfa enaHmancM)aMgenAelIemX KWmIEkl
nigBYkeTvtarbs;elakc,aMgnwgnaK ehIynaK nigeTvtava kc,aMgnwgelakEdr
Etmin)anQHeT kmineXIjmankEngNa[va enAelIemXeTotpg enaHnaKFMRtve)aH
TMlak;eTA KWCaBs;BIburaN EdleQaHehAfaGarkS ehIysataMgpg Edl)annaM
elakiyTaMgmUl[vegVgecj vaRtve)aHTMlak;eTAEpndIvij RBmTaMgBYkeTvtarbs;va
pg enaHBsMeLg1y:agxaMg enAelIemXfa \LvenH esckIsegaH RBHecsa nig
raCrbs;RBHneyIgral;Ka ehIyGMNacrbs;RBHRKIsnRTg; )anmkdl;ehIy d,it
GaenaHEdlecaTRbkan;BIBYkbgbneyIgral;Ka EdlecHEtecaTBIeK enAcMeBaHRBH
TaMgyb;TaMgf vaRtve)aHTMlak;eTAehIy .
mnusSEdlmanrUbPaBrbs;RBH
RBHRTg;)anbegItmnusSCatimk KW[manrUbrbs;RTg; EdlenAelIPBmYydUcKa
nwgkEngEdlsataMgRtv)anbeNjecj bnab;BIkarFak;cuHrbs;va . RBHRTg;)anbegIt
BYkeKmk [manGMNacRKb;RKgelIEpndIEdlsataMg)anRKb;RKg rhUtdl;eBlEdlva
)anbHe)armkenaH .
RBHKm<Irelakub,ti 126/28 Ecgfa RTg;kmanbnlfa cUreyIgeFVImnusS[
dUcCarUbeyIg [manPaBdUceyIg ehIy[manGMNacelIRtIsmuRT stVehIrelIGakas
nigstVeCIg4 EdlenAelIEpndITaMgmUl RBmTaMgstVlUnvarEdlvarenAEpndIpg>>> RTg;
13

RbTanBrdl;eK ehIymanbnlfa cUrbegItkUn[cMerInCaeRcIneLIg [maneBjBaselI


EpndIcuH RtvbgabEpndI ehIymanGMNacelIRtIsmuRT stVehIrelIGakas nigCIvit
pgTaMgLay EdlkMerIkenAEpndIpg .
mnusSCatiRtv)anbegItmk[manlkN
dUcCaRBH
edIrdUcCaRBH
niyaydUcCaRBH
nig[manGMNacRKb;RKgelIEpndIenH
sataMgsb;elakGk
cUrrMBwgKitedayxngemIl elakGkkMBugEtenAkgkEngrbs;sataMgehIy .
cab;BITIdx<s;bMputenAkgnKrsansYK EdlvaRtv)anbeNjecjmkPBEpndI . eRkABI
smb; nigTas;TTwgcMeBaHRBH enaHvaCamak;Edlcg;elIktemIgxn[kayeTACaGkx<s;
bMput dUecHehIyvaRtvEtmankarXaMemIl edayesckIsb;ex<Im enAeBlEdlRBHRTg;
)anbegItmnusSCati[manenA nig[manrUbPaBdUcCaRBHGg . bnab;mkeTot RBHRTg;
)anRbTanGMNacRKb;RKgdl;BYkeK [RKb;RKgelIRKb;rbs;TaMgGs; EdlvaFab;)an
RKb;RKg
RKb;eBlsataMg)aneXIjmnusSRbsRsI EdleFVI[vaRtvEtcgcaMcMeBaHRBHKWCavtbMNgnesckIkMhwgdFMbMputrbs;va . enAeBlEdlvaemIleXIjmnusSCati man
skmPaBdUcCaRBH enaHrwtEteFVI[esckIsmb;rbs;va mankRmitkan;EtxaMgeLIg . kar
bgaj[eXIjnUvesckIsmb;rbs;va enaHeFVI[vamanKMnitecjeLIgCakarlYc smab;
nigbMpaj .
elaksavky:Uhan)ansresrEcgfa ecar vamkRbeyaCn_EtnwglYc sMLab;
ehIybMpajb:ueNaH>>> y:Uhan 1010k .
sataMg)andwgfa eyIgCatMNagrbs;RBHenAelIEpndIenH . eyIgral;Ka KWCa
rUbkayrbs;RBHRKIs ehIyesckIseRmccitdFMbMputrbs;va KWRtvEteFVI[eyIgTTYl
nUvkarbraCy .
mnusSKWCaGkrgeRKaHrbs;sataMg

kar)at;bg; esckIsab; nigkareFVIvinas KWCakargarrbs;sataMg . Gs;ry


kalbYnBan;qaM bnab;BIkarFak;cuHrbs;elakGdam nignageGv:amk mnusS)anrs;enA
eRkamkarCab;eTas karCab;cMNg nigkarsgt;sginrbs;viBaaNGaRkk; .
14

mnusSCati)anrs;enACaGkEdlRtv)anbegItmk [edIredaymanGMNac

RKb;RKg enaHva)aneFVI[eTACa GkBikar GkxVak; CaGkGgysuMTanenA


tampv CaedIm .
mnusSRsIEdlRtv)anbegItmk[)anedIredaysucrit enaH)anRtLb;eTA
Ca GkBikar nigmanxgekagedayQWcukcab; nigGs;sgwm .
mnusSRbsRsIEdl)anbegItmk[dUcCaRBH enAkgrUPaBrbs;RTg;
enaH\LvenH lkNmuxmat;nigrUbragkayrbs;BYkeK )anRtLb;eTACa
xVHxat nigmaneraKXg;eTAvij .

RBHeysUvRTg;)anyagmk edIm,IeRCIserIsmnusSCati[manesrIPaBBI
karCab;eTas karCab;cMNg nigkarsgt;sginrbs;CmW CmWeraKa nigkarkarQWcuk
cab; .
RBHRTg;sBVRBHhbTyerIseyIg [rYcputBIkarsgt;sginrbs;sataMg . RTg;
sBVRBHhbTyrMedaHeyIg [rYcputBIcMNgrbs;sataMg . RBHRTg;sBVRBHhbTy
[eyIg)ansuxRsYl
RbPBnCmW nigCmWeraKa KWCasataMg- minEmnmkBIRBHeT
sMNYrrMBksareLIgvij
1- ehtuGVI)anCavamansarsMxan;cMeBaHRBH Edl[elakGkTTYlnUvkareR)as[C nigkargareR)as[Carbs;elakGkdl;Gk
dTeTot?

2-

etIRBHdCaRBHvrbitaCaTIRsLaj;rbs;elakGk )andak;CmWmkelIelakGkedaysarCakUnrbs;RTg;bGI? cUrBnl; eday


eRCIserIsnUvxKm<Irmkpg .

3-

RbsinebIsataMgcg;bgajdl;elakGknUvesckIkMhwgcMeBaHRBH edayRbyuTRbqaMgcMeBaHmnusSCati enaHcUreFVIbBaIBIkar5


y:ag EdlelakGkRtvEteFVI .

15

4- RBHeysUvRTg;)anyagmk edIm,IerIseyIg[manesrI . etIelakGkGacKitGMBIehtuplNamYy EdlRtvEtbnrs;enAeday


manCmWCaRbcaMkayrbs;elakGkbeT?

16

emeronTI2
kareR)as[CaedaykarrMedaHrbs;eyIg
sataMgKanesckIBiteLIy va)anBayameFVI[mankarlM)akedIm,Ilak;BIBYk
RKIsan rIRBHeysUvvijRTg;EtgEt)anRbTannUvkareR)as[Cadl;eyIg edaykarrg
Tuk karsuKt nigkarrs;eLIgvijrbs;RTg; eyIgyl;dwgfaRTg;)anRbTanBr[eyIg
)anTTYlesckIsegaH b:uEnmanmnusSCaeRcInenAEteCOfa kareR)as[CaKWCaRBHraC
skmPaBrbs;RBH sRmab;EtmnusSEdleCOBitR)akd-bkCakarEdlRtv)anRbTanBr
sRmab;GayukaldMbUgb:ueNaH .
eyIg)anTTYlnUvesckIBit Edl{RTg;)anRtvrbYssRmab;GMeBIrMlgrbs;eyIg}
b:uEn eKenAEtmin)anykcitnwgesckIBitEdlfa {edaysarsaMCaMrbs;RTg; EdleyIg
ral;Ka)anCa}enaHeLIy . sUm,ITaMgesckIEdlmanenAkgxdEdlenHkeday Edlfa
EtRTg;RtvrbYs edayeRBaHGMeBIrMlgrbs;eyIg kRtvvayCaM edayeRBaHGMeBI
Tucritrbs;eyIgeT karvaypalEdlnaM[eyIg)anCaemRtI enaH)anFak;eTAelIRTg;
ehIyeyIgral;Ka)aneR)as[Ca edaysarsamrMBat;enAGgRTg; eGsay 535 .
RBHRTg;)antaMgsBaaCamYynwgeyIgral;Ka ehIyRBmTaMg)ansnanUvkar
eR)as[Ca
kartaMgsBaaCamYyRBH
karsikSaCaBYk bCaTIsmal; KWmannyenAkgRBHbnlRBH EdlRTg;)an
RbTan[eyIg dwgnUvxagkgEpnkarrbs;RBH . karEckCaRkmenARBHKm<IrsBaacas;
ebIksEmgBItYGgbuKl nigRBHraCkicrbs;RBHeysUvRKIs Edl)anseRmcenAkgRBH
Km<IrsBaafI . karrMedaHecjBIRbeTseGsuIB edaykUnecAGuIRsaEGlqgkat;smuRT
Rkhm KWCaRbeTPnkareR)aHelaHrbs;eyIg BIcMNgnGMeBI)ab .
kartaMgsBaa
kartaMgsBaa KWCaesckIsnadFn;nkicRBmeRBg Edl)ansna nig
)ancgsm<nrvagRkmTaMgBIr bCaRkmmnusSeRcIn bkenAkgRkmsikSaenH rvagRBH nig
RbCarasrbs;RTg; .
bnab;BICnCatiGuIRsaEGl)anqgsmuRTRkhmedayRbjab;Rbjal;mk RBH
RTg;)antaMgsBaankareR)as[Ca nig)anebIksEmgedayRBHGgRTg;pal;faCaGk
eR)as[Ca .
RBHKm<IrnikmnM 1526 Ecgfa RTg;manbnlfa ebIgral;KaRbgnwgsab;
tamRBHeyhUv:a CaRBHng ehIyeFVIkarRtwmRtvenARBHenRtnRTg; RBmTaMgepg
Rtecoksab;tambBatiRTg; ehIykan;tamc,ab;RTg;TaMgbu:nan enaHGjnwgmineFVI[g
17

ral;KaekItmanCMgWeraKaNamYy dUcCaGj)aneFVI[ekIteLIg dl;BYksasn_eGsBenaH


eLIy d,itGjenHCaeyhUv:a KWCaRBHEdleR)asgral;Ka[Ca .
CnCatieheRBIr)andak;RBHnamfa RBHeyhUv:a r:ahVa Edl)aneRbItameQaH
mannyfa GjCaeyhUv:a CaGkRTg;rUbkayrbs;g bGjCaRBHEdleR)asg[Ca .
kartaMgsBaaedaynUvRBHnamrbs;RBH
eyhUv:aKWCaRBHnamdeR)aselaHsRmab;RBH mannyfa CamYyGgEdl)annaM
ecj CaGkEdlebIksEmgedayGgRTg;pal; .
eyhUv:aEdlmanRBHnamdeR)aselaHTaMg7 EdlebIksEmgedayGgRTg; )an
RbCuMBiPakSaRKb;TaMgesckIRtvkar rbs;RbCarasEdl)ancuHxsnarbs;RTg; .
eyhUv:a-sam:as

eyhUv:a-saLm

eyhUv:a-r:aGas

eyhUv:a-yIer

eyhUv:a-nIsSI

RBHGmas;dKg;enA .
RBHKm<IreGesKal 4835x Ecgfa TIRkgenaHRtvmaneQaHfa RBH
eyhUv:aRTg;Kg;enATIenH .
B.
RBHGmas;emRtIPaB .
RBHKm<IrBYkecAhVay 623/24x Ecgfa RBHeyhUv:aRTg;manbnltbmkfa
cUr[manesckIsuxcuH kMu[PyGI gminRtvsab;eT enaHeKDanksagGasna1 fVay
RBHeyhUv:aenATIenaH rYcdak;eQaHfa eyhUv:a-saLim .
RBHGmas;CaGkKgVal
RBHKm<IrTMnukdMekIg 231 Ecgfa RBHeyhUv:aRTg;CaGkKgVal nwgminxVH
GVIesaH .
RBHGmas;RTg;nwgRbTanBr
RBHKm<Irelakub,ti 2213/14 Ecgfa enaHGR)ahaMKat;egIbEPkeLIg
eXIjecomeQal1Cab;EsgenARBxageRkayxn rYckeTAykecomeQalenaH mk
fVayCadgVaydutCMnYskUnxnvij GR)ahaMehAkEngenaHfa eyhUv:a-yIer dUcCa
eKkniyaydrabdl;sBVfenHEdrfa enAPMnRBHeyhUv:a KWRTg;nwgpt;pg;[ .
RBHGmas;RTg;CaTg;Cyrbs;eyIg eFVI[manCyCmH CaembBaakar .
18

RBHKm<IrnikmnM 1712/13/15 Ecgfa EtmU:eseTACarYydNas; )anCaeK


ykfmkdak;[elakGgycuH rYceGIru:n nigehr kQrRTdelakTaMgsgxag dUecH
delak)anenAnwgdEdldrabdl;flic yU:esVk)anQHGam:aelk RBmTaMgBlTBeK
edaymuxdav>>> RKaenaHmU:esksagGasna1dak;eQaHfa eyhUv:a-nIs.
eyhUv:a-tSIdKInU

RBHGmas;CaesckIsucritrbs;eyIg
RBHKm<Ireyerma 236 Ecgfa enARKarbs;RTg; BYkyUdanwg)ansegaH
ehIyBYkGRsaEGlnwgenAedaysnisux RBHnamEdleKnwgehARTg; enaHKW
RBHeyhUv:adCaesckIsucritneyIgral;Ka .

eyhUv:a-r:ahVa

GjCaRBHGmas;nrUbkayrbs;g bGjCaRBHGmas;EdleR)asg
[Ca .
RBHKm<IrnikmnM 1526x Ecgfa >>> KWCaRBHEdleR)asgral;Ka[Ca .
eyIgmineXIjmanenAkEngNa EdlRBHRTg;)anlubRBHbnlnesckIsBaa
enHeLIy . eyIgkminGacrkeXIjenAkEngNa EdlRTg;min)anRtLb;mkCa {GjCa
RBHGmas;dCaRKeBTng} bk {GjCaRBHGmas;Edl)aneR)aseK[Ca} ehIyk
KankEngNaEdlRBHRTg;min)anmanbnlfa {GjCaRBHGmas;dCaRBHEdlbNal[
gQW} enaHEdr .
RBHRTg;minEdlpas;breLIy . RTg;KWenAEtdEdl BImSilmij fenH nigerog
rhUtteTA ehIyRTg;kenAEtCaGkeR)as[Carbs;eyIgEdr
kartaMgsBaa KWCaesckIsnakgkareR)as[Ca
eyhUv:a-r:ahVa KWCakarebIksEmgnUvkartaMgsBaaCaesckIsnarbs;RBH
edIm,IRbTanGMNacnUvkareR)as[Ca sRmab;RbCarasrbs;RTg; .
karebIksEmgrbs;RBHtamryescdaviD dUcCaeyhUv:a-r:ahVa KWRtv)aneK
TTYleCOtamryBYkGuIRsaEGl EdlmnusSTaMgGs;manesckIGMNr edaymansuxPaB
l .
RBHKm<IrTMnukdMekIg 10537x Ecgfa >>> kgGs;TaMgBUCGMbUrenaH KanGk
NamYyRKakciteLIy .
enAeBlEdlBYkGuIRsaEGl)aneFVI)ab enaHsuxPaBrbs;BYkeKkRtvman\TiBl
elI BYkeKk)anERbcit nig)ansUm[BYkelvIfVayyBabUCadl;RBH ehIyrBHRTg;k)an
bneR)asdl;eKRKb;Ka[)anCa RTg;RbTaneyhUv:a-r:ahVadl;BYkeK . enAsmysBV
19

fenH eBlEdleyIgpSaydMNwglBIesckIeR)aselaH nigkarTTYlTNkmlagkMhus


tamryRBHeysUvRKIs enaHeyIg)anTTYlesckIsnanwgeR)asCmWrYcehIy .
r)aykarN_rbs;BYkGuIRsaEGl - GkeR)aselaHtamrykareR)as[Ca
Gs;rykalCaeRcInryqaM BYkGkpt;pg;sasn_eheRBIrEdlmin)aneCO )an
Bayampl;nUvPstag EdlRBHKm<IreGsay CMBUk 53 EdlminmanEpknRBHKm<IrCa
PasaeheRBIredIm )anniyayenaHeT . eTaHCay:agNakeday enAeBlEdlRkaMgRtv
)aneKrkeXIj enARkgXr:am qaM1947 RBHKm<IreGsayRtwmEtRtv)aneKRbmUlpM
taMgBIcab;epImrhUtdl;cb; . manBYkehara)anTaysBVRKb;GMBIRBHeysUv KWeK)anrk
eXIjenACMBUkTI 53 .
etIGkNanwgeCO)an?
RBHKm<IreGsay)anEcgfa etImanGkNa )aneCOdMNwgEdleyIgR)ab;
eGsay 531k .
{etIGkNa)aneCOnUvdMNwgrbs;eyIg?} enAeBlEdleyIgsikSaGMBI dMNwgenH
enaHeyIgnwgmankareRCIserIs . eyIgGaceCOnUvdMNwg ehIy TTYlnUvplkRmdeBj
eljrbs;va beyIgGacsgSBIdMNwg ehIyeFVIedaymin)anTTYlkRm .
etIRBHRTg;maneBjedayGMNacecsay:agdUcemc?
RBHKm<IreGsay 531x Ecgfa >>>ehIyRBHBahunRBHeyhUv:a )ansMEdg
ecj[GkNaeXIj .
Gs;GkNaEdleCOnUvdMNwg GkenaHnwgmanRBHBahunRBHeyhUv:a sEmg
mk . RBHBahunRBHeyhUv:a RTg;pl;[edayGMNacecsarbs;RTg; .
eyIgKYrKb,IsYredayxngnUvsMNYrenHfa {etIRBHnRTg;maneBjeday
GMNacecsay:agdUYcemc?}
eharaeGsay)anBNnanUvGMNacecsarbs;RBH .
RBHKm<IreGsay 4512 Ecgfa Gj)anerobcMEpndI ehIybegItmnusS[
GaRsyenA KWdGjEdl)anlatpemX ehIyGj)anbgab;dl;Gs;TaMgBlbrivar
EdlenAelIsanenaHEdr .
eRkaymkeharaeGsay)ansresrGMBIRBHhs nigRBHkarNrbs;RBH .
RBHKm<IreGsay 591 Ecgfa gral;KaEdlxMedjtamesckIsucrit
ehIyEsVgrkRBHeyhUv:aeGIy cUrsab;tamGjcuH cUremIlcMeTAfda CaTIEdl)andab;
gral;Kaecjmk ehIyeTArMlug KWCareNAEdlCakEng)anykgeLIgmkenaH .
RBHRTg;maneBjRKb;TaMgGMNacecsa edayRBHBahu nigRBHhsrbs;RTg;
enaHRTg;)anlatsnwgecjBIsansYKmk . RBHeysUvdCaRBH RTg;)anebIksEmgCa
20

sac;Qam RTg;)aneQagcab;edayRBHhsrbs;RTg; ehIyRTg;)aneR)asGkCmW[Ca.


RBHBahurbs;RTg;)anlatsnwg ehIyRBHhsrbs;RTg;min)anrYjxI EdleFVI[RTg;min
GacsegaH nigeR)as[Ca)anenAsmysBVfenHenaHeLIy .
karebIksEmg
Gs;GkEdleCOnwgTTYleBjedaykarebIksEmgenAdMNwglenH . BYkeKnwg
eFVIseRmcnUvGVIEdlCakarRbTanGMNacrbs;RBH sRmab;kareR)as[Ca enaHKWnwg)anCa
EpknesckIeR)aselaHCaeRcIn edIm,IeFVIkarfVayRBHeysUv eTAelIRbeyaCn_rbs;eK KW
CakarRbTanBrsRmab;esckIsegaH .
karyl;dwgEpkxagkgenH KW)anmkedaysarkarebIksEmgCaGFiGmCati
PaBPJak;dwgxnPam Edl)anmkBIesckIBitrbs;RBHenAkgviBaaNrbs;eyIg . kar
ebIksEmgminEmnmktamryGMNacecsa Edlmanehtuplnkaryl;rbs;eyIgenaH
eT . cUrcMNaMnUvBak {latsnwg} .
RBHKm<IreGsay 531x Ecgfa >>>ehIyRBHBahunRBHeyhUv:a )ansMEdg
ecj[GkNaeXIj .
Bak{LeKas(Logos)} KWCaBakenAkgRBHbnlRBHEdlsresrCaPasa
Rkik . enAeBlEdlRBHRTg;)annaMmknUvkarebIksEmg CaEpkdBitmYynRBHbnl
rbs;RTg;mkkan;eyIg enaHva)anmkedayBak{erm:a(Rhema)} KWCaBakCaPasaRkik
EdlCaBaksRmab;GgbuKlrbs;RBH bkarebIksEmg)anniyayenAkgviBaaNrbs;
eyIg edayRBHviBaaNbrisuT .
Canickal enAeBlEdleyIgkMBugGan bkMBugBicarNaeTAelIRBHbnlRBH
EdlEcgfa {BnWnwgPWmk} esckIBitnwgcUleTAkgkaryl;dwgrbs;eyIgCamYyrMeBc .
eyIgGacTTYlGarmN_dUcCasemgERskfa {v:av RBHeTIbnwgbBalxKm<IrfI mkkgRBH
Km<Irrbs; enHKWCacemIyEdl)ankMBugEtEsVgrk . minFab;)aneXIjvaenAkg
meFa)ayenH BImunmkenaHeT}
RBHRTg;eTIbEt)anebIksEmgnUvesckIBit mkdl;viBaaNrbs;eyIg . Bak
{LeKas(Logos)} )anRtLb;mkCa Bak{erm:a(Rhema)}edaypal;xneyIg . enA
kgxNenaH esckICMenO)anRCab;cUleTAkgviBaaNrbs;eyIg ehIyesckICMenOenaH
GnuBaat[eyIgeQagcab; nigTTYlnUvkareR)as[Ca EdlRBHeysUvRTg;)anRbTanmk
[ehIy .
RBHKm<Irr:Um 1017 Ecgfa dUecHesckICMenOekIteLIgedayB ehIyEdlB
enaH KWedaysarRBHbnlnRBH .
cUrRtLb;mkdNwgrbs;eharaeGsayvij
21

RTg;RtveKemIlgay ehIyRtvmnusSe)aHbg;ecal RTg;CamnusSTUTuk ehIyk


Fab;sal;esckIQWcab;RTg;RtveKemIlgay dUcCaGkNaEdlmnusSeKcmuxecj
ehIyeyIgral;Kamin)anrab;GanRTg;esaH eGsay 533-5 .
RTg;BitCa)anrgTukEmn
RTg;)anRTaMRTrgGs;TaMgesckIQWcab;rbs;eyIg ehIy)anTTYlpkGs;
TaMgesckITukRByrbs;eyIgCaBit bu:EneyIgral;Ka)anrab;RTg;TukCaGkmaneTasvij
KWCaGkEdlRBH)anvay CaGkEdlrgevTna EtRTg;RtvrbYs edayeRBaHGMeBIrMlg
rbs;eyIg kRtvvayCaM edayeRBaHGMeBITucritrbs;eyIgeT karvaypalEdlnaM[
eyIg)anCaemRtI enaH)anFak;eTAelIRTg; ehIyeyIgral;Ka)aneR)as[Caedaysar
samrMBat;enAGgRTg; .
x>4cab;epImedayBak {y:agBitR)akd} . etIBaky:agBitR)akdmanny
y:agdUcemc? tamvcnanuRkmrbs;elakvibesIr vamannyfa
edaymankarFana bkarTukcit
edayKanlkNsak;esIr
edayKankarsgS
edayKancml;
edayBitR)akd
edaykareRbIesckICMenOEdlbBaak;fa KankarbgitbgM
karrgTukrbs;RBHeysUv

kMENfIEdl)anBRgIkecj BIRBHKm<Irmk pl;[eyIgnUvkaryl;dwgbEnm

eTot BIRBHraCsarenH)anRKb;RKan; .
RBHKm<IreGsay 534/5 Ecgfa xKm<IrBRgIkRTg;)anRTaMRTrgGs;TaMg
esckIQWcab; rbs;eyIg ehIy)anTTYlpkGs; TaMgesckITukRBy nigkarQWcukcab;
edaykarCMnuMCRmH rbs;eyIgCaBit bu:EneyIgral;Ka CaGklg;exAKankarRbwkSa
)anrab;RTg; TukCaGkmaneTasvij KWCaGkEdlRBH)anvay nigeFVI[ekARkhay
CaGkEdlrgevTna dUcCargnUvCmWXg;CaedIm EtRTg;RtvrbYs edayeRBaHGMeBIrMlg
rbs;eyIg kRtvvayCaM edayeRBaHGMeBITucritrbs;eyIgeT eTaskMhus karvaypal
EdlcaM)ac; Gac)an naM[eyIg)anCaemRtI nig)ansuxsan enaH)anFak;eTAelIRTg;
ehIyeyIgral;Ka)aneR)as[CaedaysarkarGaRkat nigkarrgrbYs RBmTaMgman
samFHFayCarnRbehagFM edaysar rMBat;enAel IGgRTg; .
eharaeGsay)ansresrfa {RTg;)anrgTukedaysarCmW PaBkemSay nig
karmanTukRByrbs;eyIgCaBit ehIyRTg;k)anpknUvkarTukRBy nigkarQWcukcab;
22

rbs;eyIg} . cMeBaHxKm<IrTaMgBIrbIenH naMmk[eyIgnUvkarTukcit nigkarFana .


RBHeysUvRTg;BitCa)anrgTuk sRmab;GMeBI)abrbs;eyIg edIm,IkuM[eyIgmankarrgTuk
edaysarGMeBI)abenaHeLIy RTg;)anrgTukedayeRBaHCmW CmWeraKa nigkarQWcukcab;
rbs;eyIg edIm,IkuM[eyIgmankarrgTukyUrGEgVgteTAeTot .
etIeharaeGsay)annaMdMNwgldUcemcxH? etIRBHeysUvRTg;)anrgTuksRmab;
GVI?
sRmab;esckIQWcab;-CmW esckIkemSay nigkarmanTukRByrbs;eyIg
sRmab;karTukRBy nigkarQWcukcab;rbs;eyIg
sRmab;karRbRBwtkngrbs;eyIg
sRmab;kareTaskMhus nigGMeBIRbkbvismFmrbs;eyIg
sRmab;esckIsuxsan nigrsckIsuxudumrmnarbs;eyIg
sRmab;kareR)as[Ca nigkareFVIl[)anRKb;RCgeRCayrbs;eyIg
eyIgGacniyayedayGg;Gackahanfa {R)akdEmn edaykarGaRkatEdl
RTg;)anrgrbYsenAelIrUbGgRTg; enaHeFVI[eyIg)anCa} .
RKan;EteyIgdwgedayBitR)akdfa RTg;)anrgTukedayeRBaHGMeBI)abrbs;eyIg
edIm,IkuM[eyIg)anTTYlkarrgTukteTAeToteLIy eyIgGacdwg)anfa RTg;k)anrgTuk
edayeRBaHCmW CmWeraKa nigkarQWcukcab;ecj[qayBIeyIg .
RBHeysUvRTg;CaGkCMnYsrbs;
enAkgkargareR)aselaHrbs;RBHGmas;eysUv sRmab;CaRbeyaCn_rbs;eyIg
RTg;)anRtLb;mkCaGkrbs;eyIgehIy . RTg;)ancab;yknUvkEngrbs;eyIgehIy .
kgnamRTg;CaGkCMnYsrbs;eyIg RTg;minEmnRtwmEtrgTukedayeRBaHGMeBI)abrbs;
eyIgenaHeT KWRTg;k)anrgTuksRmab;lTplGMeBI)abeyIgEfmeTotpg .
RBHKm<Ir1eBRts 224 Ecgfa RTg;)anpkGMeBI)abrbs;eyIgral;Ka enAelI
rUbGgRTg; Cab;elIeQIqag edIm,I[eyIg)anrs;xagesckIsucrit eday)ansab;xag
GMeBI)abehIy KWedaysamCaMrbs;RTg; EdlGkral;Ka)anCa .
muneBlEdlRBHeysUvRTg;)anRtveKe)aHpab;enAelIeQIqag enaHRTg;)anRtv
TTYlnUvkarvay[rbYsrYceTAehIy .
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bBaneTA[eKqagRTg; .
karQWcab;y:agesakesAedaysarrgnwgrMBat; enaHRTg;ksURTaMxagrUbsac; nig
RtvTTYlrgnUvkarvayvat;dac;sac;xgTaMgduM enaHehIyEdlbBaak;BIRTg;)anRtLb;Ca
GkCMnYsrbs;eyIg . RTg;)anrgTukQWcukcab;sRmab;CmW nigCmWeraKaepSg .
23

kargareR)aselaHrbs;RTg; edIm,ICaRbeyaCn_rbs;eyIg enaHminRtwmEtRtv


bg;f nUvQlnGMeBI)abrbs;eyIgb:ueNaHeT KWRTg;EfmTaMgedaHeyIgecjBIkarrgTuk
nUvrUbragkayEdlRtvTTYlBIlTplnGMeBI)abenaHeTotpg .
kareR)as[Ca-CaEpkmYynkareR)aselaH
karebIksEmgnUvkareR)aselaHdeBaeBj KWCakarRbTanBrTaMgBIr
esckIsegaHdGs;kl,tamryesckICMenOelIRBHGmas;eyUveFVICa
RBHGgsegaHrbs;eyIg .
kareR)as[Cadl;rUbkayrbs;eyIg KWtamryesckICMenOelIRBH
Gmas;eysUv eFVICaGkeR)as[Carbs;eyIg .
vamansarsMxan;sRmab;BYkRKIsan edIm,IeFVIseRmcnUvkareR)as[CaenaH Ca
EpknkareR)aselaHrbs;RBH cMeBaHkarFak;cuHrbs;mnusSCati . enAeBlEdlRBH
eysUvRTg;)anyagmkEpndI nigbg;fsRmab;GMeBI)abrbs;eyIg enaHRTg;k)anbg;f
sRmab;kareR)as[Carbs;eyIgEdr . vaCabMNgrbs;RBHsRmab;mnusSCati edIm,I[
)anTTYlnUvesckIGMNr eBjedaysuxPaB-TaMgEpkxYrk,al EpkrUbragkay nigEpk
GarmN_CasuxRsYl .
CalMdab;tmksRmab;eyIg edIm,I[manRbeyaCn_eBjelj BIkarRbTanBr
TaMgenH enaHeyIgRtvEtmansm,CBacMeBaHRBHBr nigTTYlRBHBredaykareCOelIRBH
bnlrbs;RBH .
esckICMenOTb;Tl;nwgGarmN_
karBwgEpkelIGarmN_
]bsRKCacm,gmYy cMeBaHkarTTYlnUvkareR)as[Ca KWCakarBwgEpkeTAelI
GarmN_ . eTaHCay:agNakeday vaeFVI[esckICMenOrbs;eyIgmanesrIPaBcMeBaHkar
eXIjGkNamak; Edl)anTTYlnUvkareR)as[Ca mUldannesckICMenOsRmab;kar
eR)as[Ca enaHKWmanenAkgRBHbnlRBH . eyIgRtvEtdwgnUvGVIEdlRBHbnl)anEcg
mk
sUmRtLb;mkRBHKm<IreGsay Edl)anEcgfa
>>>ehIyRBHBahunRBHeyhUv:a )ansMEdg ecj[GkNaeXIj eGsay
531x .
enHKWCasMNYrmYy EdleyIgral;KaRtvkareqIyedayxng . etIeCOnUvRBH
bnlrbs;RBHbeT?
mankareRCIserIsedIm,IeFVI
etInwgeCOdMNwgrbs;RKeBTbeT?
24

etInwgdMNwglrbs;RBHbeT?
etInwgeCOtamTMenomTmab;cas;rbs;beT?
etInwgeCOnUvGVIEdlRBHRTg;)anmanbnl nigebIksEmg
cMeBaHviBaaNrbs;beT?
enAeBlEdleyIgTTYlBak{erm:a}GMBIRBH enaHesckICMenOnaMcUleTAkg
viBaaNrbs;eyIg . kareFVsRbehscMeBaHdMNwgrbs;RKeBT TMenomTmab;cas;
GarmN_ bkkarBiesaFn_rbs;eyIgBIGtitkal enaHesckICMenO)anmk ehIyesckI KW
CakareCOelIdMNwglrbs;RBH .
enAkgkareRbbeFobCabnbnab; enaHelakGkGaceXIjnUvtaragerobrab;
manesckIepSg rvagesckICMenOedayGarmN_ nigesckICMenOelIRBHbnlRBH .
karTTYlxusRtvcMeBaHTMenomTmab;cas;
sMNYr etIelakGk)anTTYlesckIsegaHehIybenA?
cemIy )aT cas;
sMNYr etIelakGkGacdwgedayrebobNa?
cemIy RBHKm<Ir)anEcgfa )ansegaHehIy
sMNYr etIelakGk)anTTYlkareR)as[CaehIybenA?
cemIy eT
sMNYr etIelakGkGacdwgedayrebobNa?
cemIy enAEtTTYlGarmN_faQW

karTTYlxusRtvcMeBaHesckICMenO
sMNYr etIelakGk)anTTYlesckIsegaHehIybenA?
cemIy )aT cas;
sMNYr etIelakGkGacdwgedayrebobNa?
cemIy RBHKm<Ir)anEcgfa )ansegaHehIy
sMNYr etIelakGk)anTTYlkareR)as[CaehIybenA?
cemIy )aT cas;
sMNYr etIelakGkGacdwgedayrebobNa?
cemIy RBHKm<Ir)anEcgfa )anTTYlkareR)as[CaehIy

25

kareR)as[CatamryesckICMenO
kareR)as[CaKwtamryesckICMenO . eyIgRtv)anTTYlnUvkareR)as[Ca
enAeBlEdleyIgeron eCO ehIybnab;mkGnuvteTAelIRBHbnlrbs;RBH .
elaksavkb:ul)ansresrfa
EtebImanGkxHmineCO enaHdUcemceTA esckIEdleKmineCOenaH etInwgeFVI[
esckICMenOeCOdl;RBH eTACaminekItkarvijbGI eT minEmneLIy sUm[RBH)anrab;Ca
Bit ehIyRKb;TaMgmnusSCaPUtPrvijcuH>>> r:Um 33/4k .
RBHRTg;esaHRtg; RTg;)anerobcMCaeRsc edIm,IseRmcnUvesckIsnankar
eR)as[Carbs;RTg; . eyIgTaMgGs;KaRtvEtTTYlnUvkareR)as[Carbs;eyIg KWRtvEt
eCO
{edaysarsamrbYsRTg; enaHeyIg)anRtvTTYlkareR)as[Ca}
{edaysarsamrbYsRTg; enaHeyIg)anCa}
)anTTYlesckIsegaHehIy

BIeRBaHRBHRTg;manbnly:agdUecaH

{CYnkalKanGarmN_fa )ansegaHeT - b:uEndwgfa )ansegaHehIy


BIeRBaHeCOelIRBHraCsarrbs;RBH} .
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EdleCOdl;RBHnamRBHraCbuRtanRBH edIm,I[Gkral;Ka)andwgfa Gkral;KamanCIvit
Gs;kl,CanicehIy.

)anTTYlkareR)as[CaehIy

BIeRBaHRBHRTg;manbnly:agdUecaH

{CYnkalKanGarmN_fa )anTTYlkareR)as[CaeT - b:uEndwgfa Rtv)an


eR)as[CaehIy BIeRBaHeCOelIRBHraCsarrbs;RBH} .
RBHKm<IreGsay 535 Ecgfa EtRTg;RtvrbYs edayeRBaHGMeBIrMlgrbs;
eyIg kRtvvayCaM edayeRBaHGMeBITucritrbs;eyIgeT karvaypalEdlnaM[eyIg)an
CaemRtI enaH)anFak;eTAelIRTg; ehIyeyIgral;Ka)aneR)as[Ca edaysarsamrMBat;
enAGgRTg; .
eyIgRtvEtTTYlnUvGVIEdleBjedaysucrit KWCarbs;eyIg edaysaresckI
CMenOEdleFVsRbehs cMeBaHGVIEdleyIg)anTTYlGarmN_ bk)aneXIj. eyIgminRtv
GnuBaat[esckImineCOdTeTot lYcyknUvkareR)as[Carbs;eyIgenaHeLIy .
manGkxHsYrfa
26

{RbsinebIvaCabMNgRBHhbTynRBHsRmab;RKb;kar edIm,ITTYlkar
eR)as[Ca enaHmnusSTaMgGs; nwgminRtv)anTTYlkareR)as[CaeT etI
ehtuGVI?}
eyIgkGacsYr)anEdrfa
{RbsinebIvaCabMNgRBHhbTynRBHsRmab;RKb;kar edIm,ITTYlesckI
segaH enaHmnusSTaMgGs; nwgminRtv)anTTYlesckIsegaHeT etIehtu
GVI?}
cemIycMeBaHsMNYrTaMg2enHKW
BYkeKRtvEteCO .
eyIgTTYlesckIsegaH edaysaresckICMenOelIRBHbnlRBH . eyIgkTTYl
nUvkareR)as[Ca edaysaresckICMenOelIRBHbnlRBHdUecaHEdr .
BYksavk)aneCO-kareR)as[CaCaEpkmYynkareR)aselaH
vac,as;las;BIskmPaBrbs;BYkeK EdlBYksavk)aneCOelIkareR)as[Ca
KWCaEpkmYynkareR)aselaHrbs;BYkeK enAeBlEdlBYkeK)aneR)asGkCmW[Ca nig
)ansresrnUvdMNwglCaesckIrMBkTUnanrbs;BYkeK .
elaksavkm:afay)aneCO
elaksavkm:afay)aneCOnUvdMNwglrbs;RBH tamryeharaeGsay .
RBHKm<IreGsay 816/17 Ecgfa cUrcgesckIbnal;Tuk ehIybiTRta
bBatic,ab;enAkgBYksisSrbs;GjcuH xMJnwgTnwgcaMRBHeyhUv:a EdlRTg;lak;RBH
PknwgBUCBgSy:akub xMJnwgcaMemIlEtRTg;.
RBHKm<IreGsay 534 GacTTYlkarseRmc)anRtwmEtRBHraCkicrbs;RBH
eysUv cMeBaHkareR)asBYkeK[CaTaMgGs;Ka ehIy {RKb;TaMgGs;} rYmTaMgeyIgmak;
enAsmysBVfenHEdr .
elaksavkeBRts)aneCO
elaksavkeBRtsk)aneCOnUvdMNwglrbs;RBH tamryTMnayrbs;ehara
eGsayEdr .
RBHKm<Ir1eBRts 224 Ecgfa RTg;)anpkGMeBI)abrbs;eyIgral;Ka enAelI
rUbGgRTg; Cab;elIeQIqag edIm,I[eyIg)anrs;xagesckIsucrit eday)ansab;xag
GMeBI)abehIy KWedaysamCaMrbs;RTg; EdlGkral;Ka)anCa .
elaksavkeBRts)aneCOnUvdMNwglrbs;RBH enAeBlEdlKat;)anTTYlkar
eR)as[Ca KWCaGkTImYy EdledIrtamRBHeysUv enAeBlEdlRTg;Kg;enAEpndIenH .
27

RBHKm<Irkickar 36 Ecgfa EteBRtsniyayfa R)ak; ehIynigmas Kan


eT Etrbs;Edlman enaHnwg[dl;Gk KWedaysarRBHnamRBHeysUvRKIs BIRsuk
NasaEr:t cUrGkeRkakeT,IgedIreTAcuH .
KWdUcCamnusSBikarmak; EdleyIgRtvEteCOelIRBHbnlRBHfaCaesckIBit .
RBHbnlRBH
KWCaesckIBitelIsCag

karrs;enAGs;kl,Canic

elaksavkeBRtsminRtwmEteCOelIRBHraCsarrbs;RBHEtb:ueNaHeT KWKat;
)andwgfa RBHbnlRBHKWBitR)akdCaCagGVI EdlKat;GacTTYlkarBiesaFn_ bEdl
Kat;Fab;)anKiteTAeTot .
RBHKm<Ir2eBRts 119k Ecgfa ehIyeyIgxJMmanBakTMnaydBitCag >>> .
elaksavkeBRts)andwgfa RBHbnlRBHKWrs;enA nigzitefr . RTg;rs;enA
kgCIvitrbs;eyIgerogrhUt .
RBHKm<Ir1eBRts 123 Ecgfa d,itRBH)anbegItGkral;KaCafI minEmnBI
BUCEdlEtgEtBukrlYyenaHeT KWBIBUCEdlminecHBukrlYyvij KWCaRBHbnldrs;
ehIIyenACab;lab; .

eCO
vaCakarbBaak;c,as;sRmab;eyIg [)aneXIjecjBIRBHbnlmk
eyIg)anRtvTTYlkareR)as[CatamryRBHKm<Ir1eBRts 224
eyIg)anRtvTTYlkareR)as[CatamryRBHKm<IreGsay 535
GBawgKW)anRtvTTYlkareR)as[CaehIy
TaMgGs;enaHKWCakarcaM)ac; EdlRtvEteCOelIdMNwglrbs;RBH sUm,IEtTMenom
Tmab;cas;rbs; BYkGkdwknaMsasnakeday kCameFa)ayEdlRtvEtrk bkCa
meFa)ayEdl)anRtvTTYlGarmN_fa )anR)ab;nUvPaBepSgeTotEdr .
xJMRtvEtTTYlkareR)as[Carbs; edayesckICMenO .
RtvEtcab;epImniyay nigeFVIskmPaBnUvesckICMenOrbs;
enAeBlEdlesckICMenOrbs;kMBugEtsg;eLIg enaHnwgbeBajy:ag
skmnUvesckICMenOenaH edaycab;epImy:agGg;Gac edIm,IbeBajnUv
esckICMenOenaH ehIyTTYlkareR)as[Carbs; .
dUcCamnusSBikar Gakarrbs;nwgrlay)at;eTA y:ageCOnelOn RBm
TaMgy:agqab;rhs . knwgedIrTaMgelat nigsresIrtemIgdl;RBH .
28

etIelakGjnkeCObeT?
etIelakGknwgeCOnUvdMNwgrbs;eharaeGsaybeT?
\LvenHKWCaeBlEdlRtvEtTTYlmkBIRBHehIy . elakGkGacTTYlnUvkar
ebIksEmgBIkareR)as[Carbs;elakGkenAeBl\LvenHehIy
eyIg)aneXIjRBHnamrbs;RBHmYybNaRBHnamrbs;RBHCaeRcIn dUcCa
-eyhUv:a-r:ahVa EdlecjmkBIkarrgTukrbs;RBHeysUv sRmab;CaRbeyaCn_
dl;eyIg EdlecjmkBITMnayrbs;eharaeGsay nigecjBITIbnal;rbs;BYksavk
EdlsMxan;eTAelIkareR)as[Ca KWCaEpkmYynEpnkarrbs;RBH sRmab;CIvitrbs;eyIg
ral;Ka .
kareFVsRbEhscMeBaHGVIEdlrUbkayrbs;eyIgRtvkar enaHRBHbnlRBH
)anRbkasfa {edaysarsamCaMrbs;RTg; EdleyIgral;Ka)anCa}
enAxNeBlnkarebIksEmgenH KWelatcUleTAkgviBaaNrbs;elakGk
enaHesckICMenO nigkarTTYlnUvkarebIksEmgBIkareR)as[Carbs;elakGk nwgmk
dl; . cUrRbkasedayGg;Gacfa {edaysarsamCaMEdl)anCa} edaymankarsgwm
y:agGg;Gac KW)ancab;epImBinitnUvrUbkayrbs;elakGk . etIGVIEdlelakGkminGac
eFVIBImunmk? cUrEbrmkskmPabdGg;GacnesckICMenO nigcab;epImsresIrtemIg
RBH edIm,IbBaak;nUvkareR)as[Carbs;elakGk
cMNaM esckIbeRgnBIkarebIksEmgenAkgemeronenH KWCakareFVsRbEhs
BIeraKsBaaEdlenAkgrUbkayrbs;eyIg -RBHbnlRBH)anEcgfa eyIg)an
TTYlkareR)as[Ca KWesIrEtCitBIrBan;qaMkngputmkehIy . CMnYs[kar
eR)as[CaenAeBl\LvenH bkenAeBleTAGnaKtkalxHeTot esckIBitBI
kareR)as[Carbs;eyIgenaH KWRKan;Et)anebIkEmgenAkgrUbkayrbs;eyIgEt
b:ueNaH . enAkgkarsikSaenH eyIgsMedAeTAelIesckIBit EdlEtgEtRtveK
)aneRbIBakfa {karsEmgnUvkareR)as[Carbs;eyIg} Etb:ueNaH .
karebIksEmgGacRtv)aneK[Gtnyfa {)aBR)akdy:agc,as;las;cMeBaHkar
KiteXIj nigkaryl;c,as; bkRtv)anebIksEmgehIy} .

sMNYrrMBksareLIgvij
1- etIkartaMgsBaaGVIxH EdlRBHRTg;)aneFVICamYynwgRbCarasrbs;RTg; kgkareR)as[Ca? ehtuGVI)anCakarenHmansar
sMxan;?

2-

cUrBnl;BIkarebIksEmgnUvkareR)as[Ca EdleK)anrkeXIj enAkgRBHKm<IreGsay 53 edayBakelakGkpal; .


29

3-

etIdMeNIrskmPaBGVIxHEdlelakGkeCOfa EdlRBHRTg;sBVRBHhbTy[elakGkcab;yk RbsinebIeraKsBaaEdlman


enAkgrUbkayrbs;elakGk minmankarkPaBCamYynwgkarebIksEmgnUvesckIBit EdleK)anrkeXIjenAkgRBHbnl
RBH ?

30

31

emeronTI3
RBHeysUvRTg;CaKMrUrbs;eyIg
RTg;)anyagmkekItCamnusS
vaKWCakarsMxan;[yl;fa RBHeysUvRTg;)andak;esckIsuctitkgPaBCaRBH
rbs;RTg;CabeNaHGasn enAeBlEdlRTg;)anyagmkKg;enAEpndIenH . RTg;)an
yagmkCaelakGdamcugeRkay KWkgPaBCakUnmnusS . RKb;karTaMgGs;EdlRTg;)an
eFVIenAelIEpndIenH KWRTg;)anGnuvtCaelakGdammundMbUg EdlRBHRTg;)anbegItmk[
GnuvtkargarepSg . RBHeysUvRTg;)anGnuvtnUvParkic edaynUvGMeNayTannRBH
viBaaNbrisuT dUcCaBYkGkeCOEdlRtvEtbMeBjParkicenAsmysBVfenHEdr .
elaksavkb:ul)ansresrGMBIRBHeysUv EdlRTg;)anyagmkCamnusS .
RBHKm<IrPIlIB 27 Ecgfa KWRTg;)anlHbg;RBHGgRTg; mkykrUbPaBCa)av
bMerIvij RBmTaMgRbsUtmkmanrUbCamnusSpg .
karGsarTaMgBIrdMbUgrbs;RBHeysUv
kareFVITwk[eTACaRsaTMBaMg)ayCUr
karGVIEdlRTg;R)ab;[eFVI enaHRtveFVIcuH
karGsarelIkTImYy KWRBHeysUvRTg;)aneFVITwk[eTACaRsaTMBaMg)ayCUr enH
KWCakarGsarenABiFIbuN . bnab;BInagm:araCamataRBHeysUv)anR)ab;RTg;fa kar
GVIEdlBYkeK)anGs;RsaTMBaMg)ayCUrehIy nag)anniyayBakxHEdlsMxan;bMput
eTAkan;BYkGkbeRmI .
RBHKm<Iry:Uhan 25x Ecgfa karGVIEdlelakR)ab;[eFVI enaHRtveFVIcuH .
edIm,I[)anTTYlnUvkarBiesaFn_BIkarGsarrbs;RBHeysUv enAkgCIvitrbs;
eyIg enaHeyIgRtvEtsab;semgrbs;RBH ehIyRtvEtsab;bgab; eTaHCamanPaBeFVs
RbEhstamkarqtlIlay:agNakeday RtvEtsab;semgrbs;RBHEdlEcgfa {karGVI
EdlelakR)ab;[eFVI enaHRtveFVIcuH} karenHKWCakarGnuBaatBIRBHviBaaNbrisuT[eFVI
kartamryeyIg .
BYkGkbeRmI)ansab;bgab;RBHeysUv BYkeK)ancak;TwkeBjenAkgBag . BYk
eK)anbnsab;bgab;dl;RTg; edaykarcak;Twk nigdgykeTACUnemenAkgBiFIbuN
enaH . enAeBlEdlefAEk)anPk;TwkenaHehIy kniyayfa {Gk)anTukRsaTMBaMg
)ayCUry:agl drabdl;\LvenHvij} .
32

etIkarenHvagayRsYldl;BYkeKb:uNaeTA EdleFVI[BYkeKmankarsgS enA


eBlEdlBRBHeysUvmanbnlR)ab;dl;BYkeK[dgTwkykeTAcak;enaH kykTwkeTACUn
GkedImbuN . BYkGkbeRmIminEmnRtwmEt)ancab;epIm sab;bgab;RTg;Etb:ueNaHenaH
eT KWBYkeK)anbneFVIy:agdUecaH eTaHCakarenaHlM)akkeday
edIm,I[mankarBiesaFn_nUvkarGsarkgCIvitrbs;eyIg enaHeyIgkRtvEt
niyayfa {karGVIEdlRTg;R)ab; RtvEteFVI}
kareR)askUnRbsGPiCnmak;[)anCa
kareR)as[Ca KWCakarGsarTI2rbs;RBHeysUv
GPiCnmak;)anBGMBIkarGsarEdlRBHeysUvRTg;)aneFVI enABiFImglkar
k)annaMmknUvesckICMenO . CalTplnesckICMenOenaH kUnRbsrbs;Kat;Edl)an
sab;ehIy enaH)anrs;eLIgvij .
RBHKm<Iry:Uhan 446-51 Ecgfa rYcmk RTg;yagmkdl;PUmikaNa kg
RsukkalIeLmgeTot KWenAPUmienaHehIy EdlRTg;eFIVTwk[ERbeTACaRsaTMBaMg)ayCUr
enaHmannamWunmak;mankUnQW enAkaeBINim kalelak)anBfa RBHeysUv)anyagBI
RsukyUda mkdl;RsukkalIeLehIy enaHelakkeTAsUmRTg; [yagcuHeTAeR)askUn
[Ca d,itkUnenaHCitsab;ehIy RBHeysUvRTg;manbnleTAelakfa ebIGkral;Kamin
eXIjTIsMKal; nigkarGsar enaHminRBmeCOeT namWunenaHTUlRTg;fa elakmas;
sUmGeBaIjcuHeTACaRbjab; ERkgkUnsab; RBHeysUvmanbnleTAelakfa GeBaIj
eTAcuH kUnelaknwgrs;enAeT elakkeCORBHbnlnRBHeysUv ehIyecjeTA kMBug
EdlelakcuHeTA Rsab;EtBYk)avelakmkCMrabfa kUnelakCaehIy .
mnusSmak;minGaceFVIkarbBaHbBalRBHeysUv [eR)askUnRbsxn[Ca tam
meFa)ayrbs;xneLIy . Kat;)ansUm[RTg;yagmkeR)askUnrbs;Kat;[)anCa .
CMnYs[karenH mnusS)anTTYlnUvkarGsarnkareR)as[Carbs;eK enAeBlEdleK
)aneCOnUvRBHbnlEdlRBHeysUvRTg;)anmanbnlEtb:ueNaH
manmnusSCaeRcIn)anFak;cuH nUvkarBiesaFn_BIkarGsarenH BIeRBaHBYkeK
)anBayambBaHbBalRBHeysUv [RTg;eFVItammeFa)ayrbs;eK . BYkeKeCOfa nwg
Rtv)anTTYlkareR)as[Ca RbsinebIeK)anGFisanedayBitR)akd tammeFa)ayn
esckICMenOdl;RBH nigRBHbnlrbs;RTg; .
dUcCaBYkGkbeRmI nigGPiCn eyIgkdUecaHEdr eyIgGacmankarBiesaFn_nUvkar
Gsar RbsinebIeyIgsab;semgrbs;RBH ehIyeCOnUvRBHbnlEdlRTg;manbnl
RBmTaMgsab;bgab; nUvGVIEdlRTg;R)ab;eyIg[eFVI .
RBHeysUvRTg;)anyagmk
33

kareRCIserIsedayesrI
RBHeysUvRTg;Rtv)ancak;eRbgtaMgedayRBHviBaaNbrisuT edIm,IpSaynUvkar
rMedaHdl;BYkGkeTas ehIyeRCIserIsedayesrInUvGs;GkNa EdlRtveKCiHCan; .
RKb;cMNgTaMgGs;rb;bBalTaMgcMNgnCmW nigcMNgnBikarPaB EdlminEmnCa
bMNgRBHhbTynRBH cab;taMgBIkarTTYlcak;eRbgtaMgnRBHviBaaNbrisuT EdlRtv
Et)anTTYlnUvkareR)as[Ca nigkareRIserIsedayesrI .
RBHKm<IrlUka 418 Ecgfa RBHviBaaNRBHGmas;sNitelI BIeRBaHRTg;)an
cak;eRbgtaMg[pSaydMNwgldl;mnusSTlRk RTg;)ancat;[mk edIm,InwgeR)as
mnusSEdlmancitseRgg ehIyRbkasR)ab;BIesckIeR)aselaHdl;BYkeQIy nig
esckIPWeLIgvijdl;mnusSxVak; ehIy[edaHmnusS EdlRtveKCiHCan;[rYc .
bM)ak;bMEbkRKb;TaMgnwm
elakeharaeGsay)anTayGMBIRBHraCkicrbs;RBHeysUv EdlRTg;nwgedaH
BYkGkRtveKCiHCan;[manesrIPaBeLIgvij .
RBHKm<IreGsay 586 Ecgfa etIminEmnCakartmGt;y:agenHvij EdlGj
eBjciteTbGI KW[edaHRcvak;Edlgdak;eKedayGMeBIGaRkk; [RsaycMNgEdlg
)ancgeK ehIy[GkEdlg)ansgt;sgin)anrYcecjTeT RBmTaMgbM)ak;RKb;
TaMgnwmpg .
bMpajkargarrbs;sataMg
tamRBHKm<Iry:Uhan mUlehtuEdlRBHeysUvRTg;)anyagmkenaHKW
KWedIm,InwgbMpajkarrbs;GarkSecj 1y:Uhan 38x .
RbTanCIviteBjbribUr
edaykarbMpajkargarrbs;sataMg enaHRBHeysUvRTg;)anRbTanCIvitGs;
kl,Canicdl;RbCarasrbs;RTg; enaHRBHeysUvRTg;manbnlfa
>>>Etvij )anmkedIm,I[varal;KamanCIvit ehIy[manCIvitenaHeBj
bribUrpg y:Uhan 1010x .
eR)asBYkeKTaMgGs;[Ca
tamesckIemtakruNaenAkgRBHKm<Ir cMeBaHRBHraCkiceR)as[Carbs;RBH
eysUv KWEdlRTg;)aneR)asmnusSTaMgGs;EdlmkRTg;[)anCa .
enAkgRBHKm<IrmankarBNnadBitR)akdBIesckIsegaH nigkareR)as[Ca .
cMENkEdl)anBNnaBIGkEdl)anTTYlnUvkareR)as[Ca KWRsedogKaeTAnwgcMENk
nkarBNnaBIGs;GkEdlRtv)anekIgCafIEdr .
sRmab;esckIsegaH
sRmab;kareR)as[Ca
34

TaMgGs;
TaMgGs;
GkNakeday
RKb;Ka
manRBHKm<IrEdlbgajfa kareR)as[CaKWsRmab;RKb;KaTaMgGs;
enAeBlEdlelakGk)anGannUvxxageRkamTaMgenH enaHelakGknwgrukrkeXIjnUv
esckIemtakruNa eTAelIcMENksRmab;RKb;Ka nigsRmab;TaMgGs;Ka .
sRmab;RKb;Ka

sRmab;mnusSCaeRcIn
sRmab;TaMgGs;Ka

sRmab;TaMgGs;Ka

sRmab;TaMgGs;Ka
sRmab;TaMgGs;Ka

RBHKm<Irm:afay 935 )anEcgfa RBHeysUv RTg;kyageTAdl;RKb;RkgRKb;


PUmi RBmTaMgbeRgnkgsalaRbCMuTaMgb:unan ehIyRbkasR)ab;dMNwglBInKr RTg;k
eR)asGs;TaMgCMgWeraKa nigCraBikar kgBYkbNaCn[)anCa .
RBHKm<Irm:afay 1436 Ecgfa kGgVr[RTg;GnuBaat [GkTaMgenaH)an
RKan;EtBal;CayRBHBRsRTg;b:ueNaH Gs;GkEdl)anBal; enaHk)anCaTaMgGs;Ka .
RBHKm<Irm:afay 1215 Ecgfa EtkalRBHeysUv)anRCab enaHRTg;yag
fyecjBITIenaH manTaMgmnusSkkkujedIrtamRTg;eTA ehIyRTg;keR)aseK[Ca
RKb;KaEdr .
RBHKm<Irm:afay 816 Ecgfa dl;eBlRBlb; eKnaMmnusSCaeRcIn Edlman
GarkScUlmkRTg; ehIyRTg;kedjGarkSedaysarRBHbnl Gs;GkEdlman
CMgWeraKa RTg;)aneR)as[CaRKb;KaEdr .
RBHKm<IrlUka 619 Ecgfa mnusSTaMgGs;rkBal;RTg; d,itmanRBHecsa
ecjBIRTg; mkeR)as[CaTaMgGs;Ka .
RBHKm<Irkickar 1038 Ecgfa KWBIRBHeysUv BIRsukNasaEr:t EdlRBH
)ancak;RBHviBaaNbrisuT nigRBHecsa[mksNitelIRTg; ehIyRTg;)anyag
cuHeT,IgeFVIkarl RBmTaMgeR)as[Gs;Gk EdlRtvGarkSsgt;sgin)anCapg
d,itRBH)anKg;CamYynwgRTg; .

RTg;minEdlpas;breLIy
GkniBnesovePARBHKm<IreheRBIr)ansresrfa RBHeysUvRTg;minecHpas;br
eLIy KWRTg;enAEtdEdlmkdl;sBVfenH .
35

RBHKm<IreheRBIr 138 Ecgfa d,itRBHeysUvRKIsRTg;enAEtdEdl KWBIf


mSil fenH ehIyeTAdl;Gs;kl,CanicteTA .
RbsinebIRTg;)aneR)as[CaenAeBlEdlRTg;)anKg;enAelIEpndIenH enaHRTg;
knwgeR)as[CaenAsmysBVfenHEdr RKb;KaEdlmkRTg;edayesckICMenO enaH
niwgRtv)anTTYlkareR)as[Ca .
RBHeysUvRTg;)anRbTan[nUvmhaRBHraCbBaa
karbeRgncugeRkay
muneBlRBHeysUvRTg;)anyageTAkan;sansYKvij enaHRTg;)anRbTanesckI
beRgncugeRkayrbs;RTg;eyIgral;Ka . eyIgehAkarenHfaCa mhaRBHraCbBaa .
RBHKm<Irm:akus)ankt;RtanUvesckIsMxan;TaMgenH KWCaRBHbnlcugeRkayrbs;RBHeysUv
eTAkan;BYkGkeCOrbs;RTg; .
RBHKm<Irm:akus 1615-19 Ecgfa RTg;paMeKfa cUrGkral;KaeTAeBjsBV
kgelakiyTaMgmUl ehIypSaydMNwgl TYeTAdl;RKb;mnusSTaMgGs;cuH GkNaEdl
eCO ehIyTTYlbuNRCmuCTwk enaHnwg)ansegaH EtGkNaEdlminRBmeCO enaHnwg
RtveTasvij TIsMKal;TaMgenH nwgCab;tamGs;GkEdleCO KWfa eKnwgedjGarkSeday
nUveQaH ehIynwgecHniyayPasafI nwgcab;kan;Bs;)an bebIeKpwkGIVBul enaHmineFVI
[GnrayeT ehIyeKnwgdak;delImnusSCMgW[)anCapg dUecH eRkayEdlRBHGmas;
)anmanbnlnwgeKrYcehIy
enaHRBHvrbita)anTTYlRTg;eLIgeTAsansYKvij
[Kg;enAxagsaM .
enHKWminEmnCamhaRBHraCsMNUmBreT KWCaRBHraCbBaavij
RBHeysUvRTg;CaKMrUrbs;eyIg
mnusSCaeRcInBi)aknwgeCOfa RBHeysUvRTg;CaKMrUrbs;eyIg enAeBlEdlkar
gareR)as[Ca nigkareFVIkarGsarrbs;RTg;)anmkdl; . BYkeK)an[ehtuplfa kar
sEmgnUvGFiFmCatiTaMgGs;enH KWedaysarEtGMNacecsarbs;RTg; CaRBHraCbuRtan
RBHb:ueNaH . enHminEmnCakarBiteT .
RBHeysUvRTg;CaGkEdlmanlkNsm,tiEtmYyKt; edIm,IeFVICaKMrUrbs;eyIg
BIeRBaHRTg;)anlHecalesckIsucritrbs;RTg; EdlCaRBHraCbuRtanRBH ehIyRTg;)an
yagmkEpndIenHedIm,Irs;enA nigbMeBjRBHraCkicCamnusS CaelakGdamcugeRkay .
sUm,IEtRTg;enAEtCaRBHdBitR)akdkeday EtRTg;)anrs;enA nigbMeBjRBHraCkicenA
elIEpndIenH CakUnmnusSvij .
KankarGsarNaEdl)ankt;RtaenAkgCIvitrbs;RTg; rhUtdl;RBHviBaaN
brisuTyagmksNitelIRTg; KWenAeBlEdlRTg;)anTTYlBiFIRCmuCTwkenATenyrdan;.
36

RBHraCkicrbs;RTg;)anseRmcedayGMNacecsa nigGnuvtedaynUvGMeNayTannRBH
viBaaNbrisuTCaGFiFmCati KWedayehtuenaH )anCaeyIgRtvEtrs;enA nigbMeBjkickar
CaGkeCO Edl)anRCmuCedayRBHviBaaN .
karcak;eRbgtaMgedayRBHviBaaNbrisuT

RbePTkargarsMxan;bIy:ag

RBHeysUvRTg;manbnlfa RBHviBaaNbrisuT)ancak;eRbgtaMgdl;RTg; .
RBHKm<IrlUka 418-19 Ecgfa RBHviBaaNRBHGmas;sNitelI BIeRBaH
RTg;)ancak;eRbgtaMg[pSaydMNwgldl;mnusSTlRk RTg;)ancat;[mk edIm,Inwg
eR)asmnusSEdlmancitseRgg ehIyRbkasR)ab;BIesckIeR)aselaHdl;BYkeQIy
nigesckIPWeLIgvijdl;mnusSxVak; ehIy[edaHmnusS EdlRtveKCiHCan;[rYc RBmTaMg
RbkasR)ab;BIqaMEdlRBHGmas;kMNt;Tuk .
RBHraCkicrbs;RBHeysUv)anrab;bBalTaMg
karbeRgn
karGFib,ay
kareR)as[Ca nigkarrMedaH
RBHKm<Irm:afay 935 )anEcgfa RBHeysUv RTg;kyageTAdl;RKb;RkgRKb;
PUmi RBmTaMgbeRgnkgsalaRbCMuTaMgb:unan ehIyRbkasR)ab;dMNwglBInKr RTg;k
eR)asGs;TaMgCMgWeraKa nigCraBikar kgBYkbNaCn[)anCa .

karkMNt;

RBHraCkicrbs;RBHeysUv KWRtv)ankMNt;eTAkan;PUmimYy bTIRkgmYyenAeBl


mYy . vaminmanlTPaBcMeBaHRTg; edIm,IeQagcab;eTAtamesckIRtvkarCaBhuKuN
enARKb;TIRkgenaHeT . RTg;)anbeRgnBYksisS[ecHGFisansRmab;GkdT edIm,I
cat;BYkeK[CaGkeFVIkarsRmab;cRmtdFM .
RBHKm<Irm:afay 936-38 Ecgfa kalRTg;eXIjhVgmnusSehIy enaHman
RBHhbTyklGaNitdl;eK d,iteKelVIy ehIyxat;xay dUchVgecomEdl\tGk
KgVal )anCaRTg;manbnleTABYksisSfa cMrUtFMNas; EtmanGkRctticeT dUecH cUl
sUmGgVrdl;RBHGmas;ncMrUt [RTg;cat;GkRctmkkgcMrUtRTg; .
RBHeysUvRTg;)ancat;GkdTeTot[ecjeTAbMeBjebskkm
BYksisS

37

RBHraCkicCaGFiFmCatirbs;RBHeysUv KWRtv)anCaBhuKuN enAeBlEdlRTg;


)anbBaadl;BYksisSTaMg12nak; [ecjbMeBjebskkm . BYkeKRtvEteFVI dUcCaRBH
raCkicEdlRTg;)aneFVIbgajdl;BYkeK .
RBHKm<Irm:afay 101/7/8 )anEcgfa kalRTg;)anehABYksisSTaMg12
nak;mkehIy enaHkRbTan[eKmanGMNac GacnwgedjGarkSGaesac ehIynwgemIl
RKb;TaMgCMgWeraKa nigCraBikarTaMgGs;[)anCapg>>> ehIykMBugEdleTA enaHcUrRbkas
R)ab;fa nKrsansYKCitdl;ehIy cUreR)asmnusSCMgW[Ca mnusSsab;[rs;eLIgvij
mnusSXg;[Casat ehIyedjGarkSecjpg Gkral;Ka)anTTYlTeT Rtv[TeTEdr.
RBHraCbBaafIdl;BYksisS[ecjebskkm EdlBYkeKRtvEteFVI
GFib,ay bpSaydMNwg
eR)asGkCmW[Ca
eR)asGkmaneraKXg;[Casat
eR)asGksab;[rs;eLIgvij
beNjBYkviBaaNGaRkk;
BYkeKRtveFVIkarenHedayesrI nigedaymanesckIRsLaj; nigesckIemta
kruNa dUcCaRBHeysUvRTg;)aneFVI . kargarrbs;BYkeK KWRtvEtdUcCaRBHraCkicrbs;
RBHeysUvEdr .
BYk70nak;
bnab;BIBYksisSTaMg12 )anRtvTTYlbBaaebskkm nigeFVI[mankarlUt
las; manbTBiesaFn_ehIy enaHRBHeysUvRTg;)ancat;BYk70nak;[ecjeTAeTot .
RBHKm<IrlUka 101/9 Ecgfa luHeRkaykarTaMgenaHmk RBHGmas;RTg;dMrUv
70nak;eTot ehIycat;eK[eTAmunRTg; mYyKUkgRKb;Rkg RKb;kEngEdlRTg;Kit
yageTA>>> TaMgemIlBYkGkQWkgPUmienaH[Capg ehIyR)ab;eKfa nKrRBHCitmkdl;
Gkral;KaehIy .
bBaaebskkmminEdlRtvpas;breLIy . BYk70nak;RtvEt
eR)asGkCmW[Ca
pSaydMNwglBInKrrbs;RBH
kargarkMBugEt)anrIkceRmIneLIg . dMbUgRBHeysUvRTg;)ancmgedayRBHGg
RTg; cUleTAkgCIvitBYksisSTaMg12 ehIybnab;mk cUleTAkgCIvitBYk70nak;eTot .
BitR)akdehIy BYkeK)aneronsURtCaeRcIn ehIy)anrIkceRmInCaeRcIneLIgEdr . kar
38

EdlsMxan;bMputenaH BYkeK)ansab;bgab;dl;RBHeysUv . CalTpl BYkeKmankar


BiesaFn_nUvkarGsardFMsem,Im esckIGMNr nigCyCmH .
RBHKm<IrlUka 1017k Ecgfa BYk70nak;enaH kmkvijedayGMNr>>>.
BYkGkeCOTaMgGs;
edaymanesckIbeRgnGMBImhaRBHraCbBaa enaHRBHeysUvRTg;)anbBanBYk
GkeCOTaMgGs;[ecjeTAEdr . karTaMgGs;enaHEdlRtvEt)anekItCafI edayman
ebskkmdUcKa edIm,IecjeTAkgRBHnamRBHeysUvRKIs .
RBHKm<Irm:akus 1615/17/18 Ecgfa RTg;paMeKfa cUrGkral;KaeTAeBj
sBVkgelakiyTaMgmUl ehIypSaydMNwgl TYeTAdl;RKb;mnusSTaMgGs;cuH>>> TIsMKal;
TaMgenHnwgCab;tamGs;GkEdleCO KWfa eKnwgedjGarkSedaynUveQaH ehIynwgecH
niyayPasafI nwgcab;kan;Bs;)an bebIeKpwkGIVBul enaHmineFVI[GnrayeT ehIyeK
nwgdak;delImnusSCMgW[)anCapg .
enAeBlEdlBYksavk)ansab;eTA etIkareR)as[CaRtv)anQb;beT?
eT mhaRBHraCbBaaKWsRmab; {Gs;GkNaEdleCO} minEmnRKan;EtsRmab;
BYksavkdMbUgenaHeLIy . bnab;mkeTotBYkGkeCO ehIy\LvenH RtvEtbnnaMkar
eR)as[Cadl;BiPBelakTaMgmUl .
BYkGkeCOsmysBVfenH RtvEtbeRgn nigpSaydMNwgfa RBHeysUvRKIs
RTg;CaRBHGgsegaH nigCaGkeR)as[Ca ehIydUcCaBYkeKbeRgnBIesckIBit esckI
CMenO edIm,I[)anTTYl nigbMeBjkargareR)as[Ca KWRtv)anbeBajCabneTAeTot .
BYkGkeCORtv)anbBan[ecjeTA edIm,I
eTApSaydMNwgl
beNjBYkviBaaNGaRkk;
niyayPasafI
GFisandak;delIGkCmW
RKb;KaTaMgGs;EdleCO minEmnRKan;EtCaBYksavk BYkehara BYkRKpSay
dMNwgl BYkRKKgVal nigBYkRKbeRgnb:ueNaHeT RtvEtGFisandak;drbs;BYkeKelI
GkCmW ehIyBYkeKnwg)anmkvij .
BYkGkeCOTaMgGs; RtvEteFVInUvGVIEdlRBHeysUvRTg;)aneFVI TukCaRKwHRbcaM
f .
RBHKm<Iry:Uhan 1412 )anEcgfa R)akdEmn R)ab;Gkral;KaCaR)akdfa
GkNaEdleCOdl; enaHnwgeFIVkarEdleFVIEdr knwgeFVIkarFMCagkarTaMgenaHeTAeTot
BIeRBaHeTARBHvrbita.
39

BYkGkeCOTaMgGs; RtvEtpSaydMNwgl TTYlRBHGmas;edIm,IeFVIkarCamYy


BYkeK RBmTaMgbBaak;nUvRBHbnlrbs;RTg; edayTIsmal;Edl)aneFVIkarenaH .
RBHKm<Irm:akus 1620 Ecgfa BYksisS eKecjeTARbkasR)ab;enAsBV
RKb;GenI edaymanRBHGmas;eFVIkarCamYy TaMgbBaak;RBHbnl edayTIsMKal;Edl
ekItmktameRkaypg . GaEm:n .
BYkGkeCOTaMgGs;Edl)anTTYlGMNac BIRBHviBaaNbrisuT enaHRtvEteFVITI
bnal; . BYkeKRtvEtcab;epImeFIVBITIRkgrbs;BYkeKpal; ehIybnab;mk BYkeKRtvEt
eQagcab;dl;BiPBelakTaMgmUlpgEdr .
RBHKm<Irkickar 18 Ecgfa bu:EnkalNaRBHviBaaNbrisuT)anmksNitelI
Gkral;Ka enaHGkral;Kanwg)anRBHecsa ehIynwgeFVICaTIbnal;BI enARkg
eyrUsaLim RBmTaMgRsukyUda nigRsuksam:arITaMgmUl ehIyrhUtdl;cugEpndIbMput
pg .
RBHKm<Irm:afay 2414 Ecgfa dMNwglenH EdlsMEdgBInKr nwgRtv
RbkasR)ab;TYeTARKb;kgelakiy TukCaTIbnal;dl;Gs;TaMgsasn_ enaHeTIbnwg)an
dl;cugbMput .
RBHeysUvRKIsdCaRBHraCbuRtanRBH RTg;)anyagcuHmkEpndI edIm,InaMyk
nUvkareR)aselaHmkdl;mnusSCatiTaMgGs; . kareR)alelaHenH KWRtv)anrab;bBal
TaMgkareR)as[CapgEdr . RBHeysUvRTg;)ancab;epImeFVIkareR)as[Ca edayRBHraC
kicpal;rbs;RTg; . bnab;mkRTg;)ancab;epImBRgIk[)anCaBhuKuN edaykarhVwkhVWn
nigkarbBaadl;BYksisS[ecjebskkm . kareFVIseRmcenH enAEtbnrhUtmkdl;
smyrbs;eyIg . eyIgCaBYkGkeCO RtvEt)anTTYlbBaaebskkm edIm,InaMdMNwgl
eTAdl;BYk)at;bg; nigelakiyEdlkMBugEtsab;xagviBaaN . BYkGkeCOTaMgGs; Rtv
EtbneFVIkargar dUcCaRBHeysUvRTg;)aneFVIEdr .
GkdwknaMBYkCMnuMdMbUg )anbnkareR)as[Ca
bnab;BIRBHeysUvRTg;)anyagnivtn_ cUleTAnKrsansYKvijehIy etIkar
eR)as[CaRtvQb;beT? eT BYksisS)anenAEtbnpSaydMNwgl nigeR)asGkCmW[
Ca . cUreyIgeFVIkarRbwkSaBIKMrUrbs;elaksavkeBRts PIlIB nigelaksavkb:ul .
elaksavkeBRts
elaksavkeBRts)anniyayBIRBHnamRBHeysUvRKIs dl;bursBikarmak;
ehIyKat;kRtv)aneR)as[Ca .
RBHKm<Irkickar 31-8 Ecgfa enAeBlGFisan CaeBlem:ag3resol enaH
eBRts nigyU:han eT,IgeTAkgRBHviharCamYyKa rIenARtg;mat;TVarRBHvihar EdlehA
40

faTVarlMG enaHmanmnusSmak; EdlxVinBIkMeNIt eKEtgEsgKat;ykmk dak;enATIenaH


ral;Etf edIm,I[)ansUmTancMeBaHGs;GkEdlcUleTAkgRBHvihar kalKat;eXIj
eBRts nigy:Uhan kMBugEtedIrcUleTAkgRBHvihar enaHKat;sUmTan EteBRts RBm
TaMgy:Uhan ksMT,wgemIleTAKat; R)ab;fa cUremIlmkeyIgeNH Kat;ksab;tam eday
sgwmfanwg)anGVIxH EteBRtsniyayfa R)ak; ehIynigmas KaneT Etrbs;Edl
man enaHnwg[dl;Gk KWedaysarRBHnamRBHeysUvRKIs BIRsukNasaEr:t cUrGk
eRkakeT,IgedIreTAcuH rYckcab;dsaMelIkKat;eT,Ig Rsab;EtRbGb;eCIg nigEPkeKarbs;
Kat; mankMLaMgeLIgPam Kat;ksHQreLIgedIreTAmk ehIycUleTAkgRBHvihar
CamYynwgGkTaMg2enaH TaMgedIr TaMgelat TaMgsresIrdl;RBHpg .
elaksavkPIlIB
elaksavkPIlIBKWCasakImak; EdleRkaymk)ankayCaGkpSaydMNwgl
Kat;)anpSaydMNwglGMBIRBHeysUvRKIsenARkgsam:arI nig)aneFVIkarGsarnkar
eR)as[CapgEdr .
RBHKm<Irkickar 85-8 Ecgfa PIlIBKat;cuHeTATIRkg1enARsuksam:arI
R)ab;eKBIRBHRKIs ehIybNamnusSkRsuHcitKa nigRbgsab;Gs;TaMgesckI EdlPIlIB
niyay edayeKBehIyeXIjTIsMKal;EdlKat;eFVI eRBaHmanGarkSGesac Edl)ancUl
mnusSCaeRcIn vaERskeLIgCaxaMg rYcecjmk kmanmnusSsab;dsab;eCIg nigmnusS
xVinCaeRcIn)anCaEdr ehIyenATIRkgenaH eKmanesckIGMNrCaxaMg .
elaksavkb:ul
elaksavkb:ul)anpSaydMNwglGMBIRBHeysUvRKIs eTAkan;mnusSBikar
ehIymnusSenaH)anRtvTTYlkareR)as[Ca .
RBHKm<Irkickar 148-10 Ecgfa rIenARkglIsa manmnusSmak;maneCIg
Bikar Kat;GgyenAedayxVin taMgEtBIpmaymk minEdledIresaHeLIy GkenaH)anB
b:ulGFib,ay ehIyb:ulksMLwgemIleTAKat; eXIjfa Kat;manesckICMenOlm edIm,I[
)anCa enaHkbnWCasMeLgxaMgfa cUreRkakQr[Rtg;eLIg rYcGkenaHksHeLIgedIr .
Kat;)aneR)asmnusSEdlmanCmWRKn nigCmWraKmYl[Ca .
RBHKm<Irkickar 288/9 Ecgfa Kab;cYnCaBukBUBasedkRKn ehIymYlpg
b:ulkcUleTAGFisan dak;delIKat;[)anCa dUecH Gs;GkeTot EdlQWenAekaHenaH
kmkehIy)anCaEdr .
cab;BIxxagelITaMgenHmk eyIgGacsnidan)anfa GkdwknaMBYkCMnuMdMbUg )an
bMeBjkickargareR)as[Ca .
kareR)as[Ca ebIkTVardl;karpSaydMNwgl
41

kareR)as[Capl;mknUvPBVvasna edIm,IpSaydMNwgldl;GkEdlminTan;)an
TTYlesckIsegaH . muneBlEdlmnusSmak; GacTTYlxusRtvcMeBaHdMNwgl)an TI1
eyIgRtvEtQHnUvkarRbgRbytrbs;BYkeK . enAkgelakiydEsnQWcukcab; nigkar
)ak;TwkcitenH kareR)as[CaputBITukPy BIkarRbgRbytrbs;mnusSmak; nig)an
seRmcy:agqab;rhstamkarkMNt;nRBHbnlRBH .
kareFVIkarGsarCaesckIrs;eLIgvijCabnbnab;
karRbCuMBIkarpSaydMNwglelIkTI1 bnab;BIesckIrs;eLIgvij )ancab;epIm
edaymankareR)as[Ca . karGsarnkareR)as[Cadl;mnusSBikarenATVarlMG )an
ebIkTVarsRmab;mnusS5Bak;nak; )anTTYlesckIsegaH .
RBHKm<Irkickar 38-11 Ecgfa Kat;ksHQreLIgedIreTAmk ehIycUleTA
kgRBHviharCamYynwgGkTaMg2enaH TaMgedIr TaMgelat TaMgsresIrdl;RBHpg
bNaCnTaMgGs;KakeXIjKat;edIr TaMgsresIrRBHdUecaH ehIyeKsal;Kat; faCaGk
EdlEtgEtGgysUmTaneKenARtg;mat;TVarlMGrbs;RBHvihar enaHeKkmaneBjCa
esckIGsar ehIymmigmmaMgBIkarEdlekItmkenaH dUecH kMBugEdlKat;cab;etag
Xat;eBRts nigy:Uhan enaHbNaCnTaMgGs;krt;mUlmkeK enARtg;)aMgsac Edl
ehAfa)aMgsacsaLm:Un ehIyeKmanesckIGsarkgcitNas; .
RBHKm<Irkickar 44 Ecgfa bu:En BYkGkEdlBRBHbnl enaHmanKaCaeRcIn
)aneCO ehIyBYkEdleCOk)anekIneLIg manRbsRbEhlCa5Ban;nak; .
cUrRkeLkemIleTAskmPaBrbs;elaksavkeBRtg nigy:Uhan
BYkeKkMBugeFVIskmPaBFmta - karGsar)anekIteLIgenAxageRkA
BYkCMnuM
BYkeK)ancab;yknUvkarkMNt;smal;rbs;mnusS nig)anniyayeTAkan;
Kat; . BYkeK)ancab;yknUvkarcab;epImKMnit edIm,Ipl;[nUvkareR)as
[Ca .
BYkeKmin)anykCaKMrU edaykarcab;epImRtvkarluykak; .
BYkeK)anpl;[nUvGVIEdlBYkeKman - KWCaRBHbnl nigGMNacecsa
kgRBHmanRBHeysUv .
BYkeK)anniyayedaymansiTiGMNac .
rUbmnEdlminGacpas;br)an
rUbmnnkareQagcab;BiPBelakTaMgmUl minGacpas;br)aneLIy .
RBHeysUvRTg;)anbMeBjRBHraCkiceday
karbeRgn
42

karGFib,ay
kareR)as[Ca
BYk12nak;Rtv)anbBanecjeTA edIm,I
pSaydMNwgl
eR)asGkQW[Ca
lagsmat
eR)asGksab;[rs;eLIgvij
beNjBYkviBaaNGaRkk;
BYk70nak;Rtv)anbBanecjeTA edIm,I
eR)asGkCmW[Ca
R)ab;BYkeK {BInKrsansYKEdlRtvmk}
eyIgRtv)anbBaa[ecjebskkm edIm,I
ecjeTApSaydMNwgl
beNjBYkviBaaNGaRkk;
niyayPasafI
GFisandak;delIGkCmW
kareR)as[Ca minEmnmanlTPaBRtwmEtGs;GkEdleCOenaHeT KW
RBHeysUvcg;[eyIgbMeBjkargareR)as[Ca dl;BYkGkEdlminTan;)anTTYlesckI
segaHpgEdr edIm,I[BYkeK)ansal;RBHbnl KWCaesckIBit ehIyeKnwgRtv)an
segaH
sMNYrrMBksareLIgvij
1- etIkarsMxan;GVIxHEdleyIg)aneron BIkarGsarTaMg2dMbUgrbs;RBHeysUv?
2- etImhaRBHraCbBaaGVIxH EdlRtv)anRbTanmktamdMNwglrbs;elakm:akus? sUmTenj[caMmat;
3- etIKMrUnkarbeRgnrbs;RBHeysUvdUcemcxH cMeBaHelakiy? etIeyIgRtvmanKMrUdUcemcxH? ehtuGVI?

43

emeronTI4
RBHviBaaNbrisuT nigGMNacecsarbs;RTg;
elaksavkb:ul)ansresrfa
enaHRBHviBaaNnRBHeyhUv:anwgmksNitelIGk bNalCaxaMg GknwgTay
CamYynwgeKEdr ehIyGknwg)anERbeTACamnusSfIvij 1saMyUEGl 106 .
BitR)akdehIy eyIRtvkarGMNacecsarbs;RBH dUcKaEdlmanEdr etICaGVI?
GMNacecsankareR)as[CaenAkgCIvitrbs;RBHeysUv
karebIksEmgnUvGMNacecsanRBHviBaaNbrisuT )ancab;epImnUvRBHraCkic
rbs;RBHeysUvy:agqab;rhs bnab;BIRBHviBaaNbrisuTRTg;)anyagmksNitelIRTg;
KWenAeBlEdlRTg;)anTTYlBiFIRCmuCTwk enATenyrdan; .
GMNacecsaEdlKg;enAkgGgRBHeysUvRKIs KWRtv)anbBancUleTAkgrUb
kayrbs;Gs;GkEdlRtvkarkareR)as[Ca enAeBlEdlBYkeK)anb:HBal;dl;RTg;
edayesckICMenO benAeBlEdlRTg;)anb:HBal;dl;BYkeK . erOgr:avrbs;sIEdlrgTuk
edaysarkarFak;QamcMnYn12qaMmkehIy enaHKWCaKMrUnGMNacecsaenHg .
etIGkNab:H
RBHKm<Irm:akus 525-34 Ecgfa enaHmansImak;QWFak;Qam Gs;12qaM
mkehIy nag)anQWsnwk enAdRKeBTCaeRcIn ehIy)ancMNayRTBsm,tiTaMg
b:unan Etmin)anRKan;ebIesaH CMgWenaHkan;EtxaMgeLIgvij nag)anBniyayBIRBH
eysUv kcUlmkkghVgmnusSBIeRkay eTABal;RBHBsRTg; edayKitfa ebIRKan;Et
Bal;RBHBsRTg;b:ueNaH enaHnwg)anCaehIy CMgWFak;Qam k)at;kgxN1rMeBcenaH
ehIynag)andwgkgxnfa nagrYcBIesckIevTnaenaHehIy enaHRsab;EtRBHeysUvRCab
kgRBHGgRTg;fa manRBHecsaecjBIRTg; kgakEbrRBHGgkghVgmnusSsYrfa Gk
NaBal;Gav BYksisSTUlfa RTg;eXIjfahVgmnusSRbeRCtRTg;Edr emceLIykman
bnlfa GkNaBal;RTg;dUecH RTg;gakTtTICuMvij nwgrkGkNaEdl)aneFVIkarenaH
sIenaHnagdwgkarEdlekItmkkgxnehIy kmkTaMgPyjr TMlak;xnRkabcuHenA
cMeBaHRTg; TUltamRtg;TaMgGs; RTg;manbnleTAnagfa kUnRsIeGIy esckICMenOnag
)anCYysegaHnagehIy cUreTA[)anRbkbedayesckIsuxcuH ehIy[nag)anrYcBI
esckIevTnarbs;nageTA .
GMNacecsaEdl)anpSayecjBIRBHeysUvmk KWCakarBit ehIyCak;Esg
EdlbNal[RTg;Qb; ehIysYrfa {GkNab:HCayRBHBsrbs;?}
GMNacecsaDIyUNamis
44

enAkgxTI30 BakEdl)anbkERbecjBI {GMNacecsa} KWecjBIPasaRkik


{DIyUNamis} dunamis mannyfa GMNacecsarbs;RBH . DIyUNamis KWCaBak
dCak;lak;bMput sRmab;beBaj nUvGMNacecsaenAkgPasaRkik . tamBiteyIgman
karTak;TgCamYynwgBakenH BIeRBaHBakPasaGg;eKsrbs;eyIg KWCa DINamik
dynamic DINam:U dynamo ehIyBak DINam:ayf_ dynamite kmkBIBak
enaHEdr . RBHeysYvRTg;)anRCabfa GMNacecsaDINam:ayf_ )anecjBIRTg;)at;eTA
ehIy .
BakenHKWdUcKanwgBakRkik EdlRtv)aneKeRbICaeRcIndg .
RBHKm<IrlUka 414 Ecgfa RBHeysUvRTg;vileTARsukkalIeLvij TaMgman
RBHecsanRBHviBaaNsNitelIRTg;
enaHmanBl,IBIRTg;sussayTYeTAkgRsuk
enACMuvij .
RBHeysYvRTg;)anRCabfa GMNacecsa DINam:ayf_enH )anecjBIRTg;)at;eTA
ehIy . vaKWCaPaBBitCak;Esg CakmaMgeBjedayGMNac EdlRtv)anbBanedaykar
b:HBal; . karb:HBal;enH KWCacMNucnkarTak;Tg .
RBHKm<IrlUka 619 Ecgfa mnusSTaMgGs;rkBal;RTg; d,itmanRBHecsa
ecjBIRTg; mkeR)as[CaTaMgGs;Ka .
GMNacecsankareR)as[CaenH )anmksNitelIRBHeysYv enAeBlEdl
RTg;)anTTYlBiFIRCmuCTwk . elaky:Uhan)aneFVITIbnal;cMeBaHGMNacecsaenH .
RBHKm<Iry:Uhan 132 Ecgfa y:UhankeFVIbnal;fa )aneXIjRBHviBaaN
yagcuHBIelIemX manrUbdUcCaRBab mksNitelIRTg; .
karcak;eRbgtaMgepSg
enAeBlEdlRBHeysUvRTg;)anbMeBjRBHraCkic edayGMNacecsanRBH
viBaaNbrisuT enaHRTg;)anGnuvtnUvkarcak;eRbgtaMgepSgKa ]TahrN_ RTg;)an
cak;eRbgtaMgepSg edIm,I[pSaydMNwg bbeRgn CaCagkarbeNjviBaaNGaRkk; b
eR)asGkCmW[Ca .
enAkgRBHKm<IrlUka eyIgeXIjmgenAeBlEdlRBHeysUv RTg;)ankMBugEt
beRgn ehIyRTg;k)anRtvTTYlkarcak;eRbgtaMg [eR)asGkCmW[)anCaEdr .
RBHKm<IrlUka 517 Ecgfa manf1kalRTg;kMBugEtbeRgn enaHmanBYk
paris nwgBYkGkR)aCJc,ab; EdlecjBIRKb;TaMgPUmiRsukkalIeL RsukyUda nwgRkg
eyrUsaLim eKmkGgysab; ehIyRBHecsanRBHGmas; kenATIenaHbMrugnwgeR)as
eK[CaEdr .
45

eyIgkRtvEteronsURT edIm,IeFVIclnakgkarcak;eRbgtaMgPampgEdr .
eyIgkRtvEt)anTTYlkarGnuBaatedayRBHviBaaNnRBH dUcCaRBHeysUvEdr .
RBHKm<Iry:Uhan 619 Ecgfa kaleK)anEcveTARbEhlCa5b6KILEm:t
ehIy enaHRsab;EteKeXIjRBHeysUv RTg;yagelIsmuRTmkCitTUk ehIyeKman
esckIPyxac .
GMeNayTanTaMgGs;sRmab;GkeCORKb;rUb
GMNacecsaDIyUNamis
BakCaPasaRkik DIyUNamis kRtv)aneKeRbIsRmab;GMNacecsa enAeBl
Edlelaksavkb:ul)ansresrGMBIkarebIksEmgnRBHviBaaN RBmTaMgGMNacecsa
EdlmanenAkgRBHraCkicrbs;RTg; .
RBHKm<Ir1kUrinfUs 24 Ecgfa BaksMdI nigevaharGFib,ayrbs; kmin
EmnedayBak]tg]tm EdlBUEkbBaHbBalenaHEdr KWedaykarsMEdgecjCa
RBHviBaaN nigRBHecsavijeTetI.
elaksavkb:ul)anbMeBjkickaredaynUvGMNacecsa dUcCaRBHeyUvEdr -KW
CaGMNacecsaDIyUNamis -KWCaGMNacecsanRBHviBaaNbrisuT .
eyIg)anrkeXIjKMrUCaeRcInenAkgRBHKm<Irkickar KWCakarebIksEmgnGMNac
ecsaDIyUNamis enAkgkargarrbs;elaksavkb:ul enAeBlEdlKat;GFisandak;d
elIGk ehIysUm,IEtkarbBajnUvGMNacecsaenHtamryCayRkm:a nigkEnSgdrbs;
Kat;kBYkeK)anCaEdr .
RBHKm<Irkickar 1911/12 Ecgfa ehIyRBHRTg;eFVIkarbTi)armIy:agEbk
edaysardb:ul dl;em:H)anCaeKRKan;EtykkEnSgbRkma BIxnKat; eTAdak;elImnusS
manCMgW enaHeKk)anCa ehIymanGarkSGesacecjBImnusSEdr .
KMrUrbs;eyIg
eyIgGaceronsURtnUvKMrUCaeRcIn BIKMrUenH .
GMNacecsankareR)as[Carbs;RBH KWBitR)akd nigCak;EsgNas;
vaGacRtv)anbeBajeTAtamrysMelokbMBak;k)anEdr .
KMrUnkargareR)as[CaenH KWelaksavkb:ul)anykeTAeRbI enAeBl
EdlKat;minGacecjeTAGkCmW)an bkBYkeKminGacnaMKat;ecjeTA
)an .
sMelokbMBak;KWCacMNucmYynkarTak;Tg edIm,IbeBajnUvesckICMenO.
vaman\TiBldUcKa RbsinebIelaksavkb:ul)anmkedayxnKat; ehIy
GFisandak;delIBYkeK .
46

elaksavkb:ul)anbMeBjkargar edaymankareR)as[Ca CaGMNac


ecsaDINam:f_rbs;RBH edaykargarrbs;Kat; .
elaksavkb:ul )anTTYlGMNacecsankareR)as[Carbs;RBHviBaaNbrisuT
dUcCaRBHeysUvEdr KWKat;)aneFVIkarenAkgCIvitrbs;Kat; edayesckICMenO EdleFVI[
mnusSCaeRcIn)anTTYlkareR)as[Ca .
GMNacecsankareR)as[Ca KWenAkgBYkGkeCOEdlRCmuCedayRBHviBaaN
eyIgmanGMNacecsa
manmnusSCaeRcInniyayfa {sal;nUvGMNacecsaDINam:f_enH KWenAkg
RBHhsrbs;RBHeysUv dwgfa GMNacecsaDINam:f_enH KWenAkgdrbs;elak
savkb:uldGsar . b:uEnetIGVIEdlRtveFVIcMeBaHenAsmysBVfenH)an? ebIRKan;Et
CaGkeCOsamBay:agenH . etIeFVIdUcemc[GacTTYlGMNacecsadUecH edIm,I[man
karCak;EsgenAkgCIvit nigkargarrbs;)an?}
cemIycMeBaHsMNYrRbePTTaMgenH KW[eyIg)anCacMENknRBHbnlrbs;RBH
eysUv Edl)ankt;RtaTukenAkgRBHKm<IrkickarehIy .
RBHKm<Irkickar 18 Ecgfa bu:EnkalNaRBHviBaaNbrisuT)anmksNitelI
Gkral;Ka enaHGkral;Kanwg)anRBHecsa ehIynwgeFVICaTIbnal;BI enARkg
eyrUsaLim RBmTaMgRsukyUda nigRsuksam:arITaMgmUl ehIyrhUtdl;cugEpndIbMput
pg .
enHKWCaBakdUcKacMeBaHBakGMNacecsa DIyUNamis EdlRtv)aneKeRbI
enAkgkarBNna BIGMNacecsankareR)as[Ca enAkgRBHeysUv nigenAkgelak
savkb:ul . cMeBaHBYkGkeCOEdl)anRCmuCedayRBHviBaaN enaHeyIgkBitCaman
GMNacecsaDINam:f_ EdlenAkgRBHeysUv nigelaksavkb:uldUecaHEdr .
GMNacecsaDIy:UNamis KWRtv)anbeBaj enAeBlEdleyIgkMBugeFVITIbnal;
enaHGMNacnkareR)as[Ca nwgRtv)anGnuBaat[bgreTAdl;GkdTeTot . enAeBl
EdlRBHRTg;)anbBaak;nUvRBHbnlrbs;RTg; tamryeyIgedaysarkarbMeBjkargar
eR)asGkCmW[Ca enaHeyIgnwg)aneFVICaTIbnal; cab;RkgeyrUsaLimrbs;eyIg eTAdl;
RsukyUda Rsuksam:arI ehIyrhUtdl;cugEpndIbMputpg .
GMNacecsadFM]tm
vamanenAkgRBHKm<Irkickar EdleyIgnwg)anTTYlnUvGMNacecsadFM]tmenH edIm,I[
)aneFVICaGkeFVITIbnal;rbs;RTg; .

47

RBHKm<Irkickar 433 Ecgfa BYksavkkeFVIbnal; edayRBHecsadFM BI


dMeNIrEdlRBHGmas;eysUvmanRBHCnrs;eLIgvij ehIymanRBHKuNCaFM sNitelI
eKTaMgGs;KaEdr .
RBHKm<Irkickar 68 Ecgfa espan EdleBjedayesckICMenO nigRBH
ecsa Kat;keFVIkarGsar nigTIsMKal;y:agFMenAkgBYkCn .
RBHRTg;manlTPaBnwgeFVIkardFM]tmsRmab;eyIg nigtamryeyIg KWeday
sarGMNacecsanRBHviBaaNbrisuT EdlKg;enACamYynwgeyIg .
GMNacecsadFM]tmelIslub
BYkGkeCOCaeRcInEdl)anRCmuCedayRBHviBaaN )aneRtmxny:agePvka
edIm,ITUlsUmdl;RBH [RTg;RTg;)anRbTanGMNacecsabEnmeTotmkeyIg . RbsinebI
RBHRTg;)aneqIytbnUvsMNUmBrenaH ehIyRTg;RbTanGMNacecsabEnmeTot GVIEdl
eyIg)aneRtmTTYl enaHeyIgR)akdCanwg)anpHecjmkehIy . eyIg)aneRtmxnCa
eRsc edIm,ITTYlnUvGMNacecsaDINam:f_ mkeFVIkarenAkgeyIg . eyIgmak;)an
eRtmxnedIm,I {karedIr[)anxab;xntamDINam:f_}
RBHKm<IreGePsUr 320 Ecgfa RBHEdlRTg;GacnwgeFVIhYssnwk elIs
CagGs;TaMgesckIEdleyIgsUm bKitkI tamRBHecsaEdlbNalkgeyIgral;Ka .
eyIgEtgEtmankarFak;cuHnUvkarBiesaFn_ cMeBaHkarseRmccitedIm,IeFVIkargar
eR)as[Ca edaykarTUlsUmdl;RBH[RTg;)anRbTanGMNacecsarbs;RTg;bEnmeTot
CaCagkarbeBaj edaysaresckICMenOeTAelIGMNacecsankareR)as[Ca Edlman
enAkgeyIg tamryRBHviBaaNbrisuTeTAeTot .
RtcEtbeNay[GMNacecsaenaHhUrecjeTA
RBHKm<Iry:Uhan 738 Ecgfa GkNaEdleCOdl; enaHnwgmanTenTwkrs;
hUrecjBIeBaHxnmk dUcCaKm<IrsMEdgehIy .
RBHRTg;minEmnCaGkeKarBrab;Ganrbs;mnusSenaHeT . eyIgkmanGMNac
ecsa dUcCaRBHeysUv nigelaksavkb:ulmanEdr ehIyGMNacenaHmanenAkgeyIg enA
eBlEdleyIg)anRCmuCedayRBHviBaaN . GMNacecsankareR)as[CaenH KWCa
GMNacecsarbs;RBHviBaaNbrisuT .
kareFVI[)anbrisuT
mansasnaxusqgxHkMBugEtbeRgn GMBIGMNacecsaEdlmanenAkg nig
kMBugEtbBancUleTAkgviBaaNrbs;mnusS . enAeBlEdleyIgniyayedaynUvGMNac
ecsa EdlmanenAkgeyIgenaH KWeyIgkMBugEtniyayedayRBHviBaaNbrisuT RBmTaMg
eFVIkareR)as[Caedayxng bGkdTeTot tamry bkenAkgRBHeysUvehIy .
48

enAkgeyIgmak; ebIKanRBHvtmannRBHviBaaNbrisuTKg;enACamYyeT bebIKansiTI


GMNacedaynUvRBHnamRBHeysUveT enaHeyIgnwgminGaceFVIGVI)aneLIy .
karTTYlGMNacecsanRBHviBaaNbrisuT
karRCmuCedayRBHviBaaNbrisuT KWRtv)ansnacMeBaHBYkGkeCOTaMgGs; .
RBHKm<Irkickar 14/5 Ecgfa rYcmk kal)anRbCMuTaMgGs;KaehIy enaHRTg;
hammin[eKecjBIRkgeyrUsaLimeLIy edaybnlfa Rtv[enAcaMesckIsnan
RBHvrbita EdlGkral;Ka)anBEfgR)ab;ehIy d,itBitCaelaky:Uhan)aneFVIbuN
RCmuCedayTwk bu:EnenAbniceTot Gkral;KanwgTTYlbuNRCmuC edayRBHviBaaN
brisuTvij .
BYkGkeCORtvEt)anTTYlnUvGMNacecsa edIm,IeFVITIbnal;rbs;RTg; KWCa
GMNacecsaEdlRtv)anebIksEmg nigbBaak;nUvRBHbnlrbs;RBH tamryTIsmal;
karGsar nigkarGsarnkareR)as[Ca CaedIm.
RBHKm<Irkickar 18 Ecgfa bu:EnkalNaRBHviBaaNbrisuT)anmksNitelI
Gkral;Ka enaHGkral;Kanwg)anRBHecsa ehIynwgeFVICaTIbnal;BI enARkg
eyrUsaLim RBmTaMgRsukyUda nigRsuksam:arITaMgmUl ehIyrhUtdl;cugEpndIbMput
pg .
BYksasn_yUda
BYkGkeCOenAkgRkgeyrUsaLim TImYy KW)anTTYlGMNacecsa KWBYkeK)an
TTYlRCmuCedayRBHviBaabrisuTenAfTI50 .
RBHKm<Irkickar 21-4 Ecgfa kalbuNfTI50)anmkdl; enaHeKmancit
RBmeRBgRbCMuTaMgGs;KaenAkEngEt1 Rsab;EtmanBsUrBIelIemXdUcCaxl;bk;KMhuk
y:agxaMg mkeBjkgpHEdleKGgyenA kmanGNat dUcCaGNatePIg EdlEbk
ecjBIKa elcmk[eKeXIjehIymksNitelIeKRKb;Ka rYceK)aneBjCaRBHviBaaN
brisuTTaMgGs; ktaMgniyayPasaepSg tamEdlRBHviBaaNRbTan[ .
BYksasn_sam:arI
bnab;mk BYksasn_sam:arI)anTTYlnUvGMNacecsaenH .
RBHKm<Irkickar 814-17 Ecgfa kalBYksavk enARkgeyrUsaLim )anB
faRsuksam:arITTYlRBHbnlehIy enaHeKcat;eBRtsnigy:Uhan [eTABYkGkenaH
luHGkTaMg2)ancuHeTAdl;ehIy enaHkGFisan[eK RbeyaCn_[eK)anTTYlRBH
viBaaNbrisuT d,itRBHviBaaNminTan;cuHmk sNitelIBYkeKNamYYyenAeLIy eK
RKan;Et)anTTYlbuNRCmuCTwk edaynUvRBHnamRBHGmas;eysUvb:ueNaH dUecH
GkTaMg2kdak;delIeK ehIyeK)anTTYlRBHviBaaNbrisuTEdr .
49

BYksasn_dT
BYksasn_enARkgessara KWCaelIkTImYyehIy EdlBYkeK)anTTYlnUvGMNec
ecsaenH .
RBHKm<Irkickar 1044-46 Ecgfa kaleBRtskMBugEtGFib,ayenAeLIy
enaHRBHviBaaNbrisuTkyagcuHmk sNitelIGs;GkEdlkMBugEtsab;RBHbnl BYk
GkeCO kgBYkkat;Es,kTaMgb:unan EdlmkCamYynwgeBRts eKkmanesckIGsar
CaxaMg BIdMeNIrEdlGMeNayTanCaRBHviBaaNbrisuT )ancak;mkelIBYksasn_dT
dUecHEdr d,iteKBGkTaMgenaHniyayPasadT ehIysresIrdMekIgdl;RBH .
bnab;mk BYkGkeCOenATIRkgeGePsUr )anTTYlnUvGMNacecsaenH .
RBHKm<Irkickar 192-6 Ecgfa cab;taMgBIGkral;KaeCOmk etI)anTTYlRBH
viBaaNbrisuTehIybenA eKeqIyfa eyIgmin)anTaMgBniyayBIRBHviBaaNbrisuTpg
Kat;sYreKeTotfa dUecH etIGkral;Ka)anTTYlbuNRCmuCTwkedaynUvGVIeKeqIyfa KW
edaynUvbuNRCmuCrbs;elakyU:haneT rYcb:ulniyayfa elaky:Uhan)aneFVIbuN
RCmuCTwk BIdMeNIrkarERbcit TaMgR)ab;BYkCn[eCOdl;RBHGg EdlyagmkeRkay
elakvij KWdl;RBHeysUvRKIs kal)anBdUecaHehIy enaHeKkTTYlbuNRCmuCTwk
edaynUvRBHnamRBHGmas;eysUvvij rYcb:uldak;delIeK ehIyRBHviBaaNbrisuT)an
mksNitelIeK enaHeKcab;taMgniyayPasadT ehIyGFib,aypg .
karbMeBjkargaredayGMNacecsa
PaCnEdleFVIBIdI
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viBaaNbrisuT . kareR)as[CaEdlRbkbedaykarGsar minEmnmkedayGMNac
rbs;eyIgenaHeT KW)anmkedayGMNacecsarbs;RBH EdlmanenAkgeyIgvij .
RBHKm<Ir2kUrinfUs 47 Ecgfa eyIgmanRTBsm,tienHenAkgPaCndI
edIm,I[\TbTidelIslb;)anmkBIRBH minEmnBIeyIgeT .
RBHKm<IrmIka 38k Ecgfa EtcMENk maneBjCaRBHecsa edaysarRBH
viBaaNnRBHeyhUv:a>>>.
RBHviBaaNbrisuTRTg;)anRbTanGMNac
eyIgRtvEt)anTTYlnUvkarGnuBaat nigkarRbTanGMNac edayRBHviBaaN
brisuT edIm,I[)anbMeBjnUvkargarCaGMeNayTannkareR)as[CaenaH . edayBwg
eTAelIkmaMgrbs;eyIgPal; enaHeyIgnwgRtvFak;cuH .

50

RBHKm<IrsakarI 46 Ecgfa enaHeTvtaR)ab;mkxMJfa enHCaRBHbnlEdlRBH


eyhUv:amanbnldl;sUr:U)abil KWCaRBHeyhUv:anBYkBlbrivar RTg;manbnlfa
minEmneday\TibTi bedayGMNaceT KWedaysarviBaaNrbs;Gjvij .
GMNacecsankarrs;eLIgvij
GMNcecsankareR)as[CaenH KWRBHviBaaNbrisuTEdlRTg;)anbgr tam
rydrbs;BYkGkeCO dUcCaGMNacecsaEdl)aneR)asRBHeysUv[rs;BIsuKteLIg
vijenaHEdr .
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RTg; dl;eyIgral;KaEdleCOCay:agNaEdr tamEdlkMLaMgRTg;dmanbTi)anBUEknwgeFVI
CaRBHecsaEdlRTg;)ansMEdgecj edayeR)asRBHRKIs [manRBHCnrs;BIsab;eLIg
vij RBmTaMgtaMg[Kg;xagsaMRTg; enAsandx<s; .
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dMeNIrEdlRBHGmas;eysUvmanRBHCnrs;eLIgvij ehIymanRBHKuNCaFM sNitelI
eKTaMgGs;KaEdr .
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ekItmkkgBYkCn edaysardBYksavk eK)anRsuHcitTaMgGs;Ka nwgenAkg)aMgsac
saLm:Un .
karbBaak;elIRBHbnl
RBHKm<Irkickar)anl,IrnW edaymankarebIksEmgnRBHviBaaN nigGMNac
ecsarbs;RBHkgkarbMeBjkargarrbs;BYkGkeCOenAsmyedIm .
elaksavkb:ulmanRbsasn_fa
eyIgmanRTBsm,tienHenAkgPaCndI edIm,I[\TbTidelIslb;)anmkBI
RBH minEmnBIeyIgeT 2kUrinfUs 47.
karxwtxMRbwgERbgbMeBjkargarrbs;elaksavkb:ul TaMgkarbeRgn nigkar
GFib,ay enaHKWminEmnedaysarlTPaBCECk edaykareRbItkviCarbs;Kat; nigkar
bBaHbBaldl;GkdTeTot edaysarR)aCJarbs;mnusSeLIy . karxwtxMRbwgERbg
bMeBjkargarrbs;Kat; KWedayeRBaHEtkarebIksEmgebs;GMNacecsarbs; EdlKYr
EsJgxacenaHvijEdlmanenAkgKat; EdlKat;)anbeBaj nigbgrcUleTAdl;Gs;Gk
NaEdlRtvkarnUvkareR)as[Ca nigkarrMedaHEtbu:eNaH .
RBHbnlndMNwglEdlelaksavkb:ul)anGFib,ay Rtv)anbBaak;tamry
karebIksEmg EdlmaneBjedayGMNacecsa nigesckICMenOTaMgenH KW)anmkdl;
mnusSCaeRcIn .
51

RBHKm<Irm:akus 1620 Ecgfa BYksisS eKecjeTARbkasR)ab;enAsBV


RKb;GenI edaymanRBHGmas;eFVIkarCamYy TaMgbBaak;RBHbnl edayTIsMKal;Edl
ekItmktameRkaypg . GaEm:n .
karbdiesFminRBmTTYlGMNacecsa
manRKIsanCaeRcInenAsmysBVfenH minRBmTTYlyknUvkarBiesaFn_ nUv
GMNacecsarbs;RBH sRmab;CIvitrbs;eKeT BIeRBaHBYkeKmin)anTTYlkarbeRgnd
smrm bkminRtwmRtv edayeRBaHEtBYkeK)anbdiesFminRBmTTYl nUvGMNacecsa
nRBHviBaaNbrisuT
RBHKm<Ir2FIm:Uef 35k Ecgfa eKmanbkBaCaGkeKarBRbtibtidl;RBH bu:En
minRBmTTYlsal;RBHecsa>>> .
cMeBaHeyIgral;Ka
GMNacecsaEdlmanenAkgRBHeysUv nigBYksavk enaHKWdUcKanwgGMNac
ecsa EdlmksNitelIeyIg tamrykarRCmuCedayRBHviBaaNbrisuT. eyIgminEmn
RtwmEtRtv)ankMNt;nUvGVI EdleyIgGaceFVI)anedayxneyIgenaHeT KWCakarxVHxat;nUv
esckICMenO bknUvesckIsnarbs;RTg; .
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kardwknaMrbs;RBHviBaaNbrisuT
RBHeysUvRTg;)anTTYlkardwknaMedayRBHvrbita
kareR)as[CadBitR)akd KWEtgEtRtv)anTTYlnUvkarbMeBjkargar tamry
GMNacecsanRBHviBaaNbrisuT nigedayesckICMenOelIRBHeysUvRKIs . eTaHCa
y:agNakeday maneBlCaeRcInEdlmnusSmin)anTTYlnUvGMNacecsnkareR)as[
Ca sRmab;karpas;brnUvehtuplepSg. eyIgnwgsikSaGMBIkarenHbEnm enAkg
emerondTeTot .
RBHeysUvRTg;)aneR)as {TaMgGs;Ka} {RKb;Ka} nig {CaeRcIneTot} [Ca b:uEn
RBHeysUvRTg;manbnlfa RTg;)aneFVInUvGVIEdlRBHvrbita)aneFVIb:ueNaH .
RBHKm<Iry:Uhan 519/20/30 Ecgfa dUecH RBHeysUv RTg;manbnleqIy
eTAeKfa R)akdEmn R)ab;Gkral;KaCaR)akdfa RBHraCbuRta BMuGacnwgeFVIkarGVI eday
RBHGgRTg;)aneT eFIV)anEtkarGIVEdleXIjRBHvrbitaeFIV d,itkarGVIEdlRBHvrbitaeFVI
enaHRBHraCbuRtakeFIVdUecaHEdr BIeRBaHRBHvrbitaRTg;RsLaj;RBHraCbuRta ehIyk
bgaj [RBHraCbuRtaeXIjGs;TaMgkarEdlRTg;eFVIEdr RTg;nwgbgaj[eXIjkarFM
elIsCagkarTaMgenHeTAeTot edIm,I[Gkral;KamanesckIGsar>>> BMuGacnwgeFIVkar
52

GIV edayxn)aneT CMnMuCMrHtamEdlB ehIyesckICMnMuCMrHrbs;ksucrit BIeRBaH


minrktamEtciteT KWtamRBHhbTynRBHvij EdlRTg;cat;[mk .
enAkgx30 RBHeysUvRTg;R)ab;eyIgfa RTg;minEsVgrktambMNgRBHhbTy
RTg;pal;eT KWRTg;eFVItamEtRBHvrbitab:ueNaH .
RBHeysUvRTg;)anTTYlkarGnuBaatedayRBHviBaaNbrisuT
enAkgRBHKm<Iry:Uhan eyIgeXIjfa RBHeysUvRTg;)anTTYlkarGnuBaateday
RBHviBaaNbrisuT enAeBlEdlRTg;)anbMeBjRBHraCkiceR)as[Ca . manKMrUbnbnab;
CaeRcIn EdlCakarRtvkarnUvkareR)as[Ca . eTaHCay:agNakeday kRBHeysUvRTg;
)anRCabedayRBHviBaaNbrisuT Edl)aneFVI[RTg;kayCamnusSedayBitR)akd .
RBHKm<Iry:Uhan 51-6 Ecgfa eRkayenaH mk manbuN1rbs;sasn_yUda
ehIyRBHeysUv RTg;yageLIgeTARkgeyrUsaLim rIenARkgeyrUsaLim CitTVar
ecom enaHmanRsH1 EdlPasaeheRBIrehAfa ebEfsda mansalasMNak;5 man
mnusSsnwkedkenAkgsalaTaMgenaH xHQW xHxVak; xHxVin xHsVit eKrg;caMTwkkMerIk
eLIg d,itcYnNamaneTvtacuHmkkUrTwkkgRsHenaH luHeRkayEdl)ankUreRscehIy
enaHGkNaEdlcuHeTAmuneK k)anCasat eTaHebIQWeraKGIVkeday enATIenaHman
mnusSmak; EdlQW38qaMmkehIy 6kalRBHeysUveXIjKat;edkenA ehIy)anRCab
faKat;enAy:agenaHCayUrmkehIy enaHRTg;manbnlfa etIGkcg;)anCabeT .
eyIgdUcCaRBHeysUv RtvEtdwgedaykardwknaMnRBHviBaaNbrisuT EdleyIg
)anbMeBjkargareR)asGkCmW[CaenaH . sUm,IEtRBHeysUv RTg;kRtv)anGnuBaat[
)anRtLb;mkCa {mnusSdBitR)akd} keday kRBHviBaaNbrisuTRTg;nwgdwknaMeyIg eTA
dl;mnusSEdleRtmxncaMTTYlkareR)as[Ca enAeBlEdleyIgbMeBjParkic kgkar
rs;enARbcaMfrbs;eyIg .
GMNacecsankareR)an[Ca KWRtv)anbeBajedayesckICMenO
sMNYrCaeRcIn)ansYrfa {RbsinebImanGMNacDINam:f_TaMgGs;enHenAkg
ehtuGVI)anCaminmankarBiesaFn_ nUvkarGsarkgCIvitbEnmeTot?} eyIgRtvkar
eronsURtnUvrebobnkar)anTTYl karGnuBaatedayRBHviBaaNbrisuT . eyIgRtvkar
eronsURtrebobebIkbiTnUvesckICMenO edIm,I[GMNacecsaDINam:f_rbs;RBHviBaaN
)anhUrtamryeyIg cUleTAkgrUbkayrbs;GkCmW .
karbiTesckICMenO
Ca]TahrN_cMeBaHkarenH Rtv)aneKrkeXIjenAkgRbBnGMNaceGLicRTIc
enAkgTIRkg nigtamsMNg;GaKaenAsmysBVfenH . GKIsnIEdlmankmaMgx<s; )an
dMeNIrkaredaysarm:asuInbeBajkmaMgeTA DINam:U )anhUrmktamryRbBnExSePIg
53

eTAkan;TsedAEdlRtvbBaneTA . cab;BIenaHmk vakRtv)anEckcay qgkat;tamExS


ePIg dTeTot EdlnaMeTAkan;sMNg;CaeRcIn nigeTAdl;cugbMputnGMBUlePIg .
GMNacnBnWTaMgGs;EdlenACuMvijeyIg KWvaGacmanlTPaBRKb;RKgelIPaB
ggwtTaMgGs;enaHEdr elIkElgEtmanGkxH)ancucebIkkugtak;GMNacnBnWenaH edIm,I
[BnWGacPW)aneBjkgbnb; . esckICMenO KWdUcCakugtak;ebIkbiTenaHEdr .
rIRBHeysUvvij RTg;)anebIksEmgnUvkUnesar edIm,I[karGsarnkar
eR)as[Ca )ancUlmkdl;sIEdlmanCmWFak;QamenaHEdr .
RBHKm<Irm:akus 534 Ecgfa RTg;manbnleTAnagfa kUnRsIeGIy esckI
CMenOnag )anCYysegaHnagehIy cUreTA[)anRbkbedayesckIsuxcuH ehIy[nag
)anrYcBIesckIevTnarbs;nageTA .
enHCaesckICMenOrbs;nag Edl)anrMedaHnagedayGMNacecsaDINam:f_ enA
kgRBHeysUvhUrcUleTAkgrUbkayrbs;nag .
esckCMenOKWCakugtak; EtgEtGnuBaat[GMNacecsarbs;RBHhUrmk .
vaGacCaeskICMenOrbs;mnusS EdlRtvkarnUvkareR)as[Ca esckICMenOrbs;GkdT
eTot bkCaesckCMenOrbs;mnusS EdlkMBugEtbMeBjkargareR)as[CaCaedIm .
esckICMenO)anmk
edIm,I[)anyl;nUvrebobEdlesckICMenO)anmk nigrebobeFVIskmPaB enaH
eyIgnwgvilEbrmkerOgrbs;sIenaHmgeTot .
RBHKm<Irm:akus 527 Ecgfa nag)anBniyayBIRBHeysUv kcUlmkkghVg
mnusSBIeRkay eTABal;RBHBsRTg; .
esckICMenOenaH)anmksIEdlmanCmWFak;Qam enAeBlEdlnag)anBGMBI
RBHeysUv . esckICMenOKWEtgEtmktamrykarB .
RBHKm<Irr:Um 1017 Ecgfa dUecHesckICMenOekIteLIgedayB ehIyEdlB
enaH KWedaysarRBHbnlnRBH .
CmWEdlmanenAcMeBaHmux]bsKTaMgGs;rbs;nagdyUrGEgVgenH eFVI[sIenH
RtvEtseRmccitTTYlnUvkarebIksEmgedaypal;xgnag GMBIRBHeysUv nigGMNac
ecsankareFVIkarGsarrbs;RTg; .
nag)anecjeTArkRKeBTmYyehIymYeTotCaeRcIndg Etmin)ansmRbkb
esaH . \LvenH nagGs;R)ak;sRmab;Ba)al ehIykRtv)anTTYlesckITukCaTmn; .
b:uEnesckICMenO)ancUlmkkgviBaaNrbs;nag nagk)ancakecjBIpHeTA
RBHeysUv . RbEhlCaRkmRKsarrbs;nag)anBayambBab;nag edaykardwgfa
54

tamc,ab;Rkwtviny nagCasIEdlmankar{karminsat}dUecH KWRtvEt)anecalsmab;


nwgduMf RbsinebIGkdwknaMsasna)aneXIjnag .
enAeBlEdlesckICMenO)anmkdl;viBaaNrbs;na enaHnagnwgKanlTPaBNa
GacbBab;)aneLIy sUm,IEtCafRtvQb;sRmakcugs)ah_keday knagRtvEtxMkat;
tRmg; kgcMeNamhVgmnusSEdlenACuMvijRBHeysUv nagRtveTATaMgQWcab;edIm,I[)an
Bal;RBHeysUv . enAeBlEdlnag)aneTAdl;RBHeysUvehIy enaHkmanGkc,ab;mak;
)ankMBugEtedIrCamYynwgRTg;Edr b:uEnnagenAEtminRBmQb; Tal;Et)aneTABal;RTg; .
enAeBlEdlesckICMenOcUlmkdl;viBaaNrbs;eyIg enaHeyIgkdUcCasIrUb
enHEdr KWminGacQb;)aneLIy . GarmN_ karxkcitrbs;eyIgBIGtItkal RBmTaMg
TMenomTmab;tamsasnacas;rbs;eyIg kminGacbBab;eyIg)aneLIy .
esckICMenOniyay
elaksavkb:ul)ansresrEcgmkfa EtesckIsucritEdlmkedayesckI
CMenO enaHfadUecHvij> > > r:Um 106k.
sImin)anniyayfa {)anBayamEsVgrkRKb;RKeBTTaMgGs; ehIyBYkeK
minGacCYy)an}enaHeT . nagkmin)anniyayfa {RKan;EtmansgwmfanwgGFisan
eTARBHeysUv[RTg;eR)as[Ca}enaHEdr . CagenHeTAeTot nag)anRbkasy:agGg;
GacnUvesckICMenOEdleTIbnwgekIteLIgfIrbs;nag . nag)anniyayfa {RbsinebI
RKan;)anb:HBal;RTg; enaHnwg)anCaehIy} .
esckICMenOeBl\LvenH
edayesckICMenO enaHnag)andwgfa nagnwg)anCa .
enAeBlEdlesckICMenO)anmk RKb;y:agnwgRtverIecjBIGVIEdleyIg)aneCO
CYnkalnwg)anenAeBlGnaKt CYnkalnwg)anenAeBl\LvenH .
RBHKm<IreheRBIr 111 Ecgfa rIesckICMenO enaHKWCacitEdldwgCak;fa nwg
)andUcsgwm CasMKal;BIkarEdlemIlmineXIj .
GkniBnRBHKm<IreheRBIr)ancab;epIm [niymnynesckICMenOrbs;;Kat;
edayBakniyayfaeBl\LvenH . RbsinebIvaCaesckICMenO vaEtgEtecjmk enA
eBl\LvenH nag)andwgfa karGsarrbs;nagnwgRtvEt)anmkenAmYyrMeBcPam
bnab;BInag)anb:HBal;RBHeysUvehIy . esckICMenO)anbegItkarGsarrbs;nag
y:agBitR)akd edaysarEtnag)aneCOrYceTAehIyenaH eFVI[mankarebIksEmgdl;
viBaaNrbs;nag sUm,IEtmuneBlEdlnag)anTTYlnUvkarebIksEmg enAkgrUbkay
rbs;nagehIykeday .
skmPaBesckICMenO
55

sI)anbeBajskmPaBesckICMenOrbs;nag ehIy)anBal;CayRBHBsrbs;
RTg; .
karb:HBal;KWCacMNucnkarTak;Tg .
vaCakarbeBajesckICMenOrbs;nag edIm,I[nag)anTTYl .
va)aneFVIkareR)as[CaedayGaRsyeTAelIkarhUrcUleTAkgrUbkay
rbs;nag .
esckICMenOKWEtgEtRtv)anTMnak;TMng
edayskmPaBnkareBjedayesckICMenO . elaksavky:akub)ansresrfa
> > esckICMenOEdl\tmankarRbRBwttam enaHeQaHfasab;ehIy
y:akub 220x .
enAeBlEdlBaker:m:a)anebIksEmg EdlbNal[manesckICMenOelatcUl
eTAkgviBaaNrbs;eyIg enaHRKb;y:agEdleyIgmanesckIsgwm nwg)anmkdl;eBl
{\LvenH} Caminxan . eyIgcab;epImniyayedayGg;Gac BIesckICMenOrbs;eyIg
enAeBlEdleyIgeFVIclnabeBajskmPaBGVImYy .
esckICMenOKWCakugtak; TaMgkarTTYlnigkarbeBajnUvDIyUNamis KWCaGMNac
ecsaDINam:f_nkareR)as[Carbs;RBH)anhUrmk . edaykarebIkesckICMenO enaH
eyIgGacbeBajGMNacecsaDINam:f_ EdlmanenAkkgeyIg[hUrcUleTAkgrUbkay
rbs;Gs;GkNaEdlRtvkarnUvkareR)as[CaenH .
sMNYrrMBksareLIgvij
1- cUrsresrnUvkarBiPakSaTaMgbIvK EdlmanBakGMNacecsaDIyUNamisenAkgRBHeysUv enAkgelaksavkb:ul nigelak
Gkpal; .
2-

cUrBnl;nUvBakGMNacecsaDIyUNamisrbs;RBH nigesckICMenOEdleFVIkarrYmKa edIm,InaMmknUvkareFVIkarGsar .

3-

etIesckIBitenHGac)ancUlmkkgCIvitrbs;elakGkedayrebobNa?

56

emeronTI5
kareR)as[CatamrykarGFisandak;delI
manmeFa)ayCaeRcInedIm,IbMeBjkargareR)as[Ca eTaHCay:agNakeday kkar
GFisandak;delI KWCaKMrUEdleK)anykmkeRbICajwkjab; enAkgRBHKm<IrsBaafI . enAeBl
EdleyIg)ansab;RBHviBaaNbrisuT enaHRTg;nwgebIksEmgnUvrebobEdleyIgRtvbMeBjkargar
EdlRTg;)anRbTaneBlevla[ .
enAeBlEdleyIg)anGFisandak;delIGkCmW enaHeyIgkMBugEtpl;[nUvcMNucTMnak;
TMng tamryGMNacecsarbs;RBH EdlGacbgrecjBIeyIgeTAdl;GkdTeTot . vahak;dUcCa
kardak;ExSePIgEdlmankemABIrrYmKa edIm,I[GMNacePIgeGLikRTicGacbgrecj)an . kar
GFisandak;delI KWdUcCakarcak;eRbgtaMgedayeRbg edayeRbIkEnSgd bksMelokbMBak;epSg
eTot EckcayeTAdl;cMNucTMnak;TMng EdlGacbeBajnUvesckICMenO)an .
enAkgemeronbnab;enH eyIgnwgsikSaBIBakesckICMenO EdleyIgRtvEtniyayenA
eBlEdleyIgbMeBjkargareR)as[Ca . muneBlEdleyIgGFisandak;delIGkCmW enaHeyIg
RtvEtcMNayeBlbeBaj nUvesckICMenOrbs;Kat; bnag edaykarEckcaynUvxKm<IrEdlniyay
BIkareR)as[Ca bedaykarerobrab;BITIbnal;rbs;GkdTeTot Edl)anTTYlnUvkareR)as[Ca
Rbhak;RbEhlKaenHEdr .

RKwHnRBHKm<IrKWsRmab;karGFisandak;delI
karGFisandak;delIKWmanbsKl;enAkgRBHKm<IrsBaacas; .
vaCakarsMxan;sRmab;eyIgedIm,Iyl;fa manesckIBit nigkarsMxan;dBit tam
rykarGFisandak;delIenHg .
KMrUBIRBHKm<IrsBaacas;
GMeBI)abRtv)anbBaneTA[dl;stVBEB

R)aCJakRtv)anbBan

enAkgRBHKm<IrelvIviny GMeBI)abKWRtv)anbBaneTa[dl;stVBEB .
RBHKm<IrelvIviny 1621/22 Ecgfa rYcdak;dTaMg2enAelIk,alBEBenaH
ln;tYBIGs;TaMgesckITucrit nigGs;TaMgesckIrMlgrbs;BYkkUnecAGRsaEGl BIelIBEB
enaH KWGMeBI)abrbs;eKTaMgGs; Rtvdak;TaMgGs;elIk,alBEBenaH rYcRbKl;dl;mnusS
mak; EdlRbgCaeRscedIm,IdwkvaeTATIrehasan BEBenaH RtvpkGs;TaMgesckI
Tucritrbs;eK elIxnecjeTATIdMbn;sUnsat; rYcGkenaHRtvElgvaenATIrehasan
enaH .
tamrykaGFisandak;delIedayelakm:Ues enaHviBaaNnR)aCJa Rtv)an
bBaneTA[elaky:UesV .
57

RBHKm<IrecaTiykfa 349 Ecgfa yU:esV CakUnnun elakmanciteBjeday


R)aCJa BIeRBaHmU:es)andak;delIelak ehIyBYkkUnecAGRsaEGlksab;tam RBm
TaMgeFVIdUcCaRBHeyhUv:aRTg;)anbgab;mkmU:es .
eKalkarN_dMbUg
eyIg)anrkeXIjenAkgRBHKm<IreheRBIr nUvkarGFisandak;delI KWCaeKal
karN_dMbUgrbs;RBHRKIs .
RBHKm<IreheRBIr 61/2 Ecgfa rIesckICMenO enaHKWCacitEdldwgCak;fa
nwg)andUcsgwm CasMKal;BIkarEdlemIlmineXIj RBHRTg;)aneFVIbnal;BImnusScas;
buraN edayeRBaHeKmanesckICMenOenaHg .
karGFisandak;delIKWEtgEtRtv)aneKeRbIR)as; kgkarEck[ bbBaneTA[
BImnusSmak;eTAdl;mak;eTot .
karTTYlRBHviBaaNbrisuT
enAeBlEdlelaksavkb:ul)anmkdl;TIRkgeGePsUr Kat;)anGFisandak;d
elIBYkGkeCO ehIyRBHviBaaNbrisuTk)anmksNitelIBYkeK .
RBHKm<Irkickar 196 Ecgfa rYcb:uldak;delIeK ehIyRBHviBaaNbrisuT)an
mksNitelIeK enaHeKcab;taMgniyayPasadTehIyGFib,aypg .
elaksavkb:ul)anR)ab;dl;eelakFIm:Uef[beBajGMeNayTan EdlRtv)an
RbKl;dl;Kat;enaH edaykarGFisandak;delIeTA[GkdTeTot .
RBHKm<Ir2FIm:Uef 16 Ecgfa edayehtuenaH)anCaxJMrMBkdl;Gk [das;
etOnGMeNayTanrbs;RBH EdlenAkgGkedayxJMdak;delI .
karebIksEmgnUvKMrUTaMgenH KWCaRBHKm<Ir)anbeRgnfa mankarEckcayxag
viBaaN tamrykarGFisandak;delI .
kuMykBnWecj
kargarGFisandak;delI KWminRtv)aneKdkecj)aneLIy . eyIgRtvEt
TTYlsal; dwg nigTTYlykBYkGkEdlbMeBjkargarenH enAkgcMeNamBYkeyIg .
RBHKm<Ir1EfsSaLnic 512 Ecgfa EtbgbneGIy eyIgGgVrGkral;Kafa
cUrcMNaM[sal;BYkGkEdlxMeFVIkickarkgBYkGkral;Ka nigBYkGkEdlnaMmuxGkral;Ka
kgRBHGmas; ehIynigBYkGkEdlTUnanEdr .
karGFisandak;delIEdlEtgEtRtv)aneKeRbI edIm,ITTYlyknUvGMeNayTan
nRBHviBaaNbrisuT bTTYlnUvkarcak;eRbgtaMg nigkarTTYlsal;sRmab;kargarbeRmI
KWminEmnedaykmaMgrujRcanPamenaHeT EtKWCakar )anmkedayRBHviBaaNnRBHvij
b:ueNaH .
58

RBHKm<Ir1FIm:Uef 522k Ecgfa kMu[RbBaJab;dak;delIGkNa kkMu[man


esckIRbkbkg)abrbs;mnusSeTot[esaH> > > .
RBHeysUvRTg;)anbMeBjRBHraCkicedaykarGFisandak;RBHhselI
enAeBlEdlRBHeysUvRTg;)anbMeBjRBHraCkiceR)as[Ca enaHRTg;EtgEt
)aneQagcab; b:HBal; dak;RBHhsrbs;RTg;elImnusSCanic .
GkCmWXg;
CmWXg;KWCaCmWmYy EdlRtv)aneKKitfaCaCmWqgraldalbMput . eTaHCa
y:agNakeday enAeBlEdlGkmanCmWXg;)anTUlsUmnUvkareR)as[Ca enaHRBH
eysUvRTg;)anbMeBjRBHraCkic edaykarGFisandak;RBHhselI KWRTg;)anRtvEtb:H
Bal;Kat; .
RBHKm<Irm:akus 140/41 )anEcgfa RKaenaH manmnusSXg;mak; mkRBH
eysUvlutCgg;TUlGgVrfa ebIRTg;sBVRBHhbTy RTg;GacnwgeR)as[TUlbgMCasat
)an dUecH RTg;manRBHhbTyklGaNit klUkRBHhseTABal;Kat; edaybnlfa
cg;Edr [CasateTA.
kUnRsIrbs;elaky:r:us
enAeBlEdlRBHeysUvRTg;)anyageTAkUnRsIrbs;elaky:r:us Edl)an
sab;ehIy enaHRTg;)ancab;dnagedayRBHhsrbs;RTg; edaykarGFisandak;RBH
hselI ehIyRTg;)anmanbnlfa cUr[RBlwg)ancUleTAkgrUbkayrbs;nagvij .
RBHKm<Irm:akus 535-42 Ecgfa kMBugEdlRTg;enAmanbnlenAeLIy enaH
manmnusSmkBIpHemsalaRbCMu CMrabfa kUnRsIelaksab;ehIy enAEtrMxancitelakRK
eFVIGIeTot kalRBHeysUv)anBBakeKR)ab; Rsab;EtRTg;manbnleTAemsalaRbCMufa
kuMxacGI [RKan;EteCOb:ueNaH RTg;min[GkNaeToteTACamYyeLIy elIkEteBRts
y:akub nigy:Uhan Cabny:akubb:ueNaH luHdl;pHemsalaRbCuM keXIjmnusSkMBugEtyM
ERsk ekItvwkvrCaxaMg RTg;kyagcUleTAmanbnlfa ehtuGVI)anCaekItvwkvr ehIyyM
dUecH kUnenHminEmnsab;eT KWvaedklk;eTetI eKkesIcLk[RTg; EtRTg;edjeKeTA
eRkAGs; TukEtBukmaynkUnenaH nigBYkGkEdlenACamYynwgRTg; naMKacUleTA
dMeNkva rYcRTg;cab;dvamanbnlfa talIfaKUmI Rsayfa kUnRsIeGIy GjR)ab;
[geRkakeLIg Rsab;EtkUnRsIenaHkeRkakeLIgedIreTA d,itmanGayu12qaMehIy
mnusSral;KaeKmanesckIGsarCaxaMgRkElg .
mnusSKfg;

59

enAkgKMrUmnusSKfg;enH eyIgeXIjfa RBHeysUvRTg;)anb:HBalnUvEpkmYy


nragkay EdlRtv)anCiHCan;edayviBaaNBikarPaBenaH . RTg;)andak;RBHGglIrbs;
RTg;eTAkgRtecokrbs;bursenaH nig)anBal;nUvGNatrbs;Kat; .
RBHKm<Irm:akus 731-35 Ecgfa lMdab;BIenaHmk RTg;ecjBIRBMEdnRsuk
TIr:usnigsdUn kyagkat;Rsukedkab:Ulmkdl;smuRTkalIeLvij enaHmaneKnaMmnusS
fg;mak; EdlniyayTaMgBi)akmkRTg; kTUlGgVr[RTg;dak;RBHhselIKat; RTg;knaM
Kat;ecjBIhVgmnusSeTAedayELk ykGglIRBHhsdak;kgRtecokKat; rYcesaHTwk
RBHs ehIyBal;GNatKat; kalRTg;)anegIbTteTAelIemXehIy enaHRTg;fr rYc
manbnleTAKat;fa Gibpafa KWfa [ebIkeLIg Rsab;EtRtecokkebIk srs
GNat)anFUr enaHKat;niyay)any:agc,as; .
vaCakarEdlKYr[cab;GarmN_ nigcgcaMnUvmeFa)ayEdlRBHeysUvRTg;)an
dak;RBHhsrbs;RTg;eTAelImnusS . maneBlCaeRcIn EdlmnusSenAtamtMbn;CaeRcIn
RtvkarnUvkareR)as[Ca . RbsinebITmab;cas;rbs;eyIg EtgEt)andak;drbs;eyIg
elIk,alrbs;mnusSmak; enaHeyIgGaceronBIKMrUrbs;RBHeysUv)an .
GkeCORKb;KaRtvEtbMeBjkargaredaykarGFisandak;delI
elaksavkb:ul
elaksavkb:ulk)andak;drbs;Kat;elIGkEdlRtvkarKat;Edr .
RBHKm<Irkickar 288 Ecgfa Kab;cYnCaBukBUBasedkRKn ehIymYlpg
b:ulkcUleTAGFisan dak;delIKat;[)anCa .
BYkGkeCOsmysBVfenH
RBHeysUvnigelaksavkb:ul )aneR)asmnusSCaeRcIn[Ca . BYkeKEtgEtb:H
Bal;mnusSGkmanCmW enAeBlEdlBYkeKRtvkarkareR)as[Ca . eyIgkCaBYkGkeCO
enaHEdr eyIgk)anTTYlnUvkarbeRgn [dak;drbs;eyIgelIBYkGkCmWEdr .
RBHKm<Irm:akus 1617k/18x Ecgfa TIsMKal;TaMgenHnwgCab;tamGs;Gk
EdleCO KWfa eKnwgedjGarkSedaynUveQaH>>> ehIyeKnwgdak;delImnusSCMgW[)an
Capg .
esckIbeRgncugeRkayrbs;RBHeysUv tamryRBHKm<Irm:akus ebIksEmgnUv
esckIRsLaj; nigesckIemtakruNadFM]tmrbs;RTg; sRmab;GkmanCmW . BakTaMg
enHKWsRmab;BYkGkeCOenAsmysBVfenH . eyIgkdUecaHEdr KWRtvEtGFisandak;d
rbs;eyIgelIGkmanCmW .
karGnuvtn_nUvesckIbeRgnsRmab;karGFisandak;delI
60

cMNaM kgkarEckcaynUvkarGnuvtn_rUbmnkargareR)asGkCmW[\CaCabnbnab;enH
eyIgminRtvniyaybEgVgdaneRkABIKMrUEdleyIgRtvniyayeLIy beyIgRtvEtniyayeTAtamkar
EdleyIgRtveRbIRtg;Etmg . eTaHCay:agNakeday KMrUTaMgenaHKWCakarpl;[nUvCyCmH
sRmab;eyIg nigsRmab;mnusSrab;Ban;dTeTotenACuMvijBiPB elak .

manrebobkgkarENnaMnUvkarGnuvtn_sMxan; sRmab;pas;brnUvkarGFisan
dak;delIGkCmWrbs;eyIg . mUldanTaMgBIrenH KWsMedAelIRBHbnlnRBH nigtam
rynkarBiesaFn_CaeRcInqaMmkehIy .
kEngEdleyIgQr
cab;taMgBIeyIg)aneRbIGMNacecsankareR)as[Carbs;RBH EdlmanenAkg
rUbkayrbs;eyIgmk enaHeyIgRtvEtQrenAcMeBaHmuxGkCmW edIm,I[manlTPaBGac
edjCmWenaH)an . kareFVIy:agenH enaHkGacbgak;nUvkareRCtERCk nigpg;citeTAelI
GVIEdleyIgniyay nigeFVI . eyIgGaceRbIdmYy bdTaMg2 eBlEdlelakGk)an
TTYlGMNacnRBHviBaaNbrisuT [GFisandak;delI .
rkeXIjnUvesckIRtvkar
cUrsUmdl;mnusSmak;nUvGVIEdleKRtvkareR)as[Ca [eK)aneCOdl;RBH .
]TahrN_ mnusSBikarmak;kMBugEtsitenAelIekAGI Edlmankg;vil ehIyeyIgkMNt;fa
BYkeKEdlenAkgtMbn;enaH cg;TTYlnUvkareR)as[Ca b:uEntamBit BYkeKkMBugEtxVl;
edaymanCmWQWk,al ehIycg;[eyIgGFisan[eKeTAvij .
elakGkmanXafa mnusSRtvkarkareR)as[Ca enaHRtvEtTTYlxusRtv
cMeBaHsankarN_Bit sRmab;esckICMenOrbs;eK .
kuMGnuBaat[mnusSmak; pl;[GknUvkarraykarN_CaGviCmanEvgeBk . tam
kareFVIrebobenH BYkeKc,as;Caniyayfa {sPaBkar\Lv KWvaepSgKa . enHKWCa
bMNgdlM)ak;sRmab;RBH edIm,IeR)aseK[Ca}.
karEfgCaGviCmandUecH naM[mankarraMgsH . cUrsUmmgehIymgeTotfa
{etIGVIEdlelakGkkMBugEteCORBH enaHelakGkenAEteCOrhUtmkdl;\LvenHbeT?}
cUr[dwgfa GVIEdlCaviCmanenaH kuMGnuBaat[karniyayCaGviCmanGacbneTA
eTot)aneLIy . esckICMenOEdlcMraj;ecjmkenH enaHGacnwgeFVI[BYkeKTTYlkar
eR)as[Ca)an .
KanbBaaGVIeT EdlBYkeKR)ab;elakGk enaHKWEtgEteqIytbedaykarniyay
y:agdUecHfa {enaHKWCakargayRsYlsRmab;RBH} KWCaBitCaGBawgEmnehIy . cUrrkSa
KMnitrbs;elakGkcMeBaHrebobnkareRbIGMNacecsarbs;RBH ehIyeFVIrebobenaH[
)aneRcIndgcuH RTg;sBVRBHhbTyeR)as[BYkeK)anCa
61

RBHKm<Irm:afay 1926 Ecgfa RBHeysUvRTg;TteTAeK edaybnlfa kar


enaHmnusSelakeFVIminekIteT EtRBHRTg;GacnwgeFVIekItTaMgGs; .
karsEmgCaGviCman enaHnwgbegIteLIgnUvkarsgS .
karsEmgCaviCman )antaMgmUldanRKwHenAelIRBHbnlRBH KWCakar
begIteLIgnUvesckICMenO .
karb:HBal;KWCaEpkmYynesckIRtvkarnUvkareR)as[Ca
karb:HBal;KWCaEpkmYynesckIRtvkarnUvkareR)as[Ca sRmab;bBaneTA
edIm,IeFVIkareR)as[Cadl;mnusSpal; edayGMNacecsanRBHviBaaNbrisuT .
RBHKm<Irm:afay 929 Ecgfa enaHRTg;kBal;EPkeK edaybnlfa cUr[)an
dUcesckICMenOrbs;GkcuH .
eyIgminEdlFab;GFisandak;d EpkNamYynrUbkayrbs;GkdTeTot
edaypal;xneLIy . RbsinebImnusSmak;EdlmanePTpyKa RtvkarkareR)as[Ca
dl;mnusSenAkgtMbn;NamYy enaHmanGkeCOdTeTot EdlmanePTdUcKa CaGkRtv
karnUvkareR)as[Ca edIm,ICYyelakGk[eKdak;delI GkEdlRtvkarkareR)as[Ca
enaH)an .
bebImanmnusSmak;RtvkarkareR)as[Ca edayGFisandak;drbs;eKelIEpk
NamYy ehIyelakGkGacGFisandak;dBIelIeK)an . RbsinebIminGkNaCMnYsnUv
karGnuvtin_eFVIdUecHeT elakGkGacGFisandak;delIk,aleK)an .
karbeBajnUvGMNacecsarbs;RBH
enAeBlEdlelakGk)andak;deTAelImnusSmak; KWCaTRmg;rUbPaBxagEpk
xYrk,alrbs;eK enAkgkareR)as[Ca tamesckIsnanRBHbnlRBH . karbeBajnUv
GMNacecsanRBHviBaaNbrisuTkgkareR)as[Ca edIm,IbgrcUleTAkgrUbkayrbs;
BYkeK enAeBlEdlelakGkniyay bbeBajskmPaBedayGg;Gac RBmTaMgsgwm
fanwg)anekIteLIg .
karbMeBjkargardl;mnusSCaeRcIn
enAeBlEdlmnusSCaeRcIn)anbMeBjkargarkarcak;eRbgtaMg [)aneR)as[
Ca enaHCakmaMgdxaMgbMput EdlmanlTPaBRKb;RKan;edIm,Isab; CaBiesscMeBaHesckI
RtvkarnUvkareR)as;[Ca .
mnusSGacBayambBab;elakGk edIm,I[)ancMeNjnUvkarRbgRbyt
bEnmeTot sRmab;BYkeKpal; . BYkeKGaceFVIdUecH BIeRBaHeKmanGarmN_fa BYkeK
mankrNIlM)ak;CagGkdTeTot nigcab;ykeBlevlarbs;RBHbEnmeTot b:uEnkarenH
62

KWCatwktagrbs;GkmineCO bCaesckIGMnYtvij . kuM[mnusScMraj;ykesckICMenOrbs;


elakGk bkdeNImyknUvkarcak;eRbgtaMgdmankmaMgenaH)aneLIy .
clnakgkarcak;eRbgtaMg EdleBjedayGMNacecsanRBHviBaaNbrisuT
ehIydak;delakGkelImnusSCaeRcIn EdlmanlTPaBenAkgeBldxI .
karbeBajesckICMenOrbs;elakGk
enAeBlEdlelakGkGFisandak;delIGkCmW KWCakarbeBajnUvesckICMenO
rbs;elakGkdl;BYkeK edIm,I[)anTTYlnUvkareR)as[Ca minEmn[BYkeKcUleTA
eRkamGMNacecsa bkkmab;enAkgRBHviBaaNeLIy .
mnusSGackmab;enAkgRBHviBaaN nigFak;cuHenAeRkamGMNacecsarbs;RBH
ehIykenAEtmin)anTTYlnUvkareR)as[CaEdr . GkdTeTotGacRtv)anTTYlkar
eR)as[Ca edayKankarFak;cuHenAeRkamGMNacecsarbs;RBHenaHeT . manGkxH
eTot RKan;EtEsVgrknUvbTBiesaFn_nkarkmab;enAkgRBHviBaaN ehIyGVIEdleKeFVI
enaHeKnwgTTYl)an .
elakGkEtgEtbeBajnUvesckICMenOsRmab;mnusS edIm,ITTYlkareR)as;[
CaenaH .
kareR)as[CanUvEpkxagxg k nigRtKak
manmnusSCaeRcIn)anTTYlkarBiesaFn_nUvkarQWxg BIeRBaHssqwgxgenaH
erobmin)anl bPatss bkmankarkb;ssEpkxagxgCaedIm . ssEdlerobmin
)anesIenaH minGaceFVI[karTak;Tgrvagsac;duM nigxYrk,al)anleLIy bkbNalmkBI
esrIragCaeRcInmanbBaa EdleFVI[QWxgenaH .
mnusSEdlmankarQWxg nwgEtgEtmankarekIteLIg enAdbeCIgmagEdlxI
Cag KWedaysarEtmankarerobminRtvenAEpkxagxgrbs;eK . enAeBlEdlmankar
erobcMxg[)ansmrmenaH karsab;b:HBal;)an KWCaPstagnGMNacecsankar
eR)as[Carbs;RBH GacRtv)aneFVICaTIbnal;edaykaremIleXIjEpkxagcugRmamd
rbs;mnusS bkCakartRmg;keCIg bEkgeCIgrbs;mnusS .
kareR)as[CaEpkxgxagelI
RbsinebIeyIgbMeBjkargarEpkxgxagelI manmnusSQredayeCIgExVgKa
enaHBYkeK)aneyaldeTAcMehogrbs;eKedIm,IsRmlsac;duM bnab;mkkCab;Ekgd
rbs;eK niglatdrbs;eK[)anFUr . bnab;mkedayman)at;dRbQmeTAnwg)at;d
dTeTot vamandMeNIryWt rhUtdl;Rmamdhak;dUcCamankarb:HBal;rbs;epSg. Ca
erOy dmaghak;dUcCaRtLb;eTACaxICagdmageTot .
63

karbgat;beRgndl;mnusSmak; ehIymnusSTaMgGs;EtgEtebIkEPksmwg
emIlmk . manmnusS)anEjkdrbs;eK GMBIkarecjmkbnicmg dUecHKankarrwt
Rtdusrvagdrbs;eKeLIy . cMeBaHdrbs;elakGk Edl)anlatcMeBaHmux cUr[d
rbs;eK)ansRmakenAelIdrbs;elakGk dak;delIdeK.
karbeBajnUvGMNacecsarbs;RBH KWCakarbBaaedayGg;GaceTAelIqwgxg
qwgsabRbecov sac;duM nigsrsBYrEpkxagxg edIm,IeFVIkareR)as[Ca ehIycUlmk
kgkartRmg;[)anesI . cUrsmwgemIlkarEktRmg;[)ansmrm bnab;BIkarEktRmg;
ehIy sYreTAeKfa etIEpkxagxgrbs;eK )anRsYlbYlehIybenA . cUrsYredaykahan
fa {etImanehtukarN_GVIekIteLIgcMeBaHkarQWcab;enH?} rMeBcenaH cUrfVaysirIldl;
RBH .
enAeBlEdleyIgcab;epImsresIrtemIgRBH sRmab;GVIEdlRTg;)aneFVI enaH
esckICMenOnwglUtlas;rwgmaM . kareR)as[CaEdlGacman KWRKan;Etcab;epIm[)an
RtwmRtvPamEtb:ueNaH . karsresIrtemIg KWCaEpksMxan;mYynkareR)as[Ca .
kareR)as[CaEpkxgxageRkam
enAeBlEdleyIgbMeBjkargarcMeBaHmnusSmak; EdlRtvkarnUvkareR)as[
Ca enAEpkxgxageRkamEdlmancMeBaHBYkeK KW[eKGgyenAkgekAGI edayqwg
RteKokeTAdl;Epkxg . bBarmnusSenaH[Rtg; [eKncab;cugeCIgrbs;eK . cUr
cMNaMfa karBt;[Rtg;TaMgqwgkeCIg TaMgEkgeCIg KWRtvBak;Es,keCIg[eK .
karbeBajGMNacecsarbs;RBH KWCakarbBaaqwgxg qwgsabRbecov sac;duM
nigsrsBYr edIm,I[)aneR)as[Ca nigedIm,I[)antRmg;erobesIeLIgvij . enAeBl
Edl)aneFVIkarEkExcb;sBVRKb;Gs;ehIy cUr[BYkeKQr[)anRtg;xn beFVInUvGVIEdleK
minGaceFVI)anBImunmk . m:ageTot cUrsYredayGg;Gacfa {etImanehtukarN_GVIekIt
eLIgcMeBaHkarQWcab;enH?} m:agvijeTot cUr[BYkeKfVaysirIldl;RBH .
kareR)as[CaEpkRteKok
qwgRteKokEdlPat EtgEtbNalmkBIkartRmg;eCIgxus bBaaCamYynwg
esrIragenAEpktMbn;qwgRteKok CmWslIy:U bkkarQWcukcab;EpksrsRbsaTBI
RteKokdl;cugeCIg . bBareK[Rtg;tamEpknimYy dak;drbs;elakGkEpkxagelI
qwgRteKokrbs;eK enAxageRkamKUfrbs;eK tamcMehog . RbsinebImnusSmak;Edl
manePTpyKa cUrdak;drbs;elakGkenAEpkxagelI bksemkbMBak;rbs;eK . cUr
beBajnUvGMNacecsarbs;RBH[hUrecjeTA edayesckICMenO .
CaerOyrUbkayrbs;BYkeK nwgcab;epImRtLb;BImYycMehogeTAmYycMehog
eTot tamelakGkbBaanUvqwgRteKokenaH qwgkMeb:HKUfKWCaqwgsMEb:tFM Cabsnqwg
64

kgxg KWCaEpkxagcugnqwgxg ehIyesrIrag)aneFVIclna[manreboberobryeLIg


vij . m:ageTot manmnusSxHeFVIkeRmIkenACuMvij EpkxageRkArUbkayrbs;eK . sMnYr
sYrfa {etImanehtukarN_GVIekIt eLIgcMeBaHkarQWcab;enH?} cUrfVaysirIldl;RBHcuH
kareR)as[Catamrykarcak;eRbgtaMgedayeRbg
karcak;eRbgtaMgedayeRbgGac)anseRmc edaykarcak;eRbgeTAelIk,al
nigcak;eRbgeTAelIfasrbs;mnusS edayeRbIRmamdrbs;elakGk .
BYkcas;TuMcak;eRbgtaMgedayeRbg
rUbmnnkareR)as[CaenH KWCakarBiesscMeBaHkareRbIedayBYkcas;TuMenAkg
BYkCMnuM . karenH)anekIteLIgcMeBaHrUbmnnkareR)as[CadCak;lak;mYy enAeBl
EdlmansataMgcUlmkRbyuTedaykareFVI[eyIgQW . RbsinebIGMeBI)ab)anbNal
mk KWeyIgRtvEtsarPaBnUvGMeBI)abenaH edIm,I[)anTTYlnUvkareR)as[Ca .
RBHKm<Iry:akub 514-16 Ecgfa etImanBYkGkral;KaNaQWbeT Rtv[
GkenaHehABYkcas;TuMkgBYkCMnMumkGFisan[cuH RBmTaMglabeRbg[ edaynUvRBH
namRBHGmas;pg enaHBakGFisannesckICMenO nwgCYysegaHdl;mnusSehvenaH
ehIyRBHGmas;RTg;nwgeR)as[Kat;)anCaeLIg ebIKat;)aneFVI)abGVIenaH nwg)anGt;
eTas[pg dUecH cUr[Gkral;Kaln;tYeTasnwgKa ehIyGFisan[KaeTAvijeTAmk
edIm,I[)anCacuH d,itesckITUlGgVrdGs;BIcitrbs;mnusSsucrit enaHBUEkNas; .
esckIsnaenH KWsRmab;dl;Gs;GkNaEdlmanCmW EdlnwgGMBavnav bk
sUm[BYkcas;TuMkgBYkCMnuMGFisan RBmTaMglabeRbg[sRmab;kareR)as[CaenH .
BYksisS)ancak;eRbgtaMgedayeRbg
BYksisS)ancak;eRbgtaMgedayeRbg .
RBHKm<Irm:akus 613 Ecgfa kbeNjGarkSCaeRcIn ehIylabeRbg[
mnusSCMgWCaeRcIn)anCaEdr .
karcak;eRbgtaMgedayeRbgenAsmysBVfenH
tamryRBHKm<Ir eRbgKWCarUbmnnRBHviBaaNbrisuT . enAeBlEdlmnusS
mak;)anTTYlkarRCmuCedayRBHviBaaNbrisuT enaHKat;bnag )anTTYlnUvGMNacnkar
eR)as[Carbs;RBH ehIyrUbmnenH minCakarcaM)ac;dyUrGEgVgenaHeT b:uEnvaGacRtv
)aneKeRbIR)as;eTAtamcMNuc EdlRtvTak;TgnwgesckICMenOdBitR)akdb:ueNaH
karcak;eRbgtaMgedayeRbg KWRtv)anTak;TgedayesckIGFisan edayman
esckICMenO edIm,IeFVI[GkQW)anCab:ueNaH .
RBHKm<Iry:akub 515k Ecgfa enaHBakGFisannesckICMenO nwgCYy
segaHdl;mnusSehvenaH ehIyRBHGmas;RTg;nwgeR)as[Kat;)anCaeLIg .
65

karcak;eRbgtaMgedayeRbgminRtvbBab;eLIy . vaRtvEt)anseRmceday
skmPaBnesckICMenO KWCakarbeBajnUvGMNacRBHecsarbs;RBH [hUrecjeTA .
kareR)as[CatamrysMelokbMBak; nigkEnSgd
karbBanecjeTA
kareRbInUvsMelokbMBak;Edl)anTTYlkarcak;eRbg KWRtv)anebIksEmgEtmg
Kt;enAkgRBHKm<IrsBaafI .
RBHKm<Irkickar 1911/12 Ecgfa ehIyRBHRTg;eFVIkarbTi)armIy:agEbk
edaysardb:ul dl;em:H)anCaeKRKan;EtykkEnSgbRkma BIxnKat; eTAdak;elImnusS
manCMgW enaHeKk)anCa ehIymanGarkSGesacecjBImnusSEdr .
GMNacecsankareR)as[CanRBHviBaaNbrisuT KWRtv)anbBanecjBIrUb
kayrbs;elaksavkb:ul tamrykEnSgd bsMBt; . PaBmanCmWRtv)anTTYlkar
eR)as[Ca ehIyviBaaNrbs;GarkSRtv)anbeNjecj .
etIkarenaHmanrhUtmkdl;sBVfenHbeT?
etIsMelokEdlmankarcak;eRbgtaMg manrhUtmkdl;smysBVfenH
beT?
RBHRTg;nwgeRbIrUbmnepSgKaCaeRcIn edIm,InaMmk[mnusStamesckICMenO .
eyIgminRtvdak;kRmitelIRTg;eLIy GMNacecsankareR)as[Carbs;RBH KWCakar
Bit Cak;EsgbMput EdlGacbBanecjeTA tamrysMelokbMBak;)an .
GMNacecsankareR)as[CaenH KWRtv)anbeBaj y:agehacNas;tamry
mnusSmak; EdlcUlrYmedaymanesckICMenOeBjelj ehIyedaymanGMNacecsa
rbs;RBH edIm,IeR)as[Ca . enAeBlmnusSmak; naMyksMelokbMBak;rbs;eKeTA[
mnusSmak;epSgeTot ehIysUm[sMelokbMBak;)anTTYlkarcak;eRbgtaMg mnusSBIr
nak; beRcInnak;eTot Edl)ankMBugGFisanedaymancitRBmeRBg edIm,I[)anTTYlnUv
kareR)as[Ca . bnab;mk edayeKenAEtmanesckICMenO enaHeKGacyksMelok
bMBak;eTA dak;elIGkQWdTeTot[)anCaEdr .
bnab;mk sMelokbMBak;Edl)anTTYlkarcak;eRbgtaMgenaH )anRtLb;eTACa
rbs;pknUvGMNac ehIyedaymanesckICMenO enaHeKGacnUvEtbeBajmgehIymg
eTot nUvGMNacecsankareR)as[Carbs;RBH edIm,I[enAEtmanskmPaBeR)as[Ca
eTAeTot)an . vaCaskmPaBedayesckICMenO EdlRBHRTg;)anRbTanmk .
etIBYkeKRtveRbIR)asedayrebobNa
etIsMelokEdl)anTTYlkarcak;eRbgtaMg enaHRtv)aneKeRbIrhUtmk
dl;smysBVfenHbeT?
66

manGkeCOxHEdl)anTTYlnUvkarRCmuCedayRBHviBaaN EdleCOnUvGMNac
ecsankareR)as[Carbs;RBHviBaaNbrisuT GacGFisandak;delIsMelokbMBak;
ehIybBannUvGMNacecsarbs;RBH cUleTAkgsMelokbMBak;enaHedayesckICMenO
)an .
va)anRtveKmansMNUmBrfa sMelokbMBak;CasMBt;kMNat; EdlRtv)aneKeRbI
R)as; karsegaHedayRkdas; bkedayvtbMNgdTeTotenaHeT .
rUbmnenHkGacRtv)aneKeRbIR)as; enAeBlEdlBBYkviBaaNGaRkk; bkBBYk
viBaaNBikarPaBEdl)ancUlmk .
maneBlCaeRcInEdlmnusSmak;)anTTYlnUvCmW ehIyeK)anmkGkeCOEdl
eBjedayRBHviBaaN . kareRbIR)as;nUvsMelokbMBak;EdlTTYlkarcak;eRbgtaMg KWCa
meFa)aymYyedIm,IbMeBjkargar enAeBlEdlvaKanlTPaBedIm,IenACamYynwgmnusS
EdlmanGMNacenaH .
kareR)as[Catamrykarcak;eRbgtaMgedayeRbg nigsMelokbMBak;Edlman
karcak;eRbgtaMg KWEdlmanenAkgRBHKm<Ir ehIymanrhUtmkdl;smysBVfenH .
sMNYrrMBksareLIgvij
1- ehtuGVI)anCakarb:HBal; KWCakarsMxan; enAeBlEdleyIgbMeBjkargarnUvkareR)asGkCmW[Ca?
2-

ehtuGVI)anCaCYnkalKWCakarRbesIrbMput cMeBaHkarGFisandak;drbs;elakGk eTAelIEpkrUbkayrbs;Gs;GkEdlRtvkar


kareR)as[Ca?

3-

etIlkNdUcemcxH EdleyIgGaceFVIkarcak;eRbgtaMgedayeRbg EdlRtv)aneKeRbIR)as;nUvrUbmntamRBHKm<Ir cMeBaHkar


bMeBjkargareR)as[CaenAEpkxageRkam)an?

4-

etIkarpl;nUvdMbUnancMeBaHkareRbIsMelokbMBak; edIm,IbMeBjkargareR)as[Ca dl;mnusSGkmanCmWenAEpkxageRkam


enaHmanlkNdUcemcxH?

67

emeronTI6
RBHbnlEdleyIgsEmgecj
esckICMenOKWRtv)ankMNt; bsEmgecjedayRBHbnlEdleyIg)ansEmg .
enAkgemeronTIbYn eyIg)ansikSamkfa esckICMenOKWCakugtak; EdlGnuBaat[eyIg
nUvGMNacnkareR)as[CaEpkDIyUNamIs edayRBHviBaaNbrisuT)anbgrmk . eyIg
k)ansikSapgEdr nUvesckICMenOEdlsEmgecjedayBaksmI Edl)anseRmceday
esckICMenO . eyIg)aneXIjKMrUGMBIsImak;EdlFak;Qam KWCaBakEdlnag)anniyay
edayesckICMenOfa {nwg)anCaehIy} .
manBaksmIEdl)anseRmcedayesckICMenOTaMg4Epk EdleyIgRtvEt
niyayedaykarbEnmnUvkarrg;caMEdlsgwmCaviCman nUvesckICMenOrbs;eyIg .
GMNacecsankareR)as[Carbs;RBH KWRtv)anbeBajeday
karniyayedaynUvRBHnamRBHeysUv
karbeNjBBYkviBaaNBikarPaB
karniyayBIkarbegItnUvkarGsar
nigkarniyayedaynUvRBHbnlRBH
karniyayedaynUvRBHnamRBHeysUv
etImankarsMxan;viessNamYy kgkarniyayedaynUvRBHnamRBHeysUvbeT?
etImanGMNacecsadBitR)akd enAkgkarniyayedaynUvRBHnamenaHbeT?
GtnynRBHnam{RBHeysUv} KWCakarBittamkarGFisanfa {RBHRTg;segaH
eyIg} bCakarsEmgfa {RBHeyhUv:aRTg;CaesckIsegaH}. manGMNacdeRCAenAkg
karniyayedaynUvRBHnamRBHeysUv .
siTiGMNacenAkgRBHnam
etIsiTiGMNacGVIEdlmanenAkgRBHnamRBHeysUv?
RKb;TaMgsiTiGMNacmanenAsansYK nigEpndI .
RBHKm<Irm:afay 2818 Ecgfa RBHeysUv RTg;yagmkmanbnlnwgeKfa
RKb;TaMgGMNac)anRbKl;mkenAelIsansYK ehIyelIEpndIpg .
CaRBHnamelIGs;TaMgnampg
RBHnamRBHeysUv KWCanamx<s;elIsGs;TaMgnampg .
RBHKm<IrPIlIB 25-11 Ecgfa RtvEtmanKMnitKitdUcCaRBHRKIseysUvvij
EdleTaHebIRTg;manrUbGgCaRBHkeday Kg;Etmin)anrab;esckIEdlesInwgRBHenaH Tuk
68

CaesckIEdlKYrkan;xab;eLIy KWRTg;)anlHbg;RBHGgRTg; mkykrUbPaBCa)avbMerIvij


RBmTaMgRbsUtmkmanrUbCamnusSpg ehIyEdleXIjRTg;manPaBCamnusSdUecaH
enaHkbnabRBHGgRTg; TaMgcuHcUlsab;bgab; rhUtdl;TImrN KWRTg;TTYlsuKtCab;
elIeQIqagpg edayehtuenaH)anCaRBH)anelIkRTg;eLIgy:agx<s; ehIy)anRbTan
[mannamdRbesIr elIsCagGs;TaMgnampg edIm,IkalNaBRBHnamRBHeysUv
enaH[RKb;TaMgCgg;enAsansYK enAEpndI ehIyenAeRkamEpndIRtvlutcuH ehIy[
RKb;TaMgGNat)anEfgR)ab;fa RBHeysUvRKIsRTg;CaRBHGmas; sMrab;CasirIldl;RBH
dCaRBHvrbita .
GkmanCmW nigCmWRKb;RbePT KWsuTEtmaneQaH . CmWmharIk CmWsnak;d
eCIg nigCmWsab;GvyvxYrk,al TaMgGs;enaHCaeQaHrbs;va . RBHnamRBHeysUv
manGMNacelIeQaHCmWTaMgGs;enH dUecH eBlEdlBYkva)anBRBHnamRTg; CmWTaMg
Gs;enaHRtvEtnk,alcuH eBlEdleyIgniyayRBHnam{RBHeysUv} .
kareR)as[CaedaysarRBHnam
BYkCMnuMdMbUg)anniyayBIkareR)as[CaenAkgRBHnamRBHeysUv . cUrBicarNa
mgeTotBIKMrUrbs;elaksavkeBRts nigy:Uhan eBlEdlBYkeK)aneR)asbursmak;
EdlBikaBIkMeNIt[)anCa . BYkeK)aneFVIkarenaHenAkgRBHnamRBHeysUv .
RBHKm<Irkickar 34 Ecgfa EteBRts RBmTaMgy:Uhan ksMT,wgemIleTA
Kat; R)ab;fa cUremIlmkeyIgeNH .
esckICMenOenAkgRBHnam

elaksavkeBRts )anR)ab;eyIgGMBIkarenH enAeRkamkarcak;eRbgtaMgrbs;


RBHviBaaNbrisuTfa edaysaresckICMenOelIRBHnamRBHeysUv bursmak;enH)anRtv
eR)as[Ca .
RBHKm<Irkickar 316 Ecgfa ehIyKWedaysaresckICMenOeCOdl;RBHnam
RTg; enaHRBHnamRTg;)aneR)asmnusSenH EdlGkral;KaeXIjehIysal; [man
kMLaMgeLIg KWCaesckICMenOEdlekItmk edaysarRBHGgenaHg )aneFVI[Kat;Ca
RsLH enAmuxGkral;KadUecH .

mankarKRmamkMEhgedaysarkareRbIRBHnam

CalTplnkareR)as[CaenH elaksavkeBRts nigy:UhanRtv)ancab;xn


ehIydak;kgKukggwtkgeBlyb; ehIykTTYlkarKRmamkMEhgBIGkdwknaMsasn_yUda
BYkeKhammin[niyayBIRBHnamRBHeysUveToteLIy . GkdwknasasnaTaMgenaH
)anbdiesFTaMgRsug eTAelIGMNacecsanRBHnamRBHeysUv .
69

elaksavkeBRtsmancitkahaneqIynwgsMNYrrbs;BYkeK GMBIkareR)as[Ca
edaysarRBHnamenaHfa
enaHsUm[elakral;KaRCabdUecH ehIy[sasn_GRsaEGlTaMgGs;dwgpg
faEdlmnusSenH)anCaRsLH ehIyQrenAmuxelakral;KadUecH KWedaysarRBHnam
nRBHeysUvRKIs BIRsukNasaEr:t Edlelakral;Ka)anqagRTg; EtRBH)aneR)as[
manRBHCnrs;BIsab;eLIgvij kickar 410 .
TIsmal; nigkarGsar enAkgRBHnamRTg;

eBlEdlelaksavkeBRts nigy:UhanRtLb;eTABYkKaKat;vij RBmTaMg)an


erobrab;BIerOgr:avTaMgGs;Edl)anekIteLIgR)ab;BYkeKehIy enaHBYkeKkbnWsemgeLIg
GFisanTaMgGs;KaeTAkan;RBH . BYkeKbBab;karGFisanenH edaysURBHmBr[man
TIsmal; nigkarGsarmkbEnmeTot .
RBHKm<Irkickar 429-31 Ecgfa \LvenH RBHGmas;eGIy sUmTtemIl
esckIkMEhgrbs;eK ehIysUmRbTan[BYkGkbMerIRTg; )anpSayRBHbnl eday
esckIkahandeBjelj edayRTg;lUkRBHhsmk sMrab;nwgeR)asmnusS[)anCa
ehIynwgeFVITIsMKal; nigkarGsar edaysarRBHnamRBHeysUv CaGkbMerIbrisuTrbs;
RTg; kal)anGFisanrYcehIy enaHkEngEdleKRbCMuKakrBay ehIyeK)aneBjCa
RBHviBaaNbrisuTTaMgGs;Ka rYckpSayRBHbnledaycitkahan .

eFVIRKb;karTaMgGs;)anedaysarRBHnamRTg;

enARkgkUl:us)anTTYlkarbeRgnfa RtvEteFVIRKb;karTaMgGs; edayeRbIRBH


namRBHeysUv .
RBHKm<IrkUl:us 317 Ecgfa ehIykgRKb;karTaMgGs; eTaHebIkarGVIEdl
Gkral;KanwgeFVI edayBaksMdI bkiriyakedaycUreFVITaMgGs; edayRBHnamnRBH
Gmas;eysUv TaMgGrRBHKuNdl;RBHdCaRBHvrbita edaysarRTg;pg .

eCOelIRBHnamRTg;

RBHKm<Irm:akus 1617/18 Ecgfa TIsMKal;TaMgenHnwgCab;tamGs;GkEdl


eCO KWfa eKnwgedjGarkSedaynUveQaH ehIynwgecHniyayPasafI nwgcab;kan;Bs;
)an bebIeKpwkGIVBul enaHmineFVI[GnrayeT ehIyeKnwgdak;delImnusSCMgW[)an
Capg .
Kankardak;vNyutienAkgsMeNAedImPasaeRkkeLIy . eyIgGaceFVI[)an
y:ageTogRtg;bMput cUrGanRBHraCsarenAxageRkamenHCabnbnab; .
TIsmal;TaMgenHnwgCab;tamGs;GkEdleCO KWfa
BYkeKnwgedjGarkS
70

BYkeKnwgniyayPasafI
BYkeKnwgcab;kan;Bs;)an
ebIBYkeKnwgpwkGIVBul enaHmineFVI[GnrayeT
BYkeKnwgdak;delImnusSCMgW[)anCapg
eyIgmansiTiGMNacnRBHnamRBHeysUv KWCanamx<s;elIsGs;TaMgnampg .
BYkCMnuMdMbUg)anniyayfa kareR)as[CaedaynUvRBHnamRBHeysUv KWedaysaresckI
CMenO . eTaHCamankarKRmamkMEhgdl;sab;keday kelaksavkeBRtsenAEtGH
Gagfa kareR)as[CaenaHKWedaysarRBHnamRBHeysUvEdr .
karbeNjBBYkviBaaNBikarPaB
RBHraCkicrbs;RBHeysUv
RBHraCkiceR)as[Carbs;RBHeysUvPaKeRcIn KWEtgEt)anseRmcedaysar
beNjBBYkviBaaNecj . enAsmysBVfenH manCmW nigmaneraKaCaeRcInRtv)anrk
eXIj edaysarmanGkeCOEdl)ancab;yksiTiGMNacelIBBYkviBaaNTaMgenaH Edl
)anRtvTTYlkarEbgEckedayxaMgsRtv Edl)anmklYc smab; nigbMpajenaH .
enAkgRBHKm<IrlUka eyIg)anGanBIsImak;EdlRtv)anGarkSXuM edayviBaaN
BikarPaBmYy .
RBHKm<IrlUka 1311-13/16 Ecgfa enaHeXIjmansImak; EdlGarkS
eFVI[BikarGs;18qaMmkehIy manxgekag egIbRtg;BuM)anesaH luHRTg;)aneXIjKat;
kmanbnlehAKat;mk R)ab;fa nageGIy nag)anrYcBICraBikarehIy rYcRTg;dak;RBH
hselIKat; enaHKat;kegIbRtg;eLIgCa1rMeBc ehIyeBalBNnasresIrdl;RBH>>> .
RBHeysUvRTg;)ansEmgy:agc,as;fa viBaaNnCmWenH KWCacMNgrbs;
sataMgenaHg .
sIenH CaBUCelakGR)ahaM EdlGarkSsataMg)ancgKat;18qaMmkehIy
dUecH etImin KYrnwgRsay[rYcBIcMNgenH enAfQb;sMrakEdreTbGI .
Bakfa {BikarPaB} mannyfa PaBmanCmW bkPaBTn;exSay . viBaaN
BikarPaBCaFmta KWCaviBaaNnPaBmanCmW bkPaBTn;exSay . vaGacCaRbePTn
CmWNamYy .
CmWEdlemIlminCa
cMeBaHRBH KanCmWNaEdlfaemIlminCaeLIy . esIrEtRKb;CmWTaMgGs;
EdlRKeBT)ancat;Tukfa CaRbePTCmWEdlminGacemIlCa enaHKWbNalmkBIviBaaN
sataMg . kgkarbMeBjkargareR)asCmWTaMgenH enaHeyIgGacniyayeTAkan;viBaaN
71

BikarPaBNamYy bkeTAkan;eQaHnCmWenaHEtmgk)an . ]TahrN_ eyIgGac


niyayeTAkan; viBaaNneraKmharIk eraKekasikas bkCmWsnak;deCIgCaedIm .
rYmesckImk eyIgGaceFVIbBaIeQaHCmW Edl)anbNalmkBIviBaaNBikarPaB
dUcmanxageRkamenH
eGds_
CatiRsvwg faMCk; eRKgejn
sarCatiEdleFVI[Tas;
CmWsnak;deCIg
eraKhWt
BikarEPk
mharIk
CmWsab;GvyvxYrk,al
CmWKfg;
RBycit
eraKTwkenamEpm
CmWqtRCk
eraKqg
CmWqt
eraKXg;
eraKekasikas
CmWEqqt Lupus
CmWkalLrIx<s;
CmWexSaysac;duM
eraKs<Wk
QWcab;
eraKsab;Gavyv
CmWkalLrI
CmWduHsac;RKb;RbePT
KMrUEdlmanenAkgRBHKm<Ir
CmWK

72

RBHKm<Irm:afay 932/33k Ecgfa kMBugEdlGkTaMg2ecjeTA enaHman


eKnaMmnusSK EdlmanGarkScUl mkRTg; rYckal)anedjGarkSecjehIy enaH
mnusSK)anniyayeLIg)an>>>.
CmWKfg;

CmWqtRCk

CmWxVak; nigK

CmWsnak;qwgekagxg

RBHKm<Irm:akus 925 Ecgfa kalRBHeysUveXIjmnusSsnwkkMBugEtrt;mk


enaHRTg;kMEhgeTAGarkSGesacfa En GarkSKfg;eGIy Gjbgab;[gecjBIvaeTA
kMu[cUlvaeToteLIy.
RBHKm<Irm:afay 1715/18 Ecgfa RBHGmas;eGIy sUmRTg;eR)asemta
dl;kUnTUlbgM EdlqtRCkpg vaevTnaNas; ecHEtdYleTAkgePIg nigkgTwkCajy
>>> enaHRBHeysUvRTg;benasdl;GarkS ehIyvakecjBIekgenaHeTA rYcekgenaH)anCa
cab;taMgBIevlaenaHmk .
RBHKm<Irm:afay 1222 Ecgfa enaHeKnaMmnusSmak;manGarkScUl Edl
xVak;ehIyK mkRTg; RTg;keR)as[)anCa KW[mnusSxVak; ehIyKenaH )anTaMgniyay
ehIyemIleXIjpg .
RBHKm<IrlUka 1311/12 Ecgfa enaHeXIjmansImak; EdlGarkSeFVI[
BikarGs;18qaMmkehIy manxgekag egIbRtg;BuM)anesaH luHRTg;)aneXIjKat; kman
bnlehAKat;mk R)ab;fa nageGIy nag)anrYcBICraBikarehIy .

karcg nigkarRsay
kgkarcat;karnwgviBaaNBikarPaB eyIgmansiTiGMNacBIry:ag ehIymankar
beRgny:agmanRbsiTiPaBenAkgebskkm .
RBHKm<Irm:afay 1619 Ecgfa enaHBYksisSmkRBHeysUvedayELk TUl
sYrfa ehtuGVI)anCaeyIg edjGarkSenaHmin)an .
karcg

karRsay

karcgmannyfa bgitbgM cgPab; bkbgaMgsmtPaBenAkgskmPaBNa


mYy . eyIgGacniyayfa
{sataMg Gjcgg kuM[enARKb;RKgelImnusSmak;enHeTot>>>}
{GjcggviBaaNneraKmharIk>>> }
karRsaymannyfa rMedaHGkNamak;[ecjputBIcMNgnCmWeraKa .
73

RBHKm<IrlUka 1312 Ecgfa luHRTg;)aneXIjKat; kmanbnlehAKat;mk


R)ab;fa nageGIy nag)anrYcBICraBikarehIy .
karbeNjviBaaNGarkS
EpkebskkmEdleyIg)anTTYlkarRbTanBr enaH[beNjBBYkGarkS .
RBHKm<Irm:akus 1617k Ecgfa TIsMKal;TaMgenHnwgCab;tamGs;GkEdl
eCO KWfa eKnwgedjGarkSedaynUveQaH>>> .
RBHKm<Irm:afay 933 Ecgfa rYckal)anedjGarkSecjehIy enaHmnusS
K)anniyayeLIg)an bNamnusSTaMgb:unan eKmanesckIGsarfa minEdleXIj
many:agdUecH enAkgRsukGRsaEGlesaHeLIy.
CmWmharIk - Ca]TahrN_mYy

enAeBlEdlmnusSmak;manCmWmharIk enaHKWCaEpnkarrbs;GarkS EdlBYkva


)anpSM[manCaRKab;BUCeraKmharIkenAkgrUbkayrbs;BYkeK . cUreyIgRkeLkemIl
mksMNUmBrnkarGnuvtn_xH
sRmab;kareR)as[CanUvCmWmharIkenHdUcxageRkamenH
TI1 cgsataMgedaynUvRBHnamRBHeysUv .
cgviBaaNeraKmharIk nigbBaava[ecjedaynUvRBHnamRBHeysUv .
dak;bNasadl;BUCeraKmharI beraKTilm:Uv nigbBaa[vasab;eTA .
eyIgRtvEtkat;bsneraKmharIkenHecj .
RBHKm<Irm:afay 310 Ecgfa b:uEn\LvenH BUefA)an dak;enAbsedImeQI
ehIy dUecH Gs;TaMgedImNaEdlekItEpminl enaHRtvkab;e)aHecaleTAkgePIg.
eraKmharIkenH KWminEmnCaplleLIy . eyIgGabBaavaedayGg;Gacka
han edIm,IbBaava[sab;eTA ehIybBava[ecjBIbsmharIkenaHecj .
cUrdak;deTAelIEpkEdlmaneraKmharIk ehIyeR)as[CaedaymanGMNac
ecsanesckICMenO niyayEdleBjedaykarGsar ehIybBaabMpajsmab;emeraK
enaH edIm,I[mansrIragdUcedImvij b[)anerobcMCafIeLIgvijedaynUvRBHnamRBH
eysUv .

karniyayeTAkan;RKwHnCmWeraKa
CaeRcIndgeRcInsar EdlEpknrUbkayRtv)an)at;bg;eTA edaykareRKaHfak;
sWeKIrI kMeNItminRKb;Twk bkmanCmWxUcGVImYyEdleFVI[kan;EtFn;FreLIgCaedIm .
eyIgGacbMeBjParkicnUvkareFVIkarGsar tamryRBHbnlEdlEcgfa {karniyay
eTAkan;PM[erIecj)an} edayeRbIBakbBaadl;CmW[ecjeTA edaynUvGMNacecsan
RBHbnlrbs;RBH .
74

RBHKm<Irm:akus 1123 Ecgfa d,itR)ab;Gkral;KaCaR)akdfa ebIGkNa


niyayeTAPMenHfa cUrerIecjBITIenH eTAFak;kgsmuRTcuH eday\tsgSykgcit KWeCO
Cak;fa esckIGVIEdlxnfa nwg)anekItmkBit enaHnwg)andUcR)afaRKb;CMBUkTaMgGs;.
enAfmYy muneBlRBHeysUvRTg;)andak;bNasadl;edImlVa [Qb;manpl
CaerograbdrabeTA . BYksisS)anegOgql; enAeBlEdlBYkeK)aneFVIdMeNIrvilRtLb;
mkvij )aneXIjedImeQIenaHRtv)ansab; . enAx>23KWCaEpkmYyEdlRBHeysUvRTg;
)anBnl;dl;BYkeK . RTg;)anmanRBHbnledaymFtfa {cMeBaHedImlVaKWCaerOgtUc
taceT enAmankarmYyeTotEdlGkral;KaGacniyayeTAPMfa cUrerIecjBITIenHeTATI
enaH)an} .
PMEdlenAkgCIvitrbs;eyIg KWCaEpkxagviBaaN GarmN_ bxagrUbkay . PM
KWniyayBIkmaMg nigPaBlMnwg b:uEn RBHnigRBHbnlrbs;RTg; KWmankmaMgnigPaBlMnwg
CaCagPMenaHeTAeTot .
bBaa
RBHeysUvRTg;manbnlfa {ebIGkNaniyay} RTg;minEmnmanbnlfa
{ebIGkNaGFisanTUlsUmeTARBH[eFVI} enaHeT . cMeBaHkarniyay KWmannyfa
eFVIkarbBaa .
Kansmal;NaenAkgRBHKm<IrEdlBYksisSGFisanTUlsUm sRmab;kareR)as
GkCmW bnab;BIRBHviBaaNbrisuTRTg;)anyagmkenaHeT . BYkeK)anbMeBjkargar
eR)asGkCmW[Ca edayGMNacecsarbs;RTg; dUcKanwgGMNacecsankareR)as[Ca
enAsmyeyIgsBVfenHEdr .
eR)asCmW[Ca
manBYkeyIgCaeRcIn)anGFisanTUlsUmdl;RBH sRmab;kareR)asGkCmW[Ca
RbsinebIeyIgTTUcGgVrTUlsUmBIRBHedaysak;esIrenaH nwgman)anTTYllTply:ag
tictYcbMput . eyIgminKYrKb,ITUlsUmeTARBH[RTg;eFVIkar EdlRTg;)anbBaaR)ab;eyIg
[eFVIedaynUvGMNacecsarbs;RTg;enaHeLIy .
RBHKm<Irm:afay 108 Ecgfa cUreR)asmnusSCMgW[Ca mnusSsab;[rs;
eLIgvij mnusSXg;[Casat ehIyedjGarkSecjpg Gkral;Ka)anTTYlTeT Rtv[
TeTEdr.
RBHKm<Irm:akus 1618x Ecgfa >>> ehIyeKnwgdak;delImnusSCMgW[)anCa
pg .
cab;ykGMNacRKb;RKg
RBHRTg;)anRbTanGMNacRKb;RKg nigsiTiGMNacdl;mnusSCati .
75

RBHKm<Irelakub,ti 126k Ecgfa RTg;kmanbnlfa cUreyIgeFVImnusS[dUc


CarUbeyIg [manPaBdUceyIg ehIy[manGMNac>>>.
eyIgRtvEtniyayedaynUvsiTiGMNac nigedayGMNacecsaEdlRBHeysUv
RTg;)aneFVI BIeRBaHRTg;)anRbTannUvGMNacecsaenaHdl;eyIg .
RBHKm<IrlUka 432 Ecgfa eKknwkEbkBIesckIEdlRTg;beRgnNas;
BIeRBaHRTg;manbnledayGMNac .
RBHKm<IrlUka 1019 Ecgfa emIl [Gkral;KamanGMNacnwgedIrCan;TaMg
Bs;nigxadMrI ehIyelIRKb;TaMg\TibTirbs;xaMgsRtvpg KanGVInwgeFVITukGkral;Ka
eLIy .
RBHraCsar nigsiTiGMNacrbs;RBHeysUv KWmanenAkgeyIg RBmTaMgGMNac
ecsa kenAEtmanenAkgeyIgEdr
niyayedaynUvRBHbnlRBH
eyIgGacniyayeTAedImeQInCmWeraKaenaH)an .
RBHKm<IrlUka 176 Ecgfa EtRBHGmas;manbnlfa ebIGkral;Kaman
esckICMenOdUcRKab;BUC1y:aglit enaHnwgniyayeTAedImmnenHfa cUrgrelIgeTAduH
kgsmuRTeTA enaHKg;Etnwgsab;bgab;GkEdr.
RBHeysUvRTg;)anbeNjCmWRKn ecjBImayekkrbs;elaksuIm:UneBRts KW
RTg;)ancab;yknUvsiTiGMNac edIm,IbeNjCmWenaHecj .
RBHKm<IrlUka 432 Ecgfa eKknwkEbkBIesckIEdlRTg;beRgnNas;
BIeRBaHRTg;manbnledayGMNac .
]TahrN_ eyIgGacbBaaeTArUbkay[kayeTACaFmtavij)an .
{sm<aFQamkayeTACaFmtaeLIgvij}
{GjbBaanUvCmWtRmg;enamTaMgenH edIm,I[)ankayCaFmtaeLIgvij
kgRBHnamRBHeysUv}
eyIgniyayedaybegItnUvkarGsarfa
{GjniyayedaybBaa[mancitfI cUleTAkgrUbkayenH}
{GjbBaa[RmamdTaMgenHduHeLIgvij}
RBHKm<Irm:akus 31/3/5x Ecgfa RTg;kyagcUleTAkgsalaRbCMumg
eTot enATIenaHmanmnusSmak;sVitdmag>>> RTg;manbnleTAmnusSsiVtdfa cUrGk
eRkakeLIg QrenAkNalnu+HeTA>>> kmanbnleTAmnusSenaHfa cUrGklatdeTA Gk
enaHklat ehIydKat;)anCadUcmag.
niyayedayGg;GaceBjedaykmaMg
76

eBlEdleyIg)anGannUvcMnYnnkareR)as[Ca EdlmanenAkgRBHKm<IrsBaa
fI enaHeyIgEtgEtGanedayRbkasy:agdUecH
kalRTg;manbnldUecHehIy kbnWvacafa LasareGIy cUrecjmk y:Uhan
1143.
>>>edaysarRBHnamRBHeysUvRKIs BIRsuk NasaEr:t cUrGkeRkakeT,IgedIr
eTAcuH kickar 36x.
elaksavkb:ul)aneFVIkardl;mnusSBikarenATIRkglIsa .
RBHKm<Irkickar 149/10 Ecgfa GkenaH)anBb:ulGFib,ay ehIyb:ulk
sMLwgemIleTAKat; eXIjfa Kat;manesckICMenOlmedIm,I[)anCa enaHkbnWCasMeLg
xaMgfa cUreRkakQr[Rtg;eLIg rYcGkenaHksHeLIgedIr .
eyIgmanKMrU nigmanesckIkahan kgkarniyaynUvBakeR)as[Ca . Rbsin
ebIkarenHepSgKaBITmab;cas;rbs;eyIg cUreyIgeFVItamRBHbnlnRBHcuH .
karniyayedaynUvRBHbnlRBH
GVIEdleyIgniyay KWCaerOgsMxan;bMput Cac,ab;EdlnaMmknUvkareR)asmnusS
rbs;RBH[Ca . Bakrbs;eyIgGacnaMmknUvCIvit besckIsab; CmW bsuxPaB . vaCa
RBHbnlRBHEdleyIgRtvEtniyay . RBHbnlRBHnaMmknUvkareR)as[Ca .
TaMgCIvit TaMgesckIsab;
esckIsaLm:Un)aneFVI[kan;Etc,as;las;eLIgnUvCIvit nigesckIsab; eday
sarGMNacnGNat .
RBHKm<IrsuPasit 1821 Ecgfa eTaHTaMgesckIsab; ehIynigCIvit kenA
kgGMNacnGNatEdr GkNaEdlcUlciteRbI enaHnwgsIuplnGNatenaHg .
manmnusSCaeRcIn)ansab; edayxneK bedayGkdT eRBaHEtBaksmIrbs;
eK . erOgdTeTot KWEdl)aneronedIm,Irs;enAedaykarniyayBIRBHbnl edayesckI
CMenO .
segaHedaymat;TTYlEfgR)ab;
edaymanciteCO ehIyk)ansegaHedaymat;TTYlEfgR)ab; .
RBHKm<Irr:Um 108-10 Ecgfa EtesckIsucritenaH etIfadUcemc enaHfa
RBHbnlenACitg kenAkgmat; ehIykgcitgpg enaHKWCaRBHbnln
esckICMenO EdleyIgxJMkMBugEtRbkasR)ab;fa ebImat;GknwgTTYlEfgR)ab;BIRBH
Gmas;eysUv ehIyGkeCOkgcitfa RBH)aneR)as[RTg;rs;BIsab;eLIgvij enaHGk
nwg)ansegaHBit d,iteyIg)ansucrit edaymanciteCO ehIyk)ansegaHedaymat;
TTYlEfgR)ab; .
77

esckIsegaHdeBjelj rYmTaMgkareR)as[Ca nigkarrMedaH[rYc . RKan;Et


eyIgeCO[Gs;BIcitrbs;eyIg ehIymat;TTYlEfgR)ab;enaHnwg)ansegaH dUecH eyIg
RtvEteCO[Gs;BIcit edaymat;TTYlEfgR)ab; enaHnwgRtv)aneR)as[Ca .
niyaynUvRBHbnlRBH
enAeBlEdlelakemTBmak;)anmkRBHeysUv ehIysUmRTg;[eR)asGk
beRmIrbs;Kat;[)anCa enaHKat;)andwgfa Kat;manGMNacGacbBaaedayBaksmI
)an. Kat;)anniyayeTARBHeysUvfa {sUmRTg;RKan;EtmanbnlmYyRBHsmk
b:ueNaH enaH)avTUlbgMnwg)anCaehIy} .
RBHKm<Irm:afay 85-10/13 Ecgfa kalRBHeysUv RTg;)anyagcUleTA
kgRkgkaeBINimehIy enaHemTBmak;mkRTg;TUlGgVrfa RBHGmas;eGIy )avTUlbgM
vasab;dsab;eCIg edkenApHevTnaxaMgNas; RBHeysUvRTg;manbnltbfa nwgeTA
eR)as[Ca EtemTBTUl RbEkkfa RBHGmas;eGIy TUlbgMminKYrnwgTTYlRTg;enAkg
pHTUlbgMeT sUmRTg;RKan;EtmanbnlmYyRBHsmkb:ueNaH enaH)avTUlbgMnwg)anCa
ehIy d,itTUlbgMCamnusSenAeRkambgab;eKEdr ehIymanTahanenAeRkamvaTTUl
bgM ebITUlbgM R)ab;eTAmak;fa eTA enaHkvaeTA R)ab;eTAmak;eTotfa mk vakmk ehIy
R)ab;eTA)avfa eFVIkarenH enaHvakeFVItam kalRBHeysUv)anBBakenaHehIy RTg;man
esckIGsarkgRBHhbTy rYcmanbnleTABYkGkEdltamRTg;fa R)ab;Gkral;Ka
Ca R)akdfa minEdleXIjesckICMenOCaxaMgdl;em:HeT eTaHTaMgenAkgsasn_
GRsaEGlpg>>> rYcRTg;manbnleTAemTBenaHfa cUreTAcuH [)andUcesckICMenOrbs;
GkcuH )avKat;k)anCaenAevlaenaHg .
RBHeysUvRTg;manRBHhbTyrMCYldxaMgbMput EdlKat;manesckICMenOeday
TTYlsal;RKb;karTaMgGs;enaH EdlRBHeysUv)aneFVI edayRKan;Etmanbnl enaH)av
rbs;Kat;nwg)anCaehIy . Kat;minRtwmEt)anyl;nUvsiTiGMNac EdlKat;)andwgfaCa
karsMxan; cMeBaHkarniyayRBHbnl. RbsinebIeyIgRKan;EtniyayRBHbnl enaHeyIg
minRtvniyayedayGarmN_ edaykarsgS bedaykarmineCOenaHeLIy .
sab;RBHbnlRBH
eyIgRtv)anTTYlkarbeRgn[sab;RBHbnlRBH .
RBHKm<IrsuPasit 420-22 Ecgfa kUneGIy cUrRbgsab;Gs;TaMgBakrbs;
Gj ehIyepgRtecoksab;esckI EdlGjeBalTaMgGM)alm:an kMu[esckITaMgenaH
Xat)at;BIEPkgeLIy Rtv[rkSaTukenAkNaldYgcitgvij d,itesckITaMgenaH Ca
CIvitdl;Gs;GkNa EdlEsVgrk)an kCaesckIsuxRsYl dl;xnR)aNTaMgmUlpg .
RTg;cat;RBHbnleTA
78

enAkgRBHKm<IrTMnukdMekIg eyIg)anrkeXIjfa RBHRTg;cat;RBHbnlRTg;eTA


ehIyeR)as[BYkeK)anCa .
RBHKm<IrTMnukdMekIg 10720 Ecgfa RTg;cat;RBHbnleTAeR)aseK[Ca
kedaH[ eKrYcBIesckIvinas .
eyIgbBanBaksmICabnbnab; edaykarniyaynUvRBHbnlTaMgenaH . eyIg
mansiTiGMNacrbs;RBHeysUv eyIgGacbBanCabnbnab;nUvRBHbnlrbs;RBH eday
karniyay edayesckICMenO nigedayeRbIsiTiGMNacenaH
minRtLb;mkvijeday\tekItpl
RBH)ansnarYcehIyfa RBHbnlRTg;EdlecjeTAehIy minRtLb;mkvij
eday\tmanekItpleLIy . vanwg[plRtLb;mkvijminxan .
RBHKm<IreGsay 5510/11 Ecgfa d,itGkNaEdlniyayPasadT
enaHminEmnniyaynwgmnusS KWTUlnwgRBHvij BIeRBaHKanGkNasab;)aneT bu:En Gk
enaHniyayCaesckIGafkM)aMg edaynUvviBaaN .
eyIg)aneXIjy:agc,as;fa RBHbnlRBHEdlRtv)anRbTanmk sRmab;Ca
eKalbMNg enaHvanwgminRtLb;mkvijeday\tpleLIy . cMENknEpnkarrbs;RBH
KWRtvEtnaMmknUvkareR)as[CaeTAdl;RKb;Catisasn_ . eyIgKWCad nigmat;rbs;RBH
enAsmysBVfenH . cUreyIgsab;semgrbs;RTg; niyayBaknesckIsegaHrbs;
RTg; nignaMmknUvkareR)as[Ca dl;RbCarasrbs;RTg; .
sMNYrrMBksareLIgvij
1- etIelakGkmansgwgy:agdUcemcfanwgekIteLIg enAeBlEdlelakGkeRbIRBHnamRBHeysUv edIm,IeFVIkareR)asGkQW[
Ca? cUrBnl;nUvehtuplenaH
2-

RbsinebIelakGkRtv)anTTYlkarRtas;ehA [GFisansRmab;GkNamak; EdlRKeBT)anniyayfa Kat;RtvEtsab;eday


sareraKmharIk bkmanGkxHniyayfa CaCmW{EdlemIlminCa} etIelakGkRtveFVIkareR)asCmWenaH[Ca edayrebobNa?

3-

cUreFVIbBaInUvKMrUtamRBHKm<Ir5y:ag GMBIkarniyayedaykmaMg kgkargareR)as[Ca .

79

emeronTI7
kareR)as[CatamryskmPaBGFisan
Bak .
cMENkrbs;RBH nigcMENkrbs;eyIg

kar[Gtny
elakNUeG)aneFVITUkrYcCaeRsc - RBHRTg;)anBnicEpndI
elakm:UeselIdMbgeLIg - RBHRTg;)anEjkTwkecj
elaky:UesVedIrCuMvijRkgeyrIxUr - RBHRTg;)aneFVI[RkgrlM
eharaeGlIy:ae)aHRkmacUlkgTwk - RBHRTg;eFVI[BUefAGENteLIg
cMENkrbs;RBH
kareFVIkareR)asGjnkQW[Ca KWCaskmPaBEdleyIgKYKb,IeFVI ehIykCa
skmPaBEdlRBHRTg;)aneFVIEdr . vaCakarsMxan;Nas; cMeBaHkaryl;dwgnUvesckI
seRmcTaMgBIrmuxenH . enAeBlEdleyIg)aneCOnUvRBHbnlRBHeysUv ehIy)an
bMeBjskmPaBCamUldanRKwHelIesckICMenOenaH RBHRTg;nwgbMeBjnUvcMENkrbs;RTg;
ehIynaMmknUvkarebIksEmgnUvkareR)as[CaenHdl;eyIg .
RTg;manlTPaBRKb;karTaMgGs;

CakargayRsYlNas;cMeBaHRBHeysUv {KanGVIEdlRBHRTg;eFVIminekIteLIy}.
RBHKm<IrlUka 1827 Ecgfa RTg;manbnlfa karEdlmnusSeFVIminekIt
enaHRBHRTg;GacnwgeFVIekItTaMgGs; .
RBHKm<Irm:akus 1027 Ecgfa RBHeysUvRTg;TteTAeK manbnlfa kar
enaHmnusSelakeFVIBMuekIteT EtRBHRTg;eFVIekIt d,itRBHRTg;GacnwgeFVIekItTaMgGs;)an.
vaBitCaBi)akyl;RBmCamYyRBHeysUv enAeBlEdlRTg;manbnlfa {Gk
NaEdleCO KankarGVIEdleKeFVIminekItenaHeLIy}.
RBHKm<Irm:akus 923 Ecgfa RBHeysUvmanbnleTAKat;fa ebIGacnwgeCO
)an enaHkarTaMgGs;nwgsMerc)an dl;GkNaEdleCO .
cMeBaHxagEpkrUbniym vahak;dUcCaKanlTPaBesaHeLIy EtcMeBaHRBH Edl
RTg;manbnlehIy enaHKWRtvEtmanlTPaB BIeRBaHvaminEmnCaGMNacecsapal;xn
rbs;eyIgenaHeLIy KWCaGMNacecsarbs;RBHvij . RBHRTg;minEdlR)ab;eyIg[eFVInUv
erOgr:av EdleyIgminGaceFVI)abenaHeLIy .
80

RBHKm<Irm:afay 1720 Ecgfa RTg;manbnltbfa KWedayeRBaHEtGk


ral;KamanesckICMenOticeBkb:ueNaH d,itR)ab;CaR)akdfa ebImanesckICMenO dUc
RKab;BUC1y:aglit enaHGkral;KaGacnwgniyayeTAPMenHfa cUrerIecjBITIenH eTAenA
TIenaHcuH enaHnwg)andUecaHehIy kKankarGVIEdlGkral;Ka eFVIminekItenaHeT .
cMENkrbs;eyIg
RtvEtsab;bgab;RTg;

begItGkb,kiriyaEdl{GaceFVI)an}

karykQHelIkarPyxac

RBHeysUv)anbgab;[eyIgdak;delIGkCmW . eyIgminRtvGnuBaat[man
GarmN_PyxaccUlmkeFVI[eyIgminsab;tambgab;enHeLIy .
RBHKm<Ir1saMyUEGl 1522 Ecgfa saMyUEGlTUleqIyfa etIRBHeyhUv:a
RTg;sBVRBHhbTynwgdgVaydut ehIynwgyBabUCa [esInwgkarsab;tamRTg;bGI
emIl Edlsab;bgab; enaHviesselIsCagyBabUCa ehIyEdlepgRtecok enaHk
viessCagxaj;necomeQaleTAeTot .
RbsinebIeyIgmanbTBiesaFn_ nUvkarGsarnkareR)as[CaenAkgCIvitrbs;
eyIg enaHeyIgRtvEtsab;bgab;tamkarbeRgn nigtamRBHraCbBaanRBHbnlRBH .
eyIgRtvEtsab;bgab; ehIyeFVIkarPamtamRBHraCbBaa EdlRBHviBaaNbrisuTRTg;
)anbeRgn[eyIgeFVI KanbBaaGVIeLIyEdleyIgKitfaeFVImin)anenaH .
eyIgGaceFVIRKb;karTaMgGs;)an tamGVIEdlRBH)anbgab;[eyIgeFVI RbsinebI
eyIgeFVI[CMenOeyIg)anlUtlas; -eyIgRtvEtbBab;nUvBakniyayfa {minGac
eFVIekIteT} ehIycab;epImyl;RsbCamYyRBH edayniyayfa {GaceFVI)an} vij .
RBHKm<IrPIlIB 413 Ecgfa GacnwgeFVIRKb;TaMgGs;)an edaysarRBHRKIs
EdlRTg;cMerInkMLaMgdl; .
karPyxacmin)anTTYleCaKCy bPaBxas;eGonepSg enaHKWminEmnmkBI
RBHeLIy . vanwgraraMgeyIgRKb;pvmin[eFVIkarGVI EdlRBHbgab;[eFVIsRmab;karrs;enA
rbs;eyIgenaH)an . karPyxacxusRbRktI KWCaviBaaNPyxacEdlsataMgbBanmk
edIm,Ibgak;eyIgkgkarsab;bgab;RBH .
RBHKm<Ir2FIm:Uef 17 Ecgfa d,itRBHRTg;min)anRbTan[eyIgmanviBaaN
EdlEtgEtxaceLIy KW[manviBaaNdmanGMNac esckIRsLaj; nigR)aCJanwgFwg
vij .
edIm,IeFVIskmPaBtamRBHbnlRBH eyIgRtvEtykQHelIkarxacmin)aneCaK
Cy ehIykuM[xacfa eyIgnwg)at;bg;kitisB RbsinebIKankarGsarNaekIteLIgenaH
81

eLIy . RBHeysUv)anlHecalkitisBrbs;RTg;edIm,IeyIg ehtuGVIeyIgcaM)ac;xVl;xVay


BIkitisBrbs;xngEdr?
RBHKm<IrPIlIB 27 Ecgfa KWRTg;)anlHbg;RBHGgRTg; mkykrUbPaBCa)av
bMerIvij RBmTaMgRbsUtmkmanrUbCamnusSpg .
kuMsYrxngfa {cuHebIKanGVIekIteLIg?} enaHeLIy KWRtvsYry:agenHvijfa
{RbsinebIsab;bgab; ehIyBYkeKTTYl)annUvkareR)as[Ca etImanGVIekIteLIg?}
skmPaBelIesckICMenO minEmnelIGarmN_eLIy
GarmN_nkarPyxac karxas;eGon karmineBjelj nigkarcuHcaj; RBm
TaMgPaBefakTab )anTb;Tl;BIkarTTYlnUvkarebIksEmgnkareR)as[Carbs;BYkeK
pal; bkbeBajnUvclnanesckICMenO nigkareFVIkareR)as[Cadl;GkdTeTot .
eyIgminGacGnuvtedayesckIPyxac nigesckICMenOenAeBlEtmYyenaHeT .
CaGkeCORBH eyIgRtvEtrs;enAkgRBHviBaaN . KMnitrbs;eyIgRtvEteFVI[
manCIviteLIg edaykarRbkasBIRBHbnlRBH . skmPaBrbs;eyIgRtvEtsitenAkg
karsab;bgab; nUvGVIEdlRBH)anrMedaH[rYc edaysarRBHbnlRTg; ehIy)anniyayeTA
kan;viBaaNrbs;eyIg .
eBlEdlviBaaNrbs;eyIg)anEkCafIeLIgvij GarmN_ nigkarrMCYlcitrbs;
eyIg nwg)anTTYlkareqIytbCakarsab;bgab;eTAkgviBaaNrbs;eyIg ehIyKanGVI
EdlRbqaMgnwgkarBiesaFn_BIGtitkal)aneLIy . cMeBaHGarkSsataMg vaminGaceFVI[
eyIgQb;sab;bgab;RBHenAryeBlyUr)aneLIy .
karCMenOelIRBHbnl
eyIgRtvEteCORBHedIm,IeFVIkarGsarnkareR)as[Ca KWeyIgRtvEtsal;nUv
RBHbnlRBHCaTImYy ehIyeyIgnwgseRmcnUvGVIEdlRBHRTg;manbnl[eyIgeFVI .
esckICMenO
minEmnCaGarmN_ ehIyGarmN_kminCaesckICMenO
KanGVIEdlRtveFVIedayGarmN_eLIy - bMePcGarmN_enaHecal
mkedaysarRBHbnlRBH
kardwg kareCOCak; ehIyTTYlsal;nUvGVITaMgGs; EdlRBHRTg;)anebIk
sEmgedaynUvRBHbnlRTg; .
karniyayedayGarmN_
{enOyht;Nas;}
{mindwgfaeFVIy:agemceT>>> RbEhlCanwgbraCy}
{)anenOyht;eFVIvaNas;BImunmk ehIy>>>}
82

{Gac b:uEnGkdwgehIy KancitGg;GaceT>>>}


karniyayedayesckI
{nwgeCOCak; ehIyeFVIskmPaBtamRBHbnlRBH}
{nwgeCOCak; ehIyTTYl}
{nwgminsgS ehIyeFVIRKb;kar}
mnusSEdlGacTTYlkarBa)anedaysarRBHecsarbs;RBH ehIyEmnman
edayGarmN_eLIy . EtGkdTeTotEbrCamanGarmN_keBaal BIkarEdlRBHecsa
nRBH)aneR)as[Ca eFVI[ekA manPaBRtCak; bkmansnHPamdUcCacrnGKIsnI .
cMeBaHkarsEmgnUvkareR)as[Ca mak;minRtveFVIedayGarmN_ KWRtveFVI
edayesckICMenO RBmTaMgsgwmeCOCak;nUvlTplnesckIsnavij .
eFVIskmPaBtamRBHbnlRBH
RBHeysUvbMeBjRBHraCkicedayGg;Gackahan
RBHeysUvEtgEteR)asCmW edaytRmv[manskmPaBdGg;Gac .
{cUrlatdGkeTA}

{cUreTAlagsmat}

RBHeysUv)aneR)asburssVitdmak; edaysarkarbBaa[Kat;eFVIkar EdlKat;


minGaceFVI)an .
RBHKm<Irm:afay 1210k Ecgfa enaHeXIjmnusSmak;mandsVit>>> rYcRTg;
manbnleTAmnusSenaHfa cUrlatdGkeTA Kat;klat ehIydenaH)anCadUcd
mag.
erOgdUcKaenHEdr Edl)anniyayR)ab;eyIgenAkgRBHKm<Irm:akus 31-5 nig
lUka 66-10 . RBHbnlTaMgenH)anR)ab;eyIgGMBIskmPaB . RBHeysUvRTg;)an
bBaa[bursenaHeFVInUverOgxH . bursenaH)aneFVItamnUvGVIEdlRBHeysUvRTg;manbnl
enaHKat;k)anlatdKat;ecjeTA . edaykarbeBajnUvskmPaBeTAelIGVIEdlRBH
eysUvRTg;)anmanRBHbnl enaHKat;k)anTTYlnUvkareR)as[Ca .
RBHeysUv)aneR)asbursxVak;mak; edaybBaa[Kat;eTAlagkgRsHTwk .
RBHKm<Iry:Uhan 96/7 Ecgfa luHmanbnlesckITaMgenaHrYcehIy RTg;k
esaHdak;enAdI ehIyykTwkRBHsRTg;eFVICaPk; eTAlabEPknmnusSxVak;enaH rYcman
bnleTAKat;fa cUreTAlagkgRsHseLameTA seLamKWRsayfa cat;[eTA dUecH
Kat;keTAlag ehIyRtLb;mkvij TaMgemIleXIj .
etIbursmak;enaH)anPWEPkenAeBlNa eBlEdlRBHeysUvRTg;eFVIPk; eBl
EdlRTg;cak;eRbgdl;EPkrbs;Kat; beBlEdlKat;eTAlagsmatenARsHTwkenaH?
83

Kat;)anTTYlnUvkarPWenaH enAeBlEdlKat;)aneCO )ansab;bgab; ehIyeFVI


skmPaBelIesckICMenOrbs;Kat; .
{cUreRkakBIERKedIreTA}

RBHeysUv)anbgab;dl;mnusSsab;dsab;eCIgenaHfa {cUreRkakeLIg ykERK


GkedIreTA}.
RBHKm<Irm:akus 211/12 Ecgfa GjR)ab;[geRkakeLIg ykERKgedIr
eTApHeTA Kat;keRkakeLIgPam ykERKecjeTA enAmuxGkTaMgGs;Ka )anCaRKb;Ka
manesckIGsar ehIyBNnasresIrdMekIgdl;RBH edayBakfa eyIgminEdleXIj
y:agdUecHeLIy .
enAEpkxagrUbniym KWCakareFVI[manlTPaBsRmab;[bursenaH lIERKrbs;
Kat;edIrecjeTA ehIyeFVIdMeNIreTAkan;kEngepSgeTot b:uEnKat;)andwgnUvGVIEdlRBH
eysUvRTg;manRBHbnl . Kat;)anbeBajskmPaBPamtamesckICMenO ehIyKat;k
)anTTYlnUvkareR)as[Ca .

BYksavkeFVItamKMrU
elaksavkeBRts nigy:Uhan )aneFVItamKMrUnkareR)as[Ca EdlRBHeysUv
)anRbTanmk . BYkKat;bgab;dl;bursBikarmak;[eRkakeLIg ehIyedIreTA .
RBHKm<Irkickar 36/7 Ecgfa EteBRtsniyayfa R)ak; ehIynigmas
KaneT Etrbs;Edlman enaHnwg[dl;Gk KWedaysarRBHnamRBHeysUvRKIs BI
RsukNasaEr:t cUrGkeRkakeT,IgedIreTAcuH rYckcab;dsaMelIkKat;eT,Ig Rsab;Et
RbGb;eCIg nigEPkeKarbs;Kat; mankMLaMgeLIgPam .
esckICMenObUknwgkarRbRBwt
RBHKm<Iry:akub)ansEmgR)ab;eyIgfa esckICMenOEdlKankarRbRBwt enaH
eQaHfasab;ehIy .
RBHKm<Iry:akub 214/17/18/20 Ecgfa bgbneGIy ebIGkNafaxnman
esckICMenOEtminRbRBwttam enaHetImanRbeyaCn_GVI etIesckICMenOGacnwgCYy
segaHGkenaH)anEdrb>>> esckICMenOkEbbdUecaHEdr ebIKankarRbRBwttameT
enaHksab;enAEtg EtGkxHnwgniyayfa GkmanesckICMenO ehIymankarRbRBwt
dUecH cUrGkbgajesckICMenOrbs;Gk eRkABIkarEdlGkRbRBwt[eXIjpg enaH
nwgbgajesckICMenO edaysarkarEdlRbRBwtEdr>>> mnusSkMeLAeGIy Gkcg;dwg
BitbeTfa esckICMenOEdl\tmankarRbRBwttam enaHeQaHfasab;ehIy .
BYkeyIgRtvEtmanskmPaB RbRBwttamRBHbnlRBH BIeRBaHesckICMenOEdl
KankarRbRBwt enaHeQaHfasab;ehIy . eBlEdlesckICMenOrbs;eyIgmankarRbRBwt
84

eyIg)aneFVI[kareR)as[Carbs;RBHmanskmPaB . eBlEdlRBHecsanRBHbgr
cUleTAkgkarRbRBwt enaHCmWTaMgLaynwgcakecjPam .
CMenOEdlmankarRbRBwt KWmansarsMxan;bMputkgebskkmnkareR)as[
Ca. maneBlxHvanwg)anedaysarkargareR)as[Ca . m:ageTot karRbRBwtnwg)an
RtvedaykarTTYlnUvkareR)as[Ca tamkarsab;bgab;nUvesckIbeRgnrbs;RBH .
karTUnansRmab;karRbRBwt
xNeBlEdlelakGkbMeBjkargareR)as[Cadl;GkNamak; cUrR)ab;BYk
eK[eFVIGVIxH EdlBYkeKminEdleFVIBImunmk . ]TahrN_dUcCa
{cUrlatdeTA} - {bnn;xn Bt;xn} - {RttBinitemIl}
ehIysYredayGg;Gacfa {etImanehtukarN_GVIekIteLIg cMeBaHkarQwcab;
enaH?}
cUrGkeCOfa RBHbnlRBHKWBitR)akd ehIyeFVIva cUrRbRBwttamRBHbnl
RBH cUreFVItamkMritnesckICMenOrbs;Gk .
esckICMenOrYmnwgkarRbRBwt .
RBHecsankareR)as[Carbs;RBH )anrMedaHBYkeK .
kareR)as[Camkdl;ehIy
karRBman

eyIgminRtvR)ab;[mnusSmak;enaHevorecjBIkarRbyt bQb;eRbIfaMelbenaH
eT eTaHCamankarCMBak;CMBinkeday. eyIgmindwgfa mnusSenaHmanCMenO bman]bsK
GVIxHenAkgCIvitrs;enArbs;eK EdleFVI[BYkeKecjqayBIkarTTYlyknUvkarsEmg
BIkareR)as[Carbs;BYkeKeLIy .
eyIgRtvEtniyayedayR)akdRbCa ehIyeFVI[esckICMenO)anekIteLIgkg
BYkeK . RbsinebIBYkeKmanesckICMenO ehIydkkarRbgRbytecj enaHKWCakardKYr
[cab;GarmN_ .
cMNaM elakGkGacRtv)anTTYlnUvkarCMnuMCRmH RtwmRtveTAtamc,ab;Pam
bkenAeBlGnaKt nUvlTplCaGviCmantamlTplEdlxn)anRbRBwt
BIeRBaHesckIbeRgnEdlelakGk)anpl;mk enaHKWeTAtameraKvinicyEdl
RKeBT)anbeRgnmk .

karyl;dwgBIkarGFisan nigkareR)as[Ca
karPan;RcLM
mankarPan;RcLMxHcMeBaHkarGFisan ehIyvaCacMENkmYyenAkgkargar
eR)as[CaBICmWeraKa . GkxHKitfa eyIgRtvEtGFisan ehIysYreK bkTUlGgVrdl;
85

RBH RbsinebIRTg;sak;esIrcMeBaHkareR)as[Ca . BYkeKEsVgrkehtupledayxneK


[eTARBH sRmab;kareR)asmnusSmak;[Ca . ]TahrN_ {Kat;KWCaGkdwknaMkg
shKmn_RKIsan>>> Kat;CamnusSl dUecH RTg;RtvEteR)asKat;[Ca}.
RBHRTg;minEdlsak;esIrkgkareR)asGkCmW[CaeLIy RTg;)aneFVIkargarCa
cMENkrbs;RTg;Cag2000qaMmkehIy RBHeysUv)anpkkarQWcab; nigCmWrbs;eyIg
edaysarsamCaMeenAelIrUbGgRTg; . \LvenH RTg;)anbgab;[eyIgeFVItamGVIEdlRTg;
)aneFVIrYcmkehIy edIm,IeR)asGkCmW[Ca eR)asmnusSsab;[rs;eLIgvij dak;drbs;
GkelImnusSCmW ehIyBYkeKnwg)anCaRsLH
tamxatKMrUnTMenomTmab;rbs;eyIg KYrEtmankarGFisantamrebob ehIy
GFisaneR)asCmW EtRBHRTg;manbnlfanwgeR)asBYkeK[Ca .
eRkABIRBHKm<Iry:akub 514-15 EdlEcgfa eBlEdlmanCmW eyIgGac
ehAcas;TuMedIm,Ilab;eRbg[eK ehIyGFisanenAkgesckIeCO enaHGaceFVI[mnusS
mak;enaH)anCa eyIgmin)anRtvkarKMrUnkareR)as[CaNa eRkABIfQb;sRmab;mYy
EdlBYkGkeCO)an {GFisaneR)asCmW} .
nimynynesckIGFisan
esckIGFisanminEmnCaTRmg;nkarcab;epIm EdlRBHRTg;eFVIkarxHsRmab;
BYkeyIgeLIy .
karGFisan KWCakarsEmgecjnesckICMenOenAkgRBHbnlRBH enAkg
GMNacrbs;RBH edIm,IsEmgRBHbnlRTg; ehIyenHCakaryl;RBmtamGVIEdlRBHRTg;
)ansnarYcehIy RTg;nwgeFVIva .
eBlEdleyIgGFisantamRBHbnlRBH esckIsgwmeyIgnwgmktamesckI
CMenO ehIyesckICMenOnwgeFVI[eyIgsab;bgab;RBH edaysarkarRbRBwtEdleBjeday
CMenO . eBlEdleyIgGFisanedaysEmgecjesckICMenO eyIgnwgcab;epImTTYlnUvGVI
EdlRBHRTg;manbnlfa nwg[mkeyIg . eyIgcab;epImeFVIkargarrbs;RBHeysUv .
karGFisannwgnaMesckICMenOrbs;eyIgcUleTAkan;karRbRBwty:ageTogRtg; .
karGFisanedaykarGnuvtn_CaviCman esckICMenOenAkgRBHbnlRBH KWCa
eBlevlankareR)as[CaBIRBH Edl)anerobcMeBlevla[eyIgsRmab;kareFVIkargar
eBlEdleyIgnwgeR)asGkCmW[Ca edaykarsab;bgab;nUvRBHbnlRBH .
GFisanedaymankarRBmeRBgKa
mnusSBIrnak;RBmeRBgKa
karTTYlyl;RBmtamRBHbnl edaykarGFisan KWCaeKalkarN_dsMxan;
sRmab;eyIg edIm,I[)anyl; ehIyGnuvtnUvkareR)asGkCmW[Ca .
86

RBHKm<Irm:afay 1819/20 Ecgfa mYyeTot R)ab;fa ebIsinCaman2nak;


kgBYkGkral;Ka RBmeRBogKaenAEpndI BIdMeNIrGVIEdleKcg;sUmkeday enaHnwg)an
sMercdl;eK GMBIRBHvrbita EdlKg;enAsansYK d,itkEngNaEdlman2b3nak; RbCMu
CamYyKa edaynUveQaH enaHkenAkNal cMeNamGkTaMgenaHEdr .
karRBmeRBg
enAeBlEdlelakGkmankarRBmeRBgKa enaHelakGknwgmancitRsbKa
CamYynwgGkdTeTot . kEngNaEdlmanKaBIrnak;RBmeRBgKa edaymanesckI
CMenOkgRBHnamRBHeysUvsRmab;kareR)as[Ca enaHesckIGFisannwgRtvcg;Pab;enA
nwgcemIyCaminxan BIeRBaHRBHRTg;manPaBsucrit .
eyIgkGacmankmaMgbEnmeTotEdr enAeBlEdleyIgGFisanedaymancit
RBmeRBgCamYynwgGkdTeTot .
RBHKm<Iry:UesV 2310 Ecgfa BYkgral;KaEt1nak;)anedjtam1Ban;nak;
d,itKWCaRBHeyhUv:a CaRBHng Edlc,aMgCMnYsg dUcCaRTg;)anmanbnlnwgg
ehIy .
RBHKm<IrecaTiykfa 3230k Ecgfa eFVIdUcemc[mnusSEtmak;edjdl;1
Ban;nak; b2nak;eFVI[1mWunnak;rt;eTA)an>>> .
eyIgEtgEtRtvkarGkdTeTot . cUrcgcaMfa mnusSmak;GacbeNjmnusS1
Ban;nak;)an b:uEnmnusSBIrnak; Gacdak;mnusS1muWnnak;rt;eTA)an . esckIGFisan
edayRBmeRBg GacBRgIknUvmanmaMmYnrbs;eyIg edaycMNgTaMg10Rbkar .
enAeBlEdlmanlTPaB eyIgKYrKb,Isg;esckICMenOrbs;GkQW eday
beRgnBYkeKnUvRBHbnl EdlniyayGMBIkareR)asBYkeK[Ca edIm,InaMBYkeK[mancit
RBmeRBgCamYyeyIg .
mankrNIxHEdlmnusSmak;manCmW ehIyk)ancab;yknUvesckIBitenAkg
RBHKm<IrGMBIkareR)as[Ca bksUm,IEtBYkeK)ansab;RBHbnlRBH nigmankrNImYy
eTot EdlmanGkeCOBIrnak; GacTTYlkarRBmeRBgKa edIm,IGFisan[mnusSenaH)an
Ca .
eBlEdleyIgmankarRBmeRBgKa
enaHesckICMenOrbs;eyIgnwg)anCa
BhuKuN ehIykarRbwgERbgrbs;eyIg enAkgkargarnwg)anrIkceRmIneLIg .
karGFisanedayesckICMenO
esckICMenOelIRBHbnlRBH
esckIGFisanKWCakarcab;epImkargarEdlmanmUldanRKwHdsMxan; . kar
GFisanrbs;eyIgKYrKb,IRtvxitxMRbwgERbg
ehIyminRtv[manBakRcMEdl\t
87

RbeyaCn_enaHeLIy. karGFisanedayesckICMenO KWCakUnesarEdlbeBajnUvlTpl


dmaneBjedayGMNac .
karGFisanedayesckICMenO KWCakarGFisanedaymankarRBmeRBg
EdlmanesckIBit EdlmankarbBaa nigesckIsnarbs;RBH . karGFisaneday
CMenO KWGaccUleTAkgesckIBit ehIyEdlminGacrab;)aneLIy . karGFisaneday
esckICMenOnaMmknUvkarseRmc .
RBHKm<Iry:akub 514/15 Ecgfa etImanBYkGkral;KaNaQWbeT Rtv[Gk
enaHehABYkcas;TuMkgBYkCMnMumkGFisan[cuH RBmTaMglabeRbg[ edaynUvRBHnam
RBHGmas;pg enaHBakGFisannesckICMenO nwgCYysegaHdl;mnusSehvenaH
ehIyRBHGmas;RTg;nwgeR)as[Kat;)anCaeLIg ebIKat;)aneFVI)abGVIenaHnwg)anGt;
eTas[pg .
RBHKm<Irm:akus 1122-24 Ecgfa RBHeysUvRTg;eqIyfa cUrmanesckI
CMenOdl;RBHcuH d,itR)ab;Gkral;KaCaR)akdfa ebIGkNaniyayeTAPMenHfa cUrerI
ecjBITIenHeTAFak;kg smuRTcuH eday\tsgSykgcit KWeCOCak;fa esckIGVIEdlxn
fa nwg)anekItmkBit enaHnwg)andUcR)afaRKb;CMBUkTaMgGs; edayehtuenaH)anCa
R)ab;Gkral;Kafa RKb;TaMgesckIGVIEdlGkral;KaGFisansUm cUreCOfa )anehIy
enaHnwg)anEmn .
sRtvrbs;esckICMenO
sRtvdxaMgBUEkbMputrbs;esckICMenO KWenAkgKMnitEdlminRBmEkERbrbs;
eyIg . eyIgminGaceFVIkarenAkgRBHviBaaN ehIyenAkgbBaaciteyIgpgkgeBlEt
mYy)aneLIy .
karminGt;eTas

minGacmankarxitxMRbwgERbgGFisanedayesckICMenO)aneLIy RbsinebI
KankarGt;eTasenAkgkarrs;enArbs;eyIg . karminGt;eTas KWCakarraraMgrvageyIg
nwgRBH. eyIgminGaccab;yknUvkarminGt;eTas ehIyGnuvtedayesckICMenOenAeBl
EtmYy)aneLIy .
RBHKm<Irm:akus 1125 Ecgfa ehIykalNaGkQrGFisan ebIGkman
ehtuGVInwgGkNa enaHRtvGt;eTas[eKsin edIm,I[RBHvrbitanGkral;Ka EdlKg;
enAsansYK )anGt;eTasRKb;TaMgesckIkMhusrbs;Gkral;KaEdr .

karKanCMenO

88

karEdlKanCMenO KWpyBIesckICMenO . karGFisanedayesckICMenOKW {cUr


eCOfa)anehIy enaHnwg)anEmn{. karKanCMenO KWraraMgeyIgGMBIkarTTYlnUvGVI EdlRBH
RTg;)anseRmcfa nwgeFVIdl;eyIg .
esckICMenOBit KWminEmnCamUldannTIbnal;rbs;GkNamak; Edl)aneFVI
TIbnal;edayBitRtg; tammeFa)ayEdleyIgGacelIkTwkcit cMeBaHesckICMenOrbs;
eyIgenaHeLIy . kareCOBitR)akd KWtaMgmUldanRKwgelIRBHbnlRBH .
karsgS

karsgSkCaerOgEdlpyBIesckICMenOEdr . karGFisanedayesckICMenO
minGacRtv)anRbTan[sRmab;kareR)as[CaenaHeT RbsinebIelakGkenAsgSfa
minEmnCabMNgRBHhbTyrbs;RBH EdlnwgeR)as[CaenaH . esckIbeRgnEdlCa
]bsKcMeBaHRBHbnlRBH KWnaMmknUvkarmineCO nigkarsgS . karminGt;eTas kar
mineCO nigkarsgS KWmanenAkgKMnit .
RbsinebIvaCabMNgRBHhbTynRBHsRmab;eyIg[manCmW enaHetIvaminEmn
CaesckIkMhuscMeBaHkrGFisanedayesckICMenOsRmab;kareR)as[CaeTbGI? ehIy
etIvaminEmnCaesckIkMhusedIm,IEsVgrkCMnYyBIRbePTepSg BIGkCMnajxagfaMeBT b
kTTYlkarelbfaMeBTeTbGI?
RbsinebIRBHcg;[eyIg)anTTYlnUvCmW KWCakardak;TNkm bkbeRgneyIg
nUverOgGVImYy bkedIm,InaMmknUvsirIlsRmab;RTg; enaHetIeyIgminKYrnwgTTYlnUvCmWenaH
ehIyminRtveFVIGVIedIm,I[CaTMnas;dl;bMNgRBHhbTynRBHeTbGI?
sUmsresIrdl;RBH RTg;minEdlmanbnlfa [eyIgTTYlrgnUvPaBmanCmW
sRmab;RTg;eLIy EtKWRTg;eT EdlTTYlrgPaBmanCmW karQWcab; RBmTaMgkarekItTuk
sRmab;eyIgvij .

cg;)anlTplPam?
etIGkeCOTaMgGs;suTEt)anTTYllTplCak;EsgPamEdrbeT?
RbsinebIeyIgminmankarBiesaFn_nUvlTplPam enAeBlEdleyIgGFisan
nUvkarGFisanedaymanesckICMenO enaHeyIgenAEteCOfa eyIg)anTTYlRBHBrenaH .
RBHbnlRBHQrelIesckIBit . vaminEmnsRmab;eyIg edIm,IeFVI[manesckICMenO nig
manesckIsgSpgenaHeT KWRtvEtTukciteTAelIRTg;[)aneBjelj ehIybeNaj
GakarCmWTaMgGs;enaHy:agm:t;ct; . maneBlCaeRcIn EdleyIgmanbTBiesaFn_
cMeBaHkarebIksEmgnUvkareR)as[Ca eTAelIryeBlenaH edaybeBajnUvkareFVIkar
GsarPamEtmg .
89

karGFisannesckICMenO KWCaEpkxagkareR)as[Ca KWeFVI[Epknkar


eR)as[Ca)anseRmc . enAeBlEdleyIgRBmeRBgCamYyRBHbnlrbs;RBH ehIy
beBajskmPaBedayesckIBit enaHPMdFMnwgRtverIecj)an .
Rtvpg;citeTAelIGakarCaGviCmanNamYyEdlrMBkeyIg edIm,I[eyIgcab;
epImsresIrtemIgdl;RBH EdleFVI[elakGk)andwgfa RBHbnlRTg;KWCaesckIBit .
cUrcab;epImsresIrtemIgdl;RTg; sRmab;karviCmanNamYy Edlpas;brnUvGakarTaMg
enaH)an minmanbBaaGVIeTcMeBaHrebobtictYcenH EdlBYkeKemIleTAhak;dUcCaminGac
eFVI)an . kuMeFVI[esckIeCOCak;rbs;elakGk )ancakecjBIelakGkeLIy . cUreCO
ehIyTTYl rhUtdl;eBlEdlkarebIksEmgdeBareBj)anmkdl; .
karGFisantamRBHbnl
niymny
karGFisantamRBHbnl KWmannyfa ykRBHbnldBit nigGFisan
tamRBHbnlenaHeTARBH b:uEnmankarpas;brnUvRBHbnl eTAtambuKl;mak;. enHKW
CakarbeBajnUvesckICMenOrbs;eyIgedaynUvRBH edIm,IbBaak;nUvGVIEdlRBHRTg;)am
manbnlehIy . ]TahrN_

RBHvrbitaeGIy RTg;)anmanbnlenAkg eGsay 535 fa RBH


eysUvRTg;RtvrbYs edayeRBaHGMeBIrMlgrbs;eyIg RTg;kRtvvayCaM
edayeRBaHGMeBITucritrbs;TUlbgM karvaypalEdlnaMTUlbgM)an
CaemRtI enaH)anFak;eTAelIRTg; ehIyedaysarsamrMBat;enAGg
RTg; EdleFVI[TUlbgM)aneR)as[Ca . \LvenHTUlbgMeCOfa RTg;
)anseRmcnUvGVIEdlRTg;manbnl TUlbgM)anTTYlkareR)as[Ca
ehIy

ykRBHbnlRBHeTACamYyelakGk dUcCaelakGkcUleTArkRTg;kgkar
GFisanEdr .
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rbs;RBHviBaaNEdr KWCaRBHbnl .
davnRBHviBaaNKWCaRBHbnlnRBH . cUrykGavuFEdlRBHRTg;)anRbTan[
eyIg ehIyeFVI[sataMgbraCycuH enAeBlEdleyIgGFisantamRBHbnl enaHeyIg
GaceCOCak;fa eyIgkMBugEtGFisanedaymankarRBmeRBgCamYynwgRBH .
karGFisanEdlxab;xn

90

karGFisanEdlxab;xntamRBHbnlRBHedayesckICMenO ehIymankarRBm
eRBg enaHKWCaEpkmYydsMxan; enAkgkareFVIkargarrbs;RBHeysUv nigeFVIkargareR)as
GkCmW[Ca .
RBHKm<Irm:akus 135 Ecgfa kalenAggwtminTan;PWRsagenAeLIy enaHRTg;
etIneLIgyagecjeTATIsat; ehIyGFisanenATIenaH .
RBHKm<Iry:akub 516 Ecgfa dUecH cUr[Gkral;Kaln;tYeTasnwgKa ehIy
GFisan[KaeTAvijeTAmk edIm,I[)anCacuH d,itesckITUlGgVrdGs;BIcitrbs;mnusS
sucrit enaHBUEkNas; .
GFisantamkarbeRgn
eyIgnwgGFisankan;Etxab;xneLIg edayesckIGFisansRmab;eyIgral;Ka
nigGkdTeTot RbsinebI dMbUgeyIgcMNayeBlTUlsUmeTARBH sRmab;esckI
beRgnBiessrbs;RTg; nUvrebobEdleyIgKYrKb,IGFisan bkeFVIkargareR)as[Ca .
eyIgmanKMrUnesckIGFisanenH enAeBlEdlelaksavkb:ul)anbMeBjkargarenAekaH
emlIt .
RBHKm<Irkickar 288 Ecgfa Kab;cYnCaBukBUBasedkRKn ehIymYlpg
b:ulkcUleTAGFisan dak;delIKat;[)anCa .
ehtuGVI)anCaRBHKm<IrEcgc,as;fa elaksavkb:ul)anbMeBjkargareR)as[Ca
dl;bursenH eRkayeBlEdlKat;)ankarbBab;karGFisanrbs;RBH? va)anbgajfa
karGFisanrbs;Kat; RtvEt)anBmkBIRBH . edIm,ITTYlesckIbeRgnBiessenH nUv
rebobbMeBjkargary:agxab;xn . edaykarsab;bgab; enaHelaksavkb:ul)andak;d
rbs;Kat;elIbursenaH[)anCa .
sMNYrrMBksareLIgvij
1- cUrBiBNnanUvEpknkareR)asGkCmW[Carbs;eyIg nigEpknkareR)asGkCmW[Carbs;RBH .
2- cUrBnl;nUvrebobEdlelakGkRtvEtcUlrYmCamYynwgRBHbnlRBH tamesckIGFisan .
3- cUr[niymnynUvesckIGFisanedayRBmeRBg nigesckIGFisanedayCMenO ehIyR)ab;BIrebobGFisandsmrm Edl
GacnaMelakGk [rwtEtxitxMbMeBjkargareR)asGkCmW[Ca .

91

emeronTI8
kareR)as[CaBIxagkg
RBHbnlRBHebIksEmgnUvesckIBit suxPaB nigkareR)asrUbkayeyIg[Ca.
KWBwgEpkeTAelIsuxPaB nigkareR)asRBlwgrbs;eyIg[Ca . karsikSaedayCMnaj
EpksuxPaB)anbBab;esckIfa KWCakarminGt;eTas karGt;cit PaBlVIgCUrCt; nig
esckIsmb; GacekIteLIgedayCmW dUcCaCmWsnak;deCIg eraKsnak;qwg nigeraK
mharIk .
karbiTTVar
Tmab;CaGviCmanTaMgkgKMnit TaMgkgGarmN_ GaceFVI[eyIgebIkTVar bRbKl;
siTieTA[GarkS edIm,I[mkTas;TTwgnUvEpknragkayrbs;eyIg .
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kMhwgrbs;GkenAdrabdl;fliceLIy kkMu[GarkSmankas[esaH .
CanickalCmWxagesrIrag KWCarUbsBaankarQWcab; EdlmanenAEpkxagkg
rbs;eyIg KWenAkgRBlwgrbs;eyIg . tamkarGt;eTasdl;Gs;GkEdl)anbdiesF
mYlbgac; beFVI[eyIgmanrbYs enaHRBlwgeyIg)anbnsarCafI edaynUvRBHbnln
RBH ehIyRBlwgrbs;eyIgRtv)anEkCafIeLIgvij edayGMNacecsankareR)as[Ca
rbs;RBH enaHeyIgGacbiTTVarTaMgenH ehIyyksiTiBIsataMg enaHeyIgGacbiTTVarTaMg
enH ehIydkyksiTiecjBIsataMg Edlva)anRbqaMgnwgrUbkayrbs;eyIg .
karminGt;eTas nigTmab;CaGviCmandTeTot KWCa]bsKcMeBaHmnusSmak;
EdlmanlTPaBnwgTTYlkarebIksEmg nUvkareR)asrUbkayrbs;BYkeK[Ca. sUm,IEt
Gs;GkNaEdl)anTTYlkareR)as[CaEpkrUbkay enaHkGac)at;bg;nUvkareR)as[
Carbs;eK)an RbsinebIeKbdiesFcMeBaHkarGt;eTas dl;Gs;GkNaEdl)aneFVI[
BYkeK)anQWcukcab;enaH .
m:ageTot mnusSmak;)ansab;bgab;RBH ehIy)anGt;eTasdl;Gs;GkEdl
eFVI[eK)anQWcukcab; BYkeKk)anrkeXIjnUvkarQWcab;enaH )anRtLb;mkCagay
RsYl edIm,ITTYl ehIykarBarnUvkareR)as[Carbs;eK)an . eyIgehAkarenHfa Ca
kareR)as[CaBIxagkg .
elaksavky:Uhan)ansresrfa
GksnPaeGIy R)afacg;[Gk)ancMerIneLIgRKb;CMBUk ehIy[)ansux
sb,ayxagrUbsac; dUcCaRBlwgGk)ancMerIneLIgEdr 3y:Uhan 2 .
karyl;dwgnUvEpkRBlwg
92

cab;taMgBIsuxPaBEpkrUbkay nigRTBsm,ti RBmTaMgkarBwgBak;rbs;eyIg


eTAelIsuxPaBEpkRBlwg enaHvaCakarsMxan; edIm,I[)anyl;bEnmeTotGMBIRBlwg .
RBlwgKWCaEpkmYyrbs;eyIg EdlRtvEteFVICamYynwgkayinIrbs;eyIg
nigrebobEdleyIgTTYlkarxusRtv cMeBaHGVIEdlBYkeK)andwgedayEpknKMnit b
GarmN_ . vaKWRtv)anbegIteLIgeday
kary;dwgrbs;eyIg - KWCaEpkEdleFVI[manehtupl nigKMnit
GarmN_rbs;eyIg - EdlTTYlxusRtvcMeBaHkaryl; dwgrbs;eyIg
qnrbs;eyIg - KWCamenaKtiEdlbegItnUvkareRCIserIsrbs;eyIg
viBaaN RBlwg nigrUbkay
edIm,I[)anyl;BIRBlwgrbs;eyIg enaHeyIgRtvEtmanlTPaBedIm,I[)an
sal;c,as; favaecjBIviBaaN nigrUbkayrbs;eyIg . eyIgRtv)anbegIteLIgCa
Rtk ehIyvacab;ykEpknimYy edIm,IbegItkarrYmrbs;eyIg .
muneBlEdleyIgRtv)anekItCafI enaHRBlwgviBaaNcas;rbs;eyIg)ansab;
ehIy. viBaarbs;eyIgEdlGt;manpl edayeRBaHEtGMeBI)ab . enAeBlEdleyIg)an
TTYlesckIsegaHPam enaHeyIg)anRtLb;mkCamanRBlwgrs; KWCakar)anekItCafI
enAkgRBHeysUvRKIs . rUbkayrbs;eyIg GacRtv)anpl;TIlMenAsRmab;RBlwg nig
viBaaNrbs;eyIgvij . eyIgGacniyay[c,as;fa
eyIgCaviBaaN
eyIgmanRBlwg
eyIgrs;enAkgrUbkay
karekItCafIxagviBaaNrbs;eyIg KWeyIgmanCIvitrbs;RBH . viBaaNrbs;
eyIgKWCaEpkrbs;eyIg EdlmansartIrbs;RBH nigGacRbkbCamYynwgRBH ehIynig
fVaybgMRBHGg)an . enAeBlEdleyIg)anekItCafI RBlwgviBaaNrbs;eyIg KWRtv)an
brisuT sucrit \tmankarbenas)an ehIyRKb;lkN_ RBmTaMgmanenACaerograbdrab
eTA .
karsegaHRBlwgrbs;eyIg
edaysareyIgmankarBiesaFn_ EdleBjeTAedaykarQWBIGtitkalmk enaH
RBlwgeyIg kdUcCarUbkayrbs;eyIg KWRtvkarkareR)as[Ca . KMnitrbs;eyIgkRtv
karkarbegIteLIgCafI edayRBHbnlnRBHEdr . GarmN_rbs;eyIg kRtvkarkar
eR)as[Ca edaykarGt;eTas dl;Gs;GkNaEdleFVI[eyIgmankarQWcab; nigeday
93

karTTYlGMNacecsankareR)as[Carbs;RBH. qnrbs;eyIgRtvEt)ancuHcUlcMeBaH
RBHGmas;eysUvEdr .
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segaHRBlwgrbs;eyIg .
RBHKm<Ir1eBRts 19 Ecgfa eday)anTTYlcugbMputnesckICMenOrbs;
Gkral;Ka KWCaesckIsegaHdl;RBlwg .
vaCakarseRmcxagKMnitR)aCJa EdlmankarBiesaFn_ KWCakareRCIserIsyk
cMENknRBH EdlnaMmknUvRBlwg nigrUbkayrbs;eyIg ehIybMeBjbEnmeTARKb;Epk
TaMgGs;nviBaaNrb;seyIg .
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ral;KaecjCabrisuTsBVRKb; ehIy[TaMgRBlwgnigviBaaN ehIyrUbkayTaMgmUl )an
bMrugTuk\tesAhg drabdl;RBHeysUvRKIs CaRBHGmas;neyIgRTg;yagmk .
karxitxMRbwgERbgxagRBlwg
RbPBnbBaa
manRbPBnkarQWcab;CaeRcInEdlRbyuTRbqaMgnwgRBlwgrbs;eyIg . eday
sarEtBukmay bgbnRbsRsI bkRkmRKsarjatisnanrbs;eyIg EdlminmanPaB
RKb;lkN_ enaHeyIgTaMgGs;KakmanKMnit manGarmN_min)anl TaMgxagrUbkay bk
sUm,IEtPaBGasGaPas kkan;EtmanPaBrIkceRmIneLIgEdr . karQWcukcab;dTeTot
CaeRcIn )anmktamrykarbdiesFn_ bkmanGarmN_faRtveKbdiesFCaedIm . man
GkxH)anFak;cuHeTAkgPaBKankIRsLaj; bkmankarBiesaFn_nUvkarmYlbgac; eday
RkmRKsar bmitPk .
escdavID)ansresrfa
mnusSsucritEtgekItmanesckIlM)akCaeRcIn EtRBHeyhUv:aRTg;CYy[rYc
BIesckITaMgenaH TMnukdMekIg 3419 .
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NaGrsb,aybeT Rtv[eKeRcgsresIrdl;RBHcuH y:akub 513 .
karGb;rMedayGakb,kiriyaKMeraHKMerIy

Gakb,kiriyaKMeraHKMerIyrbs;matibita GacbNal[maneRKaHfak;cMeBaH
RBlwg ehIybegItbBaadl;kUnPam nigeTAGnaKt; .
RBHKm<IreGePsUr 64 Ecgfa Bukral;KaeGIy kuM[cak;rukkUnrbs;xneLIy
cUrbeRgonvaeTAtamdMbUnan nigesckIdas;etOnrbs;RBHGmas;vij .

karxVHsIlFm
94

karxVHsIlFm KWCakareRKaHfak;dl;RBlwg ehIynaMmknUvbBaa minEmnRtwmEt


cMeBaHEpknsac;jatib:ueNaHeT KWeTAdl;BYkGs;GkEdlenACMuvijeKenaHeTAeTot .
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Gk\tmanKMniteLIy GkNaEdlRbRBwtGMeBIy:agenaH eQaHfacg;bMpajCIvitxn
ehIy GkenaHnwgRtvesAhg ehIyGab;ys nwglubesckItHtiHedolcMeBaHGkenaH
ecj min)at;eLIy d,itesckIRbcNCaesckIekARkhayrbs;mnusS ehIyeKnwgmin
RbNIkgfsgswkeT .
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GMeBI)abedaykarRbRBwt

GMeBI)anedayectnadUcCaesckIb:gR)afa RsLaj;karman)an bkzanbuN


ski TaMgenaHKWCaxaMgsRtvxagRBlwg .
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BYkRbeTseRkA ehIydUcCaBYkGk EdlRKan;EtsMNak;enAfa cUr[Gkral;KaecosBI
esckIb:gR)afaxagsac;Qam EdltyuTnwgRBlwgviBaaNecj .
GMeBI)abedaykarRbRBwteFVI[RBlwgeyIgmanCmW .
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ehIy KWCaesckIkMpit shaysn; esakeRKak GasGaPas fVaybgMrUbRBH mnGaKm
sMGb;Ka eQaHRbEkk QanIs kMhwg Tas;ETgKa )ak;Ebk bkSBYk RcENn kab;
sMLab; Rbmwk suIpwkRCl nigkarGVIeTot EdlRsedognwgesckITaMgenHpg ehIy
R)ab;Gkral;KaTukCamundUcCa)anR)ab;rYcmkehIyfa Gs;GkEdlRbRBwtdUecH enaHmin
)anRKgnKrRBH TukCamrdkeLIy .

RTg;EkRBlwgeLIgvij
eyIg)anTTYlkarbeRgnGMBIkareR)as[CanUvEpkrUbkay b:uEn etImankar
eR)as[CasRmab;RBlwgeyIgbeT?
karGFisanrbs;escdavID
escdavID)anGFisansRmab;kareR)asRBlwgrbs;RTg;[Ca .
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emtadl;TUlbgMpg sUmeR)asRBlwgTUlbgM[)anCa d,itTUlbgM)aneFVI)abnwgRTg;
ehIy .
cMNaM RBlwgrbs;escdavIDRtv)aneFVI[xUc edaysarEtGMeBI)abrbs;RTg;
pal; .
95

RBHKm<IrTMnukdMekIg 61-4k Ecgfa RBHeyhUv:aeGIy sUmkMubenasTUlbgM


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TUlbgMeLIy RBHeyhUv:aeGIy sUmeR)asemtadl;TUlbgMpg d,itTUlbgMexSay
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)armCaxaMgEdr RTg; RBHeyhUv:aeGIy etIdl;kalNa RBHeyhUv:aeGIy sUmRTg;
yagmkvij ehIyeR)asRBlwgTUlbgM[rYc>>> .
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sBVRBHhbTy[eyIgmannUvRKb;sankarN_TaMgGs; . eyIgGacmanGMNrCamYyesc
davID kgkarEkRBlwgrbs;eyIgCafIeLIgvij .
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xVHGVIesaH RTg;[edksMrakenATImanesAexovxI RTg;naMeTAEk,rmat;TwkEdlhUr
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karcEmtRBlwg
mankarsnaBiessmYysRmab;kareFVI[RBlwgeyIg)anEqt .
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mnusSeRskXan TaMgcMEGtcitnGkEdlmanTukevTna enaHBnWrbs;gnwgPWeLIgkg
TIggwt ehIyesckIggwtrbs;gnwg)anPWdUcCaevlafRtg; RBHeyhUv:aRTg;nwgnaMpvg
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)andUcCasYnc,arEdleKeRsacTwk ehIydUcCak,alTwkEdlminxanhUreLIy .
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bkCYydl;GkdT enaHesckIggwtrbs;eyIg GacRtLb;mkRBlwgvij. RBHGmas;
sUmRTg;dwknaMeyIg RbTankmaMgdl;eyIg nigcEmtdl;esckIRtvkarnRBlwgrbs;
eyIg .
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RBHviBaaNRBHGmas;sNitelI BIeRBaHRTg;)ancak;eRbgtaMg [pSay
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ehIy[edaHmnusS EdlRtveKCiHCan;[rYc lUka 418 .
sgamenAxagkg
viBaaN
96

munEdleyIg)anTTYlesckIsegaH enaHviBaaNrbs;eyIg)ansab;ehIy .
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CafI enaHeyIg)anekItxagviBaaN. eyIg)anekItCafI - )anRtLb;CamanRBlwgrs; .
rhUtRBlwgrbs;eyIg)anTTYlkareR)as[Ca ehIyqnrbs;eyIgk)an
RtLb;mkCacuHcUldl;RBHeysUv dCaRBHGmas;CIvitrbs;eyIg kenAEtmansgamEpk
xagkgbneTotEdr .
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RtvenArs; ehIyedIredayviBaaN .
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RTg; enaHRtvEtfVaybgM edayviBaaN nigesckIBitEdr .
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R)ab;GkCaR)akdfa ebImin)anekItGMBITwk ehIyGMBIRBHviBaaN enaHKanGkNaGacnwg
cUleTAkgnKrRBH)aneT rbs;GVIEdlekItBIsac; enaHCasac;eT ehIyEdlekItBIRBH
viBaaN enaHCaviBaaNvij .
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fa )anekItCafIehIy Gs;TaMgesckIcas;)ankng)at;eTA emIl RKb;TaMgGs;)anRtLb;
CafIvij .
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eTaHbICaeyIg)anekItCafI ehIy\LvenHeyIgmanCIvitxagviBaaNkeday
keyIgrkeXIjfa eyIgmanrUbkay RBlwgCasac;QamdEdl KWeyIgenAEtcg;RKb;RKg
CIvitrbs;eyIg . eyIgRtvEteRCIserIsedIm,Irs;enA nigedIredayviBaaN .
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enaHGkral;KanwgminbMeBjesckIb:gR)afaxagsac;QameT d,itsac;QamEtgEtb:g
R)afaTas;nwgRBHviBaaN RBHviBaaN RTg;kTas;nwgsac;QamEdr esckITaMg2enH
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EdlCarbs;pgRBHRKIs enaH)anqagsac;QamehIy RBmTaMgesckIrMCYl nigesckI
b:gR)afa TaMgbu:nanpg ebIsinCaeyIgrs;edaynUvRBHviBaaN enaHRtvedIreday
RBHviBaaNEdr .
enAeBlEdleyIgcuHcUlnwgbMNgcitrbs;eyIg cMeBaHPaBCaRBHGmas;rbs;
RBHeysUvRKIs enaHeyIgnwgRtvcab;epImBayameFVI)abehIy . edIm,I[)anRbsiTiPaB
enaHeyIgRtvEtqagxagEpksac;Qam Edlmankarb:gR)afa nigkarseRmccitCaedIm
edIm,I[eyIgGacrs;enA nigedIredayviBaaN)an .
97

EpkbBaacit
bBaacit KWCaEpkxagRBlwg rbs;Gs;GkEdlminRtv)anTTYlkarpas;ERb
edaykarEkERbcitKMnitCafI EdlminGacyl;nUverOgr:avxagviBaaN)an . BYkeKnwg
mankarqtlIla ehIymanKMnitCasac;Qamvij .
RBHKm<Ir1kUrinfUs 213/14 Ecgfa ehIyeyIgkniyayBIesckITaMgenaH
g minEmnedayBaksMdI EdlR)aCJamnusS)anbeRgneT KWedayBaksMdI EdlRBH
viBaaNbeRgnvij RBmTaMgpwmBnl;esckIxagviBaaN edaysaresckIxagviBaaN
pg bu:En mnusSxagsac;Qam eKminTTYlesckIxagRBHviBaaNnRBHeT BIeRBaHCa
esckIlg;elI dl;eKkrksal;min)anEdr d,itRtg;esckITaMgenaH RtvBicarNayl;
xagviBaaNvij .
kickarxagviBaaNKWCaEpkxagviBaaN minEmnCaEpkxagKMnitxYrk,al Edl
emIleXIjedayEPkenaHeLIy .
karpas;ERb nigkarEkCafIeLIgvij

edIm,ItRmveTAtamRbFanbTcMeBaHviBaaNrbs;eyIg enaHeyIgRtvEtmankar

pas;ERbKMnit .
RBHKm<Irr:Um 121/2 Ecgfa dUecH bgbneGIy xJMTUnanGkral;Kaeday
esckIemtakruNanRBH [)anfVayrUbkayTukCayBabUCars; ehIybrisuT EdlKab;
RBHhbTydl;RBH CakareKarBnGkral;Ka EdlmanTMng kMu[Rtab;tamsmyenH
eLIy cUr[Gkral;Ka)anpas;ERbvij edayKMnit)anEkCafIeLIg edIm,InwgGaclemIl
[)ansal;bMNgRBHhbTynRBH Edll RsYlTTYl ehIyRKb;lkN_pg .
edayELkBIkarpas;ERbnUvGMNacecsanRBHviBaaNbrisuTvij enaHxagEpk
citviCa nigxagEpkkarRbedATUnan nwgEtgEtmankarFak;cuHeTAkgkarxMRbwgERbgrbs;
BYkeK edIm,I[)anEkKMnitCafIeLIgvij . KMnitrbs;eyIgminGacRtv)anEkCafIeLIgvij
edaykarxwtxMRbwgERbgpal;xnrbs;eyIg cMeBaHkarTak;TgeTAnwgkarQWcab;BIGtIt
kal tamryehtuplrbs;mnusS)aneLIy . karEkERbKMniteLIgvij GaceFVI)anRtwm
EtCakarbegIykargaredayGFiFCati edaykarpas;ERbBIRBHviBaaNbrisuTb:ueNaH .
KMnitrbs;eyIgRtwmEt)anEkCafIeLIgvij edayRBHbnlRBHb:ueNaH
edaykarGan karsikSa nigkarRtiHriHBicarNaeTARBHbnlRBH
RbcaMf .
edaykarsab;B BIRKbeRgnEdl)anTTYlkarcak;eRbgtaMg Edl
maneBjedayRBHbnlrbs;RBH nigGs;GkEdlbeRgneday
GMNacecsa nigkarebIksEmgrbs;RBHviBaaNbrisuT .
98

edaykarRtiHriHBicarNaeTAelIRBHbnl rhUtdl;RBHbnl)an
bEnmmkelIeyIgy:agc,as;las; CaCagbBaaEdlmanenAcMeBaH
eyIg .
]TahrN_ RbsinebIeyIgxac enaHeyIgGacnwkeXIjdl;RBHKm<Ir2FIm:Uef 17
EdlbBaak;bgajy:agc,as;cMeBaHeyIg min[mankarPyxaceLIy .

d,itRBHRTg;min)anRbTan[manviBaaN EdlEtgEtxaceLIy KW[


manviBaaNdmanGMNac esckIRsLaj; nigR)aCJanwgFwgvij .

enAeBlEdleyIgGan sikSa nigBicarNaeTAelIRBHbnlRBH enaHRBHviBaaN


brisuTRTg;nwgebIksEmgnUvKMnitrbs;RTg;cMeBaHeyIg tamryviBaaNrbs;eyIg .
RBHKm<IreGsay 558/9 Ecgfa BIeRBaHRBHeyhUv:aRTg;manbnlfa KMnit
GjminEmndUcCaKMnitrbs;gral;KaeT pvrbs;gral;KakminEmnCapvrbs;GjEdr
d,itEdlpemXx<s;CagEpndIy:agNa enaHGs;TaMgpvrbs;Gj x<s;Cagpvrbs;g
ehIyKMnitrbs;Gj kx<s;CagKMnitrbs;gral;Kay:agenaHEdr .
kareR)asRBlwg[Ca
esckICMenOsRmab;kareR)as[Ca

enAeBlEdlRBHRTg;ebIksEmgKMnitrbs;RTg;cMeBaHeyIg enaHesckICMenO
RCabcUleTAkgRBlwgrbs;eyIg . esckICMenOenHebIksEmgedaynUvGMNacecsarbs;
RBH edIm,IeFVIkareR)as[Ca nigeFVIkarEkRBlwgrbs;eyIgCafIeLIgvij .
esckICMenOniyaytammeFa)ayenH
{nwgminenAeRkameTaskMhus nigkarpnaeTasyUrGEgVgeLIy . eday
nUvRBHeysUv enaHesckIsucritrbs;RBHenAkg}
{Kansgwmfanwg)anTTYlkareR)as[CaenAeBlGnaKt;eLIy . RBH
bnlRBHEcgfa edaynUvviBaaNrbs;RTg; enaH)aneRtnrYcCaeRsc
edIm,ITTYlkareR)as[Ca. eCOnUvkareR)as[CaTaMgGs; nwg)anTTYl
nUvkarebIksEmgenAeBl\LvenH} .
{rUbkay nigRBlwg KWTTYlnUvExSCIvitedaymanRBHbnlnRBH bMNg
RBHhbTynRBH KWEdlnwgRtvEt)anTTYlnUvesckIsuxeRkmkSan
enAkgRKb;erOgr:avTaMgGs; ehIy)anTTYlnUvsuxPaBdl;RBlwg}.
sRmab;kargarcMeBaHxng bcMeBaHGkdT [manRbsiTiPaB enaHRtvEt)an
bMeBjedayesckICMenO tamryGMNacecsanRBHviBaaNbrisuT .
karGt;eTasrbs;RBHnaMmknUvkareR)as[Ca
kgkarsegaH
99

enAeBlEdleyIg)anekItCafI tamrykarERbcitCalkNbuKl nigkareCO


elIRBHeysUvRKIs enaHeyIgral;KaRtv)anrYcputBI)ab KWRtv)anGt;eTas[ehIy .
eyIg)anTTYlnUvesckIsucritrbs;pgRTg;ehIy . enAkgPaBlg;exA manmnusSCa
eRcIn)anTTYlnUvkarrgTukcukcab; edaymanGarmN_famaneTaskMhus nigmankarpna
eTas bkmancitminBitR)akdfaxn)anTTYlnUvkarGt;eTas[ehIyCaedIm .
RBHKm<Ir2kUrinfUs 521 Ecgfa d,itRBHGgEdlmin)ansal;)abesaH
enaHRBHRTg;)aneFVI[RtLb;CatY)ab CMnYseyIgral;Kavij edIm,I[eyIgral;Ka)an
RtLb;eTACaesckIsucritrbs;RBH edaynUvRBHGgenaHg .
RBHKm<Irr:Um 81 Ecgfa ehtuenaH enACan;enH GkNaEdlenAkgRBHRKIs
eysUv enaHKaneTasesaH .
bnab;BITTYlkarsegaH

bnab;BIeyIg)ankayCaGkeCO ebIsinCaeyIgeFVI)ab eyIgnwg)andwgkMhusTan;


eBl ehIyEbrecjBIGMeBI)ab RBmTaMgsarPaBeTasenHcMeBaHRBH .
RBHKm<Ir1y:Uhan 19 Ecgfa ebIeyIgln;tY)abvij enaHRTg;manRBHhbTy
esaHRtg; ehIysucrit RbeyaCn_nwgGt;eTas)ab[eyIg ehIynigsMGateyIg
BIRKb;GMeBITucritTaMgGs;pg .
enHKWCaxEdlKYr[cab;GarmN_bMput . ebIsinCaeyIgeFVI)ab eyIgnwg)an
sarPaBeTas ehIyRBHRTg;nwgGt;eTas[eyIg . enHKWCakarcaM)ac;CaBiess enAeBl
EdlmanmnusSCaeRcInEdlminRBmsarPaBGMeBI)anenaH edaykarniyay .
{minGacTTYlxusRtveLIy} .
{KWCapvEdlFab;)anTTYlkarBa)aleBlEdlenABIekg}
{KWCakMhusrbs;bIRbBneT}
{KWCamnusSEdlenACitxag}
{KWCasankarN_esdkicrbs;}
enAkgsgmrbs;eyIg eyIg)aneronKitGMBIskmPaBrbs;eyIg enAeBlEdl
eyIgmankMhuscMeBaHGkdTeTot . eyIg)anRtvTTYlkarbeRgn EdleyIgKanCMnYy
BIGkCitxag[)anrIkceRmIneLIg . b:uEnkarenHminEmnmanenAkgRBHbnlRBHeT .
eyIgRtvEtmancitsgwmfa eyIgGacTTYlxusRtvnUvGVIEdleyIgeFVI ehIy
eyIgTTYlsal; RBmTaMgln;tYeTasenaHeTAcMeBaHRBH . edaynUvesckICMenO enaHeyIg
GacTTYlnUveTaskMhus[)aneBjelj enaHeyIgnwgTTYlnUvkarGt;eTasCaminxan .

tamrykarGt;eTas[GkdT
mankarsamBabIRbkarnPaBminGt;eTas
100

GkdT
xneyIgpal;
RBH
RBHKm<Irm:afay 614/15 Ecgfa d,itebIGkral;KaGt;eTascMeBaHkarrMlg
c,ab; EdlmnusSelakRbRBwteFVI enaHRBHvrbitanGk EdlKg;enAsansYK RTg;nwgGt;
eTas[Gkral;KaEdr EtebIGkral;KaminGt;eTas cMeBaHkarrMlgc,ab;[eKeT enaH
RBHvrbitanGk RTg;kminGt;eTas cMeBaHkarrMlgc,ab; EdlGkral;KaRbRBwteFVIEdr .
eyIgrkeXIjkareR)asRBlwg[Ca enAeBlEdleyIgGt;eTas[GjnkdT
eTot . karGt;eTasKWCameFa)aymYy EdlnaMeTAdl;TIbMputnsPaBkarN_ .
Canickal eyIgEtgEtBmnusSniyayfa {BYkeKminKYrnwg)anTTYlnUvkarGt;
eTaseLIy} bk {BYkeKminEdl)anTTYlsal;nUvGMeBI)abrbs;eKeLIy} dUecHvij .
rIRBHRTg;minEdleFVIkarenH KWGVIEdlRtvkarCamun muneBlEdleyIg)anGt;eTas
)abenaHeT . BYkeKGacmin)anFab;Kitfa BYkeK)aneFVIxusenaHeLIy . BYkeKkmincg;
Gt;eTas)abenaHEdr . RKb;karTaMgGs;enH KYrKb,IEtekItman minEmnCaerOgcEmk
cMeBaHeyIgenaHeT .
eyIgskismnwgTTYlesrIPaB

eTaHCamanmnusSCaeRcIn)ancUlrYmkeday kminGacskinwgTTYlnUvkar
Gt;eTas rIeyIgvij eyIgskismnwgTTYlnUvesrIPaB GMBIkarQWcab;enaH ehIyman
EtmeFa)aymYyenHeT EdlmanesrIPaBkgkarGt;eTas .
]TahrN_ RbsinebIelakGkRtv)anTTYlnUvkare)akbMPan; kalenABIekg rI
Gke)asR)asenaH minEdl)anTTYlsal;nUvkMhusenaHeLIy . kuMKaMRTcMeBaHkar
seRmccit EdlnaM[BYkeKTTYlnUvTaruNkm beFVI[BYkeKTTYlkarQWxgenaHeLIy .
kuMsUm,IEtKaMRTcMeBaHesckIsucritrbs;elakGk EdlmanGarmN_QWcab;enaHEdr .
RbsinebIeyIgminGt;eTas enaHeyIgGnuBaat[mnusSeFVI[eyIgQWcab; rwtEt
eRcIneLIg BImYyqaMeTAmYyqaM edaymanKMnitcgcaM EdlbnaceyIgCarhUttehIy .
eyIgkMBugEtKaMRTnUvcMNgedayxneyIg [mankarQWcab;enAeBlEdleyIgcab;epIm
QWcab;BIdMbUgmk .
eyIgmansiTiy:agFM eyIgskismnwgTTYlesrIPaBrYcBIehtuplnkar
beBaatenaH .
dUecHeyIgGt;eTasdl;BYkeK fVayRKb;karTaMgGs;dl;RBH bnab;mkeyIg
nwgmantm enAkgCIvitdeBareBj .

vaKWCakarsab;bgab;
101

RBHeysUvRTg;)anbgab;[eyIgecHGt;eTas[GkdT .
RBHKm<Irm:afay 1821/22 Ecgfa xNenaH eBRtskmkRTg;TUlfa RBH
Gmas;eGIy ebIbgbbneFVI)abnwg enaHRtv[Gt;eTas[eKdl;bu:nandg etIdl;7dg
bGI RBHeysUvRTg;manbnltbfa minfa[GkGt;eTasRtwmEt7dgeT KWdl;7
citsibdgeTAeTot .
RBHKm<IreGePsUr 432 Ecgfa cUrmancitsb,rsnwgKaeTAvijeTAmk RBm
TaMgmancitTn;senas ehIyGt;eTasKa dUcCaRBHRTg;)anGt;eTas[Gkral;Ka eday
RBHRKIsEdr .
RBHKm<Irm:akus 1125 Ecgfa ehIykalNaGkQrGFisan ebIGkman
ehtuGVInwgGkNa enaHRtvGt;eTas[eKsin edIm,I[RBHvrbitanGkral;Ka EdlKg;
enAsansYK )anGt;eTasRKb;TaMgesckIkMhusrbs;Gkral;KaEdr .
edIm,IeFVItambgab;RBHeysUv eyIgRtvEtGt;eTas[GkdT . eyIgGacGt;
eTas)an BIeRBaHRBHeysUvEdlKg;kgeyIg\LvenH RTg;)anGt;eTas[eyIgehIy .
karGt;eTas minEmnCaGVIEdleyIgrg;caMdl;manGarmN_eTIbeFVIenaHeLIy . karGt;
eTasKWCaCeRmIs mYy . vaCaskmPaBEdleyIgcaM)ac;RtvEteFVI kgkarsab;bgab;dl;
RBH .
tamrykarbMePc
eyIgGacrkeXIjkarBa)alsRmab;RBlwgrbs;eyIg edaykarminKaMRTnUv
karRcENn .
RBHKm<IreGePsUr 426/27 Ecgfa cUrxwgcuH EtkuM[eFVI)abeLIy kuM[esckI
kMhwgrbs;GkenAdrabdl;fliceLIy kkMu[GarkSmankas[esaH .
RBHKm<IrPIlIB 313 Ecgfa bgbneGIy minrab;faxncab;)anehIyenaH
eT EtmanesckIenH1 KWfa ePcesckITaMgb:unanEdlkngeTAehIy kxMmmuleQag
eTAesckIxagmuxeTot .
eBlEdleyIgRbkan;ykkarminGt;eTas nigkMhwg enaHeyIgpl;nUvkEng b
ebIkTVar[GarkScUlmkRbyuTCamYynwgeyIg enAkgrUbkay KMnit nigGarmN_rbs;
eyIgehIy .
bnab;BIkarGt;eTasehIy enaHeyIgGacTTYlnUvGMNacecsankareR)as[
Carbs;RBHeysUv cUleTAkgebHdUgdexcxaMrbs;eyIgehIy . RBlwgEdlCab;eday
karekobsgt;rbs;eyIg GacRtv)anedaH[manesrIvij .
RBHKm<IrlUka 418 Ecgfa RBHviBaaNRBHGmas;sNitelI BIeRBaHRTg;)an
cak;eRbgtaMg [pSaydMNwgldl;mnusSTlRk RTg;)ancat;[mk edIm,InwgeR)as
102

mnusSEdlmancitseRgg ehIyRbkasR)ab;BIesckIeR)aselaHdl;BYkeQIy nig


esckIPWeLIgvijdl;mnusSxVak; ehIy[edaHmnusS EdlRtveKCiHCan;[rYc .
RbsinebIeyIgenAEtbnniyaynUverOgr:avCaGviCman nigkarQWcab; EdlmanBI
GtItkal enaHPaBtwgEtg nigesckIkMhwg KwenAEtmanenAkgeyIgCarhUt ehIyeyIg
kenAEtminGacmankarGt;eTasdBitR)akd BIRKb;Gs;TaMgsankaN_TaMgenaHeLIy bk
)ankMBugEtGniBaat[xaMgsRtvxagRBlwgrbs;eyIg dak;nUv{sMNl;}enaH cUlmkelI
eyIgvij Cak;Caminxan .
eyIg)anTTYlnUvkarGt;eTasmgrYceTAehIy eyIgRtvEtbeNjnUvkarcgcaM
kuM[cUlmkvijsarCafIeLIy ehIyenATIbBab; enaHeyIgnwgrkeXIj minRtwmEtCakar
Gt;eTasb:ueNaHeT KWEfmTaMg)anbMepc ehIylubecjnUvkarQWcab;TaMgGs;enaH)an .
karsRmak nigkarEkCafIeLIgvij
eyIgGacrkeXIjnUvkareR)as[CaxagRBlwg tamryesckIsRmak nigkar
EkCafIeLIgvijrbs;RBH . maneBlCaeRcInEdlRBlwgrbs;eyIg )anTTYlnUvkarekob
sgt;edaysarkarxVl;xVayRbcaMf . eyIgk)anTTYlnUvkarrvl;CaxaMg EdleyIgmin
GacnwgcMNayeBlCamYyRBH bkeFVIkargarNamYy EdleyIgseRmcciteFVIedayBit
R)akdenaHEdr .
vaKWCakarlM)akpgEdr EdleyIgKYrKb,IRbwkSaeLIgvijnUvGaTiPaBrbs;eyIg .
cUreronniyaybdiesF enAeBlEdlmankarCMruj[cab;yknUvkargarCaeRcIn . cUreron
sab;RBH nigeFVInUvGVIEdlRBHRTg;manbnlEtb:ueNaH .
RBHeysUvRTg;manbnlfa
Gs;GkEdlenOyRBy ehIypkFn;eGIy cUrmk nwg[Gkral;KaQb;
sMrak cUrTTYlnwm ehIyeronnwgcuH d,itst ehIymancitsuPaB enaHGkral;Kanwg
)anesckIsMrakdl;RBlwg m:afay 1128/29 .
GkniBnRBHKm<IreheRBIr niyayGMBIkarcUleTAkgesckIsRmakrbs;RTg; .
RBHKm<IreheRBIr 41-3k Ecgfa dUecH EdlenAmanesckIsnaTukmk [
)ancUlkgesckIsMrakrbs;RTg; enaHRtv[eyIgral;KaxaccuH ERkgGkral;KaNamYy
emIleTAdUcCaeQageTAmindl; d,itdMNwgl)anpSaymkeyIgral;Ka dUcCadl;eKEdr
b:uEn RBHbnlEdleKB enaHKanRbeyaCn_dl;eKesaH edayeRBaHmin)anlaynwg
esckICMenO kgcitnBYkGkEdlBenaH tamesckIEdlRTg;manbnlfa Gj)an
s,fTaMgkMhwgfa varal;KaminRtvcUleTAkgesckIsMrak rbs;GjesaHeLIy>>>.

103

edaysaresckICMenO nigedaysarkarGb;rMedayGataniym enaHeyIgGaccUl


eTAkg ehIyTTYl)annUvkarsRmak nigesckIsuxsanenAkgRBlwgeyIgEtmYyePtEt
b:ueNaH .
karsresIrtemIgdl;RBHsRmab;kareR)as[Ca
eBlEdlRBlwgeyIgTTYl)ankareR)as[Ca KWCakarsMxan;EdleyIgcab;epIm
fVayRBHBrdl;RBHGmas; edaykarsEmgecjnUvkarsresIrtemIg .
RBHKm<IrTMnukdMekIg 1031-5 Ecgfa RBlwgGjeGIy cUrsresIrdl;RBH
eyhUv:a ehIyRKb;TaMgGs;EdlrYmenAkgxnGj cUrsresIrdl;RBHnambrisuTnRTg;
Edr RBlwgGjeGIy cUrsresIrdl;RBHeyhUv:acuH ehIykMu[ePcbNaRBHKuNNamYy
rbs;RTg;eLIy EdlRTg;Gt;eTascMeBaHGs;TaMgkarTucritrbs;g RTg;eR)asCMgWTaMg
bu:nanrbs;g[Ca kCYyCIvitg[rYcBIreNA ehIyykesckIsb,rs nigesckIemta
kruNa bMBak;Camkud[gvij RBmTaMgeR)asRbTan[sMbkkayng )ansb;sl;
edayrbs;l RbeyaCn_[vyekgg )anEkeLIgCafI dUcCa\nI .
karsresIrKWCakarsEmgnesckICMenOrbs;eyIg . karsab;bgab;dl;RBH KW
CakarEdleyIg)anTTYlnUvkarsikSa edayesckICMenO edaykarTUlsUm[RBHRTg;
eR)asRBlwgeyIg[Ca edaykareCOfa eyIg)anTTYlnUvkarebIksEmgdeBareBj enA
RKb;Epkrbs;eyIg TaMgRBlwg nigrUbkay .
RBHKm<Irm:akus 1124 Ecgfa edayehtuenaH)anCaR)ab;Gkral;Kafa
RKb;TaMgesckIGVIEdlGkral;KaGFisansUm cUreCOfa )anehIy enaHnwg)anEmn .
eyIgsresIrtemIgdl;RBH EdlRTg;)anRbTanGMNacnUvkareR)as[Ca
dl;RBlwg nigrUbkayrbs;eyIg edIm,I[RKb;TaMgGs;EdlRTg;)anbegIt
mk [eyIgmanrUbdUcGgRTg; TaMgRBlwg nigrUbkay .
GVIEdlCaesckIGMNr KWCakardwgfa eyIg)anTTYlkareR)as[CaBIxagkg
mk edaysarEtRBlwgrbs;eyIg)anTTYlnUvkareR)as[Ca enaHsataMgKanPaKKan
cMENk minGacebIkTVarcUl bkKansiTiedIm,Idak;CmW nigeraKamkelIxnrbs;eyIg)an
eToteLIy .
eyIgGacbndMeNIrenAkgPaBCasHes,Iy . eyIgGacbndMeNIry:agGg;Gac
enAkgebskkmnkareR)as[CacMeBaHGkdT . enHKWCabMNgRBHraChbTyrbs;
RBH enHKWCasiTicUlrYmrbs;eyIg CakarBitNas; RBHeysUv)anbgajR)ab;erOgrbs;
RTg;dl;eyIgfa RTg;CaRBHeyhUv:a-r:ahVa KWRBHGmas;deR)as[Carbs;eyIg .
kMNt;cMNaM cMeBaHkarbeRgnbEnmeToteTAelIRbFanbTenH cUrGac
emeronrUbPaBnkarekItCafI edayelakeG>Gil nig cy hIl .

104

sMNYrrMBksareLIgvij
1- cUrBiBNnaGMBIEpkbIy:agnRBlwg .
2- cUrBiBNnaGMBIsgamrvagRBlwg nigviBaaN edayBakrbs;elakGkpal; .
3- cUrBiBNnafa eFVIdUcemceTIbGacTTYl)ankarBa)alxagEpkRBlwg .

105

emeronTI9
RBHviBaaNbrisuT nigGMeNayTanrbs;RTg;
karebIsEmgnRBHviBaaNbrisuT
GMeNayTan1bNaGMeNayTannRBHviBaaNTaMg9 Edl)ankt;TukenAkg
RBHKm<Ir1kUrinfUs CMBUk12 KWCaGMeNayTannkareR)as[Ca . GMeNayTanTaMgenaH
EdlRtv)anpl;mk KWCaBak{BhuvCn} BIeRBaHmanGMeNayTanCaeRcInbgrmk nig
GnuvtrYmKa KWCakargareR)as[Ca .
GMeNayTannkareR)as[Ca KWRtv)anebIksEmg CakargarnRBHviBaaN
brisuT GMNacecsankareR)as[Carbs;RTg; KWtamryBYkGkeCOEdleBjedayRBH
viBaaNbrisuT . GMeNayTanTaMgenaHKWCarbs;pgRTg; minEmnCarbs;eyIgeLIy .
eyIgKWCaPaCnEdlRTg;eRbIR)as; edIm,IbeBajnUvGMeNayTandl;Gs;GkEdlRtv
kar .
enAeBlEdleyIg)anbBalnUvPaBTMnak;TMngCamYynwgRBHviBaaNbrisuT Ca
lkNbuKlkan;EteRCAeTA enaHGMeNayTanTaMgenHnwgGnuvttamryeyIg enAeBl
xusKatamesckIRtvkar .
tYGgbuKlrbs;RBH
RBHKWCamYyGgEdlKg;enAxagkg EdlmanPaBCabIGg ehIyman
lkNCatYGgbuKleRcIn . tYGgbuKlnimYyrbs;RBH KWmanPaKman
cMENkesIKaTaMgGs; . tYGgnimYy KW)anebIksEmgEdlecjCa
PaK ehIy)aneFVIeTAtammuxgarnimYy .
sUm,IEtCaRBHvrbita nigRBHraCbuRta RBHviBaaNbrisuT k)aneFVIkarseRmccit
eFVIkarrYmKa CamYynwgGkeCOmak;Edr .
RBHKm<Ir2kUrinfUs 1314 Ecgfa sUm[Gkral;Ka )anRbkbedayRBHKuN
nRBHGmas;eysUvRKIs nigesckIRsLaj;rbs;RBH ehIynigesckIrYbrYmKanwg
RBHviBaaNbrisuT . GaEm:n .
rIelaksavkb:ulkRtv)anbBaneday {karrYbrYmnRBHviBaaNbrisuT} Edr .
karrYbrYm KWCaBakecjBIPasaRkikfa {kUNUna (Koinonia)} ehIymannyfa PaB
cUlrYm bkarcUlrYm . eyIgRtvEtmanPaBcUlrYmCamYynwgRBHviBaaNbrisuT eyIgk
RtvEtcUlrYm nigRbkbCamYynwgRTg; .
GkCYysegaH b GkkmSancit
106

enAkgkarpSaydMNwglrbs;elaksavky:Uhan RBHviBaaNbrisuTRtv)an
bBanmk[eFVICaCMnYy dl;karpSayRBHbnlTaMg4cMENk tamRBHKm<IrXIgecm eRbI
RBHnamrbs;RTg;fa CaRBHdCYykmSancit . tamBakCaPasaRkikedIm KW{):arak;eltUs (Parakletos)} Edlmannyfa ehAmk[)anCacMENkrbs;GkNamak; . vaCa
sMNUmBrEdlGacpas;br)an edIm,Ipl;bEnm[)anCaGkTUlGgVrCMnYs bCaGk
RbwkSa.
RBHviBaaNbrisuTRTg;)anRtvehAmk [enACacMENkrbs;eyIg KWCaGkCYy
rbs;eyIg edIrCamYyeyIg TMnak;TMngCamYyeyIgenAkgkarRbkbepSg. RTg;)anTUl
GgVrCMnYy kmSancit niglYgelamcitdl;eyIg .
RBHeysUvRTg;)aneFVI[BYksisSRTg;PJak;epIl enAeBlEdlRTg;)anmanbnl
fa EdlRTg;yageTA enaHmanRbeyaCn_dl;eKral;Kavij . tamkarsEmgenH RTg;)an
eFVI[kan;Etc,as;fa eyIgRtvEtmantmxaghirBavt nigxagkarelIktemIgnUvvtman
nkarTUlGgVrCMnYsrbs;RBHviBaaNbrisuT KWCacMENkrbs;eyIg EdleRcInCageTAeTot
RbsinebIRBHeysUvEdlRTg;)anedIrCamYyeyIg enAkgsac;Qam .
RBHKm<Iry:Uhan 167 Ecgfa R)ab;tamRtg;fa EdleTA enaHman
RbeyaCn_dl;Gkral;Kavij d,itebImineTAeT enaHRBHdCaCMnYykminmkGkral;Ka
Edr EtebIeTA enaHnwgcat;RTg;[mk .
tamRBHbnlrbs;RBHeysUvenAkgRBHKm<Iry:Uhan 1415/26 nig1526
enaHRBHviBaaNbrisuTRTg;)aneFVICaTIbnal;dl;GgRTg; [beRgneyIgRKb;karTaMgGs;
naMmknUvRKb;karTaMgGs; cMeBaHkarcgcaMrbs;eyIg ehIyRTg;k)anKg;enACamYyeyIg
CaerogrhUtteTA .
karTTYlsal;RTg;
sUm,IEtenAeBlEdleyIg)ansnSMTuk enAeBlevlaRbkbCamYynwgRBHvrbita
nigRBHraCbuRta kgkarTUlGgVrCMnYseyIgnUvkarfVaybgM nigkarGFisan enaHeyIgKYr
Kb,IsnSMTuk nigelIktemIgnUvRBHvtmannRBHviBaaNbrisuT EdlmanCabn enAeBl
EdlRTg;CacMENkrbs;eyIg Edl)anRtLb;mkCaGkCMnYy GkkmSancit GkRbwkSa
GkbeRgn nigGknaMpvrbs;eyIg .
GMNacecsanRBHviBaaNbrisuT KWCakarpusecj karKYr[ekatxac nigCa
xatrgVas;cugeRkay . eTaHCay:agNakeday RTg;suPaB RTg;EfrkSa CabuKlPaBCaTI
RsLaj; EdlGacRtv)anTTYlkarTukRBy bkRtv)anBnt;edaykarRBegIykeNIy
karminsab;bgab; nigkareFVI)ab .
RTg;Kg;CamYyeyIgral;Ka
107

edaysarRBHeysUvRKIs)anbMeBjRBHraCkicenAelIEpndIenHCamnusS enaH
RTg;GacKg;enAEtmYykEngkgeBlEtmYyb:ueNaH. etIkarsMxan;eRcInb:uNaHh+ sRmab;
eyIgenAsmysBVfenH EdlRBHviBaaNbrisuT nigRBHeysUv)anKg;enAkgCIviteyIg
mak; CabneTAeTot)an .
RBHKm<Iry:Uhan 1416/17 Ecgfa enaHnwgTUlsUmdl;RBHvrbita ehIy
RTg;nwgRbTanRBHdCaCMnYy1GgeTot mkGkral;Ka[)anKg;enACamYy enAGs;kl,
erogeTA KWCaRBHviBaaNnesckIBit EdlelakiyTTYlBMu)an eRBaHmineXIj ehIy
minsal;RTg;esaH EtGkral;Kasal;RTg; d,itRTg;Kg;CamYy knwgsNitenAkgGk
ral;KaEdr .
RTg;beRgneyIg

karRbTanGMNacecsa

RbTancitkahan

RbTankarnaMpv

RBHviBaaNbrisuTKWCaRKbeRgnrbs;eyIgral;Ka .
RBHKm<Ir1kUrinfUs 213k Ecgfa ehIyeyIgkniyayBIesckITaMgenaHg
minEmnedayBaksMdI EdlR)aCJamnusS)anbeRgneT KWedayBaksMdI EdlRBH
viBaaNbeRgnvij>>> .
RBHviBaaNbrisuTnwgRbTanBaksmIdl;Gk enAeBlEdlGkCYbnwgbBaa .
RBHKm<IrlUka 1211/12 Ecgfa kalNaeKbeNIrGkral;KaeTAenAmuxBYk
CMnMueK bcMeBaHecARkm bBYknamuWn enaHkMu[)armRBYy BIEbby:agNa bBIBakGVI Edl
nwgRtveqIyedaHsa bniyayenaHeLIy d,itKWRBHviBaaNbrisuT RTg;nwgbeRgnesckI
EdlGkral;KaRtvniyay enAevlaenaHg .
GMNacecsaEdleyIgRtvEtGnuvt KWCaGMNacecsanRBHviBaaNbrisuT .
RBHKm<Irkickar 18k Ecgfa bu:EnkalNaRBHviBaaNbrisuT)anmksNit
elIGkral;Ka enaHGkral;Kanwg)anRBHecsa>>> .
RBHviBaaNbrisuTRbTancitkahandl;eyIgral;Ka .
RBHKm<Irkickar 431k Ecgfa ehIyeK)aneBjCaRBHviBaaNbrisuTTaMg
Gs;Ka rYckpSayRBHbnledaycitkahan >>> .
RTg;RbTannUvkarnaMpvdl;eyIgral;Ka .
RBHKm<IrlUka 226k Ecgfa RBHviBaaNbrisuT)ansMEdg[Kat;dwgfa Kat;
minsab;eLIy>>> .
108

RBHKm<IrlUka 41k Ecgfa rIRBHeysUvRTg;)aneBjCaRBHviBaaNbrisuT k


vilBITenyrdan;mkvij >>> .
RBHKm<Irkickar 134k Ecgfa GkTaMg2enaHkcuHeTAdl;eselIsa eday
RBHviBaaNbrisuTcat;[eTA>>> .
RBHKm<Irkickar 166x Ecgfa enaHRBHviBaaNbrisuT RTg;Xat;min[pSay
RBHbnlenARsukGaseT >>> .
RbTanesckIRsLaj;

RBHviBaaNbrisuT KWCaRBH1GgEdlbegItnUvesckIRsLaj;Bitrbs;RBHdl;
eyIg .
RBHKm<Irr:Um 55 Ecgfa esckIsgwmkminEdlnaM[manesckIxas;eLIy
BIeRBaHesckIRsLaj;rbs;RBH)anpSaymksBVkgciteyIgral;Ka
edaysarRBH
viBaaNbrisuT EdlRBH)anRbTanmkeyIgehIy .

esckIsucrit esckIsuxsan nigesckIGMNr

tamryRBHviBaaNbrisuT BYkeyIgmanesckIsucrit esckIsuxsan nigesckI

GMNr .
RBHKm<Irr:Um 1417 Ecgfa d,itnKrRBHminsMercnwgkarsuI bpwkenaHeT KW
eRscnwgesckIsucrit esckIemRtI nigesckIGMNr edaynUvRBHviBaaNbrisuTvijeTetI.
TIbBaaMnkareR)aselaH
RBHviBaaNbrisuTRTg;CaTIbBaaMcit BIdMeNIrekrGakrrbs;eyIgral;Ka .
RBHKm<IreGePsUr 113/14 Ecgfa Gkral;Ka k)anBRBHbnlnesckI
Bit KWCadMNwglBIesckIsegaHrbs;Gkral;Ka edaysarRTg;Edr ehIykalGkral;Ka
)aneCOehIy enaHRTg;kedAcMNaMedayRBHviBaaNbrisuT Edl)ansna RBHviBaaNenaH
RTg;CaTIbBaaMcit BIdMeNIrekrGakrrbs;eyIgral;Ka Tal;Et)anelaHrbs;kMNan;
EdlRTg;)anTijTuk[eyIgenaH sMrab;CaesckIsresIrdl;sirIlnRTg; .
RBHKm<IreGePsUr 430 Ecgfa kuMeFVI[RBHviBaaNbrisuTnRBH)anRByRBH
hbTy EdlRTg;edAcMNaMGkral;KaTuksMrab;dl;feR)aselaHenaHeLIy .
GMeNayTannkarsEmg
RBHviBaaNbrisuTRTg;)anRbTan[eyIg nUvGMeNayTannRBHviBaaNbrisuT
TaMg9epSgKa . cMnYnGMeNayTanmYybNacMnYnGMeNayTanTaMgenH KWsMedAcMeBaH
eTAelIGMeNayTannkareR)asGkCmW[Ca . eyIgTaMgGs;KaGaceronsURt edIm,I
bMeBjkargarenAkgGMeNayTanTaMgenH dUecHeyIgnwgbMeBjkargaredaymanRbsiTi
PaB .
109

RBHKm<Ir1kUrinfUs 121/7-10 Ecgfa cMENkGMeNayTanxagviBaaN


bgbneGIy mincg;[Gkral;KaenAlg;eT>>> ehIyRTg;RbTan[RBHviBaaNsMEdgmk
kgRKb;Ka edIm,I[)anekItpl
- d,itRTg;RbTan[mak;manBaksMdInR)aCJavagv edaysarRBHviBaaN
- [mak;eTotmanBaksMdIncMeNHecHsat; tamRBHviBaaNdEdl
- ehIy[mak;epSgeTotmanesckICMenO edaynUvRBHviBaaNdEdl
- [mYyeTot)anGs;TaMgGMeNayTan nwgGaceR)as[Ca edaynUvRBH
viBaaNdEdl
- [mYyeTot)ansMEdgkarbTi)armI
- nig[mYyeTotecHGFib,ay
- [mYyeTotsegtsal;Gs;TaMgviBaaN
- [mYyeTotecHniyayPasadTepSg
- ehIy[mYyeTotecHbkERbPasadT .
karGnuvtn_nUvGMeNayTannRBHviBaaNbrisuTenAkgCIvitrbs;eyIg KWCaTI
smal;rbs;RBHvtmanRTg; EdlmanenAkgeyIg . GMeNayTanTaMgenaH minKYrKb,I
Rtv)aneRbIR)as;edIm,Isg;nUvkitiys EdleBjedayesckIGMnYtrbs;eyIgenaHeLIy .
GMeNayTanTaMgenaH KYrEtRtvbgrmkCaFmta edayKankarbgajNamYy bkar
sresIrhYtehtucMeBaHkarebIksEmgnUvesckIRsLaj;rbs;RBH [)anCakarQWcab;dl;
BiPBelakenaHeLIy .
enAkgemeronCabnbnab;eTAenH eyIgnwgsikSaBIGMeNayTanTaMg6y:agn
RBHviBaaNbrisuT nigrebobEdlGMeNayTanTaMgenaH)anbeBajCaBiess cMeBaHkar
eR)as[Ca .
karsal;c,as;rvagBBYkviBaaN
nimyny
karsal;c,as;rvagBBYkviBaaN KWCakardwgcMeBaHviBaaNenAelIelakiy .
vaCakarebIksEmgnUvRbePTnviBaaN bBBYkviBaaNEdlenABIxag
eRkaymnusS sankarN_ skmPaB bkCakarsEmgRBHbnl . vaCakar
dwgedayviBaaNrbs;eyIg EdlmkedaykarebIksEmgCaGFiFmCati Ca
karykcitTukdak;nUvRbPBFmCati nigskmPaBnviBaaNNamYy .
mantMbn;bI KWenAkgviBaaNEdlGacRtv)aneFVI[sal;c,as; tamrykar
Gnuvtn_nUvGMeNayTanenH
RBHviBaaNrbs;RBH beTvtarbs;RTg;
110

viBaaNrbs;mnusS
sataMg bkBBYkviBaaNGaRkk;
viBaaNBikarPaB
CaerOy BBYkviBaaNBikarPaB EdlRtvEtTTYlkarxusRtv cMeBaHCmW nigCmW
eraKarbs;mnusS . ]TahrN_ manBBYkviBaaNneraKmharIk eraKsnak;deCIg kar
Gak;Gn;cit nigPaBlVIgCUrct; . edaynUvGMeNayTannkarsegtxagviBaaN KWRBH
viBaaNbrisuTRTg;nwgebIksEmg bkdak;cgldrbs;RTg; eTAelIRbPBnbBaadBit
R)akd edIm,I[eyIgGacRtv)anTTYlnUvkareR)aselaH nigkareR)as[Ca .
RBHKm<IrlUka 1120 Ecgfa b:uEnebIedjGarkS edaysarGglIRBHhs
nRBHvij enaHc,as;CanKrRBH)anmkdl;Gkral;KaehIy .
rebobnkarGnuvtn_nUvGMeNayTan
enAeBlEdlmnusSmak;Rtv)anTTYlkarGnuBaat edayRBHviBaaNnRBH .
enaHkarebIksEmgnUvGMeNayTannkarsegtxagviBaaN nwgmkedaykarcab;
GarmN_ bedayKMnitEdlsEmgCaPaBdUcKa bCaeQaHnviBaaN EdlCaRbPBn
bBaa .
RBHKm<Irm:afay 932/33 Ecgfa kMBugEdlGkTaMg2ecjeTA enaHmaneK
naMmnusSK EdlmanGarkScUl mkRTg; rYckal)anedjGarkSecjehIy enaHmnusSK
)anniyayeLIg)an bNamnusSTaMgb:unan eKmanesckIGsarfa minEdleXIjman
y:agdUecH enAkgRsukGRsaEGlesaHeLIy .
cMeBaHkarGnuvtn_eTAtamlMdab;lMedayEpknviBaaN ehIyRbyuTeday
sgamxagviBaaN y:agmanRbsiTiPaB enaHeyIgRtvkaryl;dwg nigeFVI[)anpl
RbeyaCn_edayxng edIm,IGnuvtnUvGMeNayTannkarsegtxagviBaaN . tamry
GMeNayTanenH RBHviBaaNbrisuTRTg;nwgbeBajGMNacecsarbs;RTg;dl;eyIg .
BaksmIncMeNHecHsat;
niymny
BaksmIncMeNHecHsat; KWCakarebIksEmgedayGFiFmCati tamry
RBHviBaaNbrisuTenAeBlbcb,n bkCaGtitkal GMBImnusS bsankarN_ EdlminRtv
)aneronsURttamryKMnitxagrUbniym . GMeNayTanenHpl;BtmanBIRBH[eyIg min
EmnmkBIkarecHdwgxagrUbniymeT .
RBHeysUv nigsIsasn_sam:arI
111

enAkgerOgrbs;sIsasn_sam:arImak; RBHeysUvRTg;RCab;edayBaksmIn
cMeNHecHsat; BIerOgEdlnagmanbI5rYcmkehIy nigBIGtitkalrbs;nagfa minEmn
CabIEdlnag)anerobkarCamYyeLIy .
RBHKm<Iry:Uhan 418 Ecgfa d,itnag)anmanbI5mkehIy GkEdlenA
CamYysBVfenH minEmnCabInageT BakenaHnagniyayRtvR)akd .
RBHeysUvEdlRTg;)anyl;dwgGMBIsIenH minEmnEdlRTg;CaRBHraCbuRtaenaH
eT KWedaysarRTg;)anGnuvt EdlRTg;CakUnmnusS tamryGMeNayTannRBH
viBaaN .
BaksmIncMeNHecHsat;sRmab;kareR)as[Ca
CaerOyenAkgkargareR)as[Ca RBHRTg;nwgebIksEmgnUvBaksmIncMeNH
ecHsat; GMBICmWBiess . CYnkalGMeNayTanenaHsRmab;mnusSBiessmak; CYnkal
sRmab;mnusSCaeRcIn .
vaGac)anRtveFVI)andUcKa edayeQaHCmWeraKa edaykEngQW bedayeQaH
rbs;EpknrUbkay EdlRBHRTg;nwgebIksEmgnUvkareR)as[Carbs;RTg; tamry
eBlevlaenaH .
rebobEdlkarenH)anmk
BaksmIncMeNHecHsat;mktammeFa)ayepSgKa xNeBleFVIkargar
eR)as[Ca .
edayGarmN_EdlKankarkmSancit EdlEtgEtmansMBaFsgt; bkCa
evTnarmN_
CYnkalRtv)anTTYlGarmN_fa mankarQWcab;bnicbnc .
BaksmIncMeNHecHsat;GacmkedayBaksmI tamrykarBiBNnaBICmW
eraKa nigkarQWcab;TaMgenaH .
eQaHnCmWeraKa
eQaHnEpkrUbkayEdlman\TiBlelIrUbkay
BaksmIncMeNHecHsat; kGacmktamrykarebIksEmgncMENkmYyenA
kgrUbkayEdlRtvkarkareR)as[Ca .
GkCmWRtv)anebIksEmg
CYnkalRBHnwgebIksEmgnUvEpkCaTUeTArbs;mnusS bksUm,IEtmnusSEdl
RtvTTYlkareR)as[Ca nwgRtv)anTTYlkarebIksEmgEdr . CYnkal kareR)as[Ca
enH KWRtv)anBNna dUcCakarrujEdkqk;eTAkan;kEngbnb;enaH eTAkan;RckdBiess
mYy bkeTAkan;EpkdBitR)akdNamYyrbs;mnusS .
112

m:ageTot erOgenHGacmkedaymanBnW bCakareRtkRtGal bkman


GarmN_dTeTot EdlKUsbBaak;nUvkarRbgRbytrbs;elakGk cMeBaHmnusSBiess
enaH .
CYnkalRBHGmas;RTg;nwgebIksEmgnUveQaHmnusS bRbTannUvkardUcKadT
eTot EdlnwgbBaak;fa CaRBHviBaaNbrisuTkMBugEtedABYkeK sRmab;kareR)as[Cad
viessmYy .
esckICMenORtv)anebIksEmg

enAeBlEdlRBHviBaaNbrisuT RTg;)anebIksEmgnUvkareR)as[Cadviess
mYy ehIyEdlmnusS)anTTYlsal;Pam faCaKat; bknag Camak;EdlkMBugEtRtv
)anBNnaenaH esckICMenOnwgRtv)anebIksEmg ehIykareR)as[CaknwgRtv)anebIk
sEmgEdr .

RbgRbytcMeBaHkarvayRbharBIviBaaNEdlTMnak;TMngKa
mnusSEdlkMBugGnuvtnUvGMeNayenH RtvEt)anTTYlnUvkarRbgRbyt Edl
Kat;bnag BitR)akdCa)anTTYlnUvBaksmIncMeNHecHsat;Emn ehIykminEmnCakar
sab;nUvviBaaNEdlmankarTMnak;TMngenaHeT . meFa)ayFmtamYy edIm,IsmwgemIl
nUvvtmannBBYkviBaaNEdlTMnak;TMng KWRtvEtXaMemIlGkEdlRtv)anTTYlnUvkar
fVaysirIl .
etIGkEdlkMBugEtbMeBjkargar KUsbBaak;cMeBaHxneKpal; bkcMeBaH
smtPaBrbs;eK?
etImnusS)anRtLb;mkCaGkTsSna manesckIGMNrkgkar {sEmg} b
eT?
etIkarGnuvtn_nUvBaksmIncMeNHecHsat; KWCakarnaMmknUvkarsab; Edl
mankMritnesckICMenOelIRBHkan;Etx<s;eLIg bkCaGkmanesckICMenO
eCOelIkarbMeBjkargarrbs;mnusS?
RBHviBaaNbrisuTnwgminEdlnaMmknUvsirIleTAkan;buKlNamak;eLIy KWeTA
kan;EtRBHmYyGgb:ueNaH .
karmaneKalbMNgCaCMhan
enAeBlEdlmnusSmak;eronbMeBjkargar nUvEpkBaksmIncMeNHecHsat;
edIm,ITTYlnUvkarebIksEmgdBiessmYyBIRBH enaHeKKYrKb,IQanCaCMhanedayesckI
CMenO nigniyaynUvBaksmIenaH .
eyIgnwgmankarqtlIla RbsinebIeyIg)aneFVIxus .
eyIgminKYrKb,IRtv)anTb;xg edaykarPyxacnUvkarFak;cuHeLIy .
113

eyIgKYrKb,Ieron[)andwgyl;nUvRBHviBaaNbrisuT .
eyIgKYrKb,Isab;bgab;RBH QanCMhanedayesckICMenO ehIyfVaysirIl
dl;RBHkgkareR)as[Ca .
BaksmInR)aCJa
niymny
BaksmInR)aCJa KWCakarebIksEmgCaGFiFmCati Edl)anRbTan[dl;
GkeCO . vaCaR)aCJarbs;RBHedIm,IseRmc nUvkarRbNaMgCamUldaneTAelIFmCati bk
cMeNHdwgCaGFiFmCati . vaebIksEmjtgnUvEpnkar nigbMNgRBHhbTynRBHKW
sRmab;CIvit nigkargarrbs;eyIg
edIm,IseRmc[)anPam bseRmcnUveBlGnaKt
elIrebob EdleyIgRtvEtbMeBjkargar edIm,IesckIRtvkardBitR)akd.
BaksmInR)aCJamkenAedayTRmg;CaeRcIn dUcCa karbeBajsemgEpkxag
kg edaykarCak;EsgenAeBlPak;eLIg edaykaryl;sbienAeBledklk; edaykar
Gnuvtn_nUvGMeNayTannkarbeBajsemg .
edaykareR)as[Ca
BaksmInR)aCJa KWGnuvty:agCitsiTCamYynwgGMeNayTannkarsegtxag
viBaaN nigBaksmIncMeNHecHsat; . vaCakarebIksEmgnUvrebobnkarbMeBjkar
gar cMeBaHesckIRtvkarBiessenaH .
BaksmInR)aCJa KWRBHRTg;)anRbTansRmab;karkarBar nigkarbeRgn ehIy
CanickalkebIksEmgmkdl;eyIg nUvrebobGnuvtcMeNHdwg Edl)anebIksEmg tam
ryBaksmIncMeNHecHsat; nigkarvagvnviBaaN . vaGacpl;[eyIgyl;dwg
edIm,IeFVIkargartammeFa)aydBitR)akd .
BaksmInR)aCJa )anbeRgneyIg[
dak;delImnusSmak;
niyayecjCaBaksmI
sEmgBIkarGsar
beNjviBaaNGaRkk;
BaksmInR)aCJapl;[eyIgnUvR)aCJa edIm,I[eyIg)anxitxMeFVIkargarenAkg
GMeNayTannkareR)as[Ca . vabegIt[manesckICMenOkgkareFVIkargar edayman
esckIkahan.
GMeNayTannesckICMenO
114

niymny
GMeNayTannesckICMenO KWCaesckICMenOxagGFiFmCati sRmab;eBl
evla nigeKalbMNgBiess. vaCaGMeNayTannGMNacecsa edIm,IbegIynUvkargar
dBitR)akd enAkgsankarN_GVINamYykeday EdleyIgenAkgeBldBiessenaH .
EpkGFiFmCati
GMeNayTannesckICMenOmkedayGFiFmCati nigedayKankarxMRbwgNa
mYy Edlmin)anseRmckargarenaHeLIy .
vaminEmnCakarkMNt;rgVas;nesckICMenO Edl)anRtvpl;mkGkeCO
RKb;rUbenaHeT .
vaminEmnCaesckICMenOEdlmk edaykarsikSaRBHbnlRBHenaHeT .
vamkCaGFiFmCati edayRBHviBaaNbrisuT enAeBlEdleyIgmanesckI
Rtvkar nUvkarGsarBiessNamYy .
edaykareFVIkarGsar

CYnkalGMeNayTannesckICMenO Rtv)anRbTanmkenAeBlEdlkarGsar
)anekItmk KWRtv)anTTYlnUvkarebIksEmg . kgmYyrMeBc EdlkarbMeBjkargarmYy
nwgRtveXIjedayviBaaN Epk)at;bg;nrUbkay enaHRtv)anTTYlkarEkCafIeIgvij .
enHKWCakarGnuvtn_nUvGMeNayTanxagviBaaN KWCaBaksmInR)aCJa .

CaKMrU
elaksavkeBRts )anelceLIgedIm,ITTYlnUvGMeNayTannesckICMenO enA
eBlEdlKat;)anniyayedayGg;Gac eTAkan;mnusSBikarmak;enaHfa
EteBRtsniyayfa R)ak; ehIynigmas KaneT Etrbs;Edlman enaH
nwg[dl;Gk KWedaysarRBHnamRBHeysUvRKIs BIRsukNasaEr:t cUrGkeRkakeT,Ig
edIreTAcuH kickar 36.
kargarnkareFVIkarGsar
niymny
kareFVIkarGsarKWCakareFVIGnraKmn_EpkGFiFCati kgxNeBlFmta
nFmCati . vaCakarebIksEmgCaGFiFmCatinGMNacecsarbs;RBH tamEdlc,ab;
FCati EdlRtv)anpas;br Rtv)anbBab;beNaHGasn nigRtv)anRKb;RKgCaedIm .
enAeBlEdleKFab;)annaMmkkarEkCafIeLIgvij enAkgTRmg;nkarGsar
EdlRtvbegItmkcMeBaHkarBa)alxagEpkrUbkay vaGnuvtnUvGMeNayTanmYybNa
GMeNayTanTaMgLaynkareR)as[Ca .
115

karbegItkarGsar
maneBlCaeRcIn EdlcMENknrUbkayrbs;mnusS mankar)at;bg;Edlmin
GaceFVIclna)an minGaclUtlas; kMeNItminRKb;Ex bkCaCmWeraKaEdleFVI[mankar
xUcxatCaedIm . CYnkal esckICMenOrbs;eyIgKankarlUtlas; enAkEngEdleyIg
manlTPaBnwgeCOelIRBH sRmab;[kareFVIkarGsar EdlbegIteLIg enaHmin)anzit
efrenACaedIm .
esckICMenOEdleyIgRtvkar enaHRtvEt)anCaRKwHmaMcMeBaHcMeNHdwgeTAelI
RBHbnlRBH .
karebIksEmgnUvRBHbnl
eyIgRtvEt)anGan )ansikSa nig)anRtiHriHBicarNaeTAelIGVIEd;lRBHbnlRBH
)anbBaak;GMBIkareFVIkarGsarEdl)anbegIteLIg . eyIgRtvEtdwgfa RBHRTg;Gacnwg
eFVIRKb;karTaMgGs;)an .
RBHKm<Irm:afay 1926 Ecgfa RBHeysUvRTg;TteTAeK edaybnlfa kar
enaHmnusSelakeFVIminekIteT EtRBHRTg;GacnwgeFVIekItTaMgGs; .
RBHeysUvRTg;)anbMeBjRBHraCkic nUvkarGsarEdl)anbegIteLIg .
RBHKm<Irm:akus 33/5x Ecgfa RTg;manbnleTAmnusSsiVtdfa cUrGk
eRkakeLIg QrenAkNalnu+HeTA>>> kmanbnleTAmnusSenaHfa cUrGklatdeTA Gk
enaHklat ehIydKat;)anCadUcmag .
eyIgdwgfa RBHeysUvRTg;)anmanbnlfa eyIgGacnwgeFVIkardUcCaRTg;)aneFVI
Edr . eyIgdwgnUvesckIsnarbs;RBHeysUv .
RBHKm<Irm:akus 923 Ecgfa RBHeysUvmanbnleTAKat;fa ebIGacnwgeCO
)an enaHkarTaMgGs;nwgsMerc)an dl;GkNaEdleCO .
BaksmInR)aCJa - GMeNayTannesckICMenO
BaksmInR)aCJaenAkgTRmg;nkarpit bkkarCak;Esg EdlGacpusecj
eLIg cUleTAkgviBaaNrbs;eyIgkgeBlmYyrMeBc . eyIgeXIjnUvkargarnkareFVIkar
GsarEdl)anbegIteLIgedayxneyIg cMeBaHmnusSenaH edaymeFa)aydBit
R)akd . edaynUvRBHviBaaN enaHeyIgeXIjkarGsarEdlniyayeTA Gacpas;brnUv
sPaBkarN_muneBlEdl)anekIteLIg enAkgEpknrUbkay .
KankartsUBuHBarcMeBaHesckICMenO)anyUrGEgVgeLIy . rIGMeNayTann
esckICMenO)ancUlmkkgviBaaNrbs;eyIg . esckICMenOrbs;eyIgRtv)anbg;fdx<g;
x<s; edaymankarRbwkSadGg;Gac EdlkareFVIkarGsar)anekItmaneLIg .
kargarnkareFVIkarGsar
116

eyIgcab;epImeFVIkary:agqab;rhsnUvGVIEdleyIg)aneRtmxneFVI edaynUvRBH
viBaaN . enHKWCakargarnkareFVIkarGsar .
eyIgcab;epImniyayedayGg;Gac nigbBaanUvskmPaBfI kMeNItfI bkrUb
kayfI EdlRtv)anTTYlnUvkarEkERbehIy . eyIgbegItedaymanesckIsgwmn
esckICMenOrbs;eyIgCavCman rhUtdl;mankarebIksEmgnkareFVIkarGsar Edl
)anbegIteLIg enaH)aneBjelj .
RBHeysUvRTg;)aneFVIkarCamYyeyIg
eyIgdwgfa RBHeysUvRTg;mankargardsucritCamYyeyIg dUcCaRTg;)anKg;enA
CamYyBYkGkeCOdMbUg .
RBHKm<Irm:akus 1620 Ecgfa BYksisS eKecjeTARbkasR)ab;enAsBV
RKb;GenI edaymanRBHGmas;eFVIkarCamYy TaMgbBaak;RBHbnl edayTIsMKal;Edl
ekItmktameRkaypg . GaEm:n .
GMeNayTannkareR)as[Ca
niymny
GMeNayTannkareR)as[Ca KWCakarRBmEck[BIGMNacecsankar
eR)as[Carbs;RBHCaGFiFmCaticUleTAkgmnusS EdlRtvkarkar
eR)as[Ca . GMeNayTaMgenHRtv)anBNnaCa BakBhuvcn
BIeRBaHBakenHCacMnYneRcIn EdlhUrmk nigGnuvtrYmKa CaGMeNayTan
nkareR)as[Ca . mnusSEdl)anTTYlnUvkareR)as[Ca KWRtv)an
TTYlnUvGMeNayTannkareR)as[Ca .
CaGFiFmCati
GMeNayTannkareR)as[CaxagviBaaN minEmndUcKanwgkarBa)altam
faMeBTviTasasenaHeT . elakRKeBTlUka )ansresrnUvRBHKm<IrlUka nigkickar
KWCaKMrUdlmYy . karsresreTAkan;BYkRkgkUl:us elaksavkb:ul)anBNnaGMBIelak
lUkafa Kat;CaRKeBTmak; .
RBHKm<IrkUl:us 414 Ecgfa elaklUka CaRKeBTsnPa nigGkedm:as
kCMrabsYrmkGkral;KaEdr .
elaklUka )anrs;enAelIekaHmIeltCamYynwgelaksavkb:ul b:uEnKankar
snidanfa CmWnwgekItmandl;Kat;eT . bnab;BIelaksavkb:ul)anBa)alelakBUBas
enaHmnusSTaMgLayk)annaMGkQWmkKat; ehIysUm[Kat;)aneR)asBYkeK[Ca .

117

RBHKm<Irkickar 288/9 Ecgfa Kab;cYnCaBukBUBasedkRKn ehIymYlpg


b:ulkcUleTAGFisan dak;delIKat;[)anCa dUecH Gs;GkeTot EdlQWenAekaHenaH
kmkehIy)anCaEdr .
sUm,IEtmanRKeBTEdlBa)alxagfaMeBTkeday kenAEtmanelaksavk
b:ul EdlCaGk)aneR)asGkCmW[CaedayGFiFmCatiEdr .
kMNt;cMNaM enAeBlEdleyIg)anbMeBjkargar enaHeyIgcg;[man
karfwgEfg nigmankarGnuvtn_rYmKa CamYynwgBYkevCbNit nigfaMxag
viTasasEdr. manmnusSCaeRcInenAkgcMeNameyIg)anrs;enAsBVf
enH KWedaysarBYkevCbNit Edl)anBa)al[eyIg)anCIvitrs;enA
rhUtdl;esckICMenOrbs;eyIgGaclUtlas; mankmaMgRKb;RKan; edIm,I
[BYkeyIg)anTTYlkareR)as[Ca. b:uEnkuMyl;RcLMeLIy GMBIfaMeBT
xagviTasas nigGMeNayTannkareR)as[Ca .
minEdlmanGkNamak;R)ab;eyIgfa kuM[eTArkRKeBT bkkuM[elbfaM
eLIy . enAeBlEdlBYkeK)anTTYlnUvkareR)as[Ca BYkeKnwgminRtv
karfaMeBTCayUrGEgVgeLIy . RKeBTrbs;eK)andak;bBati[elbfaM
edaymankMNt; enaHKat;minRtvbnkarelbva[hYskMNt;eLIy

eKalbMNgrbs;GMeNayTannkareR)as[Ca
maneKalbMNgbIsRmab;GMeNayTannkareR)as[Ca
edIm,IedaHElgCmW
edIm,IbMpajkargarrbs;viBaaNGaRkk;EdlenAkgxnmnusS
edIm,IbBaak;BIRBHraCsarnesckIsegaH tamryTIsmal; nigkar
Gsar .
eBlEdleyIg)anQancUleTAkarRbkb
[kan;EtCitsiTCamYynwgRBH
viBaaNbrisuT enaHGMeNayTannkareR)as[Ca nigGMeNayTandTeTotnRBH
viBaaNbrisuTnwgbgr RBmTaMgGnuvttamryeyIg .
edaynUvBaksmIncMeNHecHsat; enaHeyIgGacTTYlnUvcMeNHecHsat;Ca
GFiFmCati EdlebIksEmgfa RBHRTg;sBVRBHhbTynwgeR)asmnusSQW nigCmWeraKa
[)anCadBitR)akd . GMeNayTannkarsegtxagviBaaN GacebIksEmgnUvRbPB
viBaaNGaRkk;nCmWeraKa EdlRtvkarbeNjBYkvaecj .
tamryBaksmInR)aCJa enaHeyIgTTYlnUvkarebIksEmgCaGFiFmCati eTA
elIrebobbMeBjkargar edaymanRbsiTiPaBcMeBaHmnusSenaH . eyIgeXIjnUvTegVIenH
edayxngpal; . eyIgeXIjnUvkareR)as[Ca bkareFVIkarGsar)anekIteLIg . kar
118

enHbeBajnUvGMeNayTannesckICMenO nig[eyIgcab;epImbMeBjkargaredayGg;
Gac nUvkargarnkareFVIkarGsarenH .
enAeBlEdleyIgsikSaGMBIkarbMeBjkargar cMeBaHGMeNayTanTaMgGs;n
RBHviBaaNbrisuT ehIymanesckIedayTTYlnUvGMeNayTanTaMgenaH [hUrmk nig
GnuvtenAkgCIvitrbs;eyIg . enaHeyIgnwgrkeXIjfa vaKWCakargayRsYledIm,IeFVInUv
karGsar Edl)anpl;nUvkarsEmgRBHbnlCaPasadT bk)anGnuvtedaynUv
GMeNayTandTeTotnRBHviBaaNbrisuT .
kMNt;cMNaM esovePAemeron karrs;enARbkbedayGFiFmCati tam
ryGMeNayTannRBHviBaaNbrisuT edayelakeG>EGl nig cy
hIl KWnwgRtv)ansikSaCabneTAeTot enAkgemeron GMeNayTann
RBHviBaaNbrisuT .

sMNYrrMBksareLIgvij
1- cUrBNnafa etIGkNaCaRBHviBaaNbrisuT ehIyetIRTg;)aneFVIGVIenAkgCIvitrbs;eyIg .
2- etIkarsegtxagviBaaN CYyeyIgedayrebobNaxH enAeBlEdleyIgGFisan[BYkGkCmW?
3- cUrBnl;nUvkarGnuvtn_nUvBaksmInR)aCJa nigGMeNayTannesckICMenO enAeBlEdleyIgbMeBjkargareR)as[Ca nigeFVI
karGsarEdl)anbegIteLIg .

119

emeronTI10
karTTYlnigkarEfrkSanUvGMeNayTannkareR)as[Carbs;elakGk
enAkgemeronenH eyIgnwgsikSaGMBIkarbgak;nUvkareR)as[Ca nigrebobEf
rkSanUvkareR)as[Carbs;eyIg . maneBlCaeRcIncMeBaHerogr:avEdlnwgeFVI[eyIg)an
RtvTTYlkareR)as[Ca erOgenaHRbsinebIRtv)anGnuBaat[vilRtLb;mkvij enaHnwg
bNal[mnusSmak; )at;bg;nUvkareR)as[Carbs;eKehIy .
EpkTImYynemeronenH KWCakarrMBkeLIgvij nUverogr:avEdleyIg)aneronrYc
mkehIy . vaCaeBlevlaEdlEdleyIgnaMmk nUvesckIBitTaMgenH cUeTAkgCIvitpal;
rbs;eyIg .
]bsKkgkarBa)al
enAeBlEdlmnusSmak; min)anTTYlnUvkarebIksEmgnkareR)as[Carbs;
Kat; brbs;nag enaHKWmanehtuplmYy . mnusSenaHKYrKb,IcMNayeBlCamYynwgRBH
Gmas; edIm,IEsVgrknUvmUlehtuenaH . Kat; bnagRtvEtRbgRbyt minRtvTTYlnUvkar
rgTNkm enAeBlrykalEdleKeFVIkarEsVgrkenaHeT . RBHRTg;mindak;TNkmdl;
BYkeKeLIy . RTg;eFVIkarEkERb nigbeRgn edayesckIsucritrbs;RTg; KWRTg;eRkIn
rMBkdl;eyIg tamrUbPaBnRBHraCbuRtarbs;RTg; .
RbsinebIelakGkeCOelIRBH edIm,ITTYlnUvkareR)as[CaenAeBl\LvenH cUr
bBab;TUlsUmdl;RBHviBaaNbrisuT edIm,I[RTg;ebIksEmg[elakGk nUvehtuGVIEdl
elakGkmin)anTTYlnUvkarebIksEmg kgkareR)as[CaenaH . cUreFVIskmPaBPam
eTAelIGVINamYy EdlRBHRTg;ebIksEmgdl;elakGk enAeBlEdlelakGkbnkar
sikSatamryemeronenH .
sMNYrEdleyIgRtvsYredayxng
GMeBI)abnkarminGt;eTas

etIGMeBI)abnkarminGt;eTas KWCaTRmg;EdlraraMgrvag nigRBHEmnEdr


eT?
GMeBI)abEdleFVI[RBlwgeyIgmanrbYs ehIyebIkTVar[BYkviBaaNBikarPaB
edIm,InaMmknUvCmWeraKadl;rUbkayrbs;eyIgral;Ka . karsarPaBnUvGMeBI)abcMeBaHRBH
nigkarTTYlnUvkarGt;eTas)abrbs;RTg; enaHKWCakarcaM)ac;edIm,ITTYlnUvkareR)as[
Ca .
120

RBHKm<Iry:akub 515/16 Ecgfa enaHBakGFisannesckICMenO nwgCYy


segaHdl;mnusSehvenaH ehIyRBHGmas;RTg;nwgeR)as[Kat;)anCaeLIg ebIKat;)an
eFVI)abGVIenaHnwg)anGt;eTas[pg dUecH cUr[Gkral;Kaln;tYeTasnwgKa ehIy
GFisan[KaeTAvijeTAmk edIm,I[)anCacuH d,itesckITUlGgVrdGs;BIcitrbs;mnusS
sucrit enaHBUEkNas; .
GMeBI)abnkarminGt;eTas KWebIk[CmWeraKacUlmkenAkgeyIg)an . sataMg
vaBayamlak;bMBYnnUvGMeBI)ab[enAkgeyIg eyIgkGacBayameFVIsniTankm edIm,I
beNjvaecj b:uEnCmWeraKenAEtmanenAeLIy . eyIgRtvEtln;tYnUvGMeBI)abenHdl;
RBH edIm,I[)anTTYlnUvkarGt;eTasBIRTg;CabribUr .
RBHKm<Irm:afay 92/5-7 Ecgfa enaHmaneKnaMmnusSsab;dsab;eCIgmak;
edkelIERKmkRTg; kalRTg;TteXIjesckICMenOrbs;GkTaMgenaH kmanbnleTAGk
sab;dsab;eCIgfa cUrsgwmeLIg kUneGIy )abg)anGt;eTas[gehIy>>> d,it
Edlfa )abg)anGt;eTas[gehIy bfa [eRkakeLIgedIreTA enaHetIBakNa
gayfaCaCag b:uEn enHedIm,I[Gkral;Ka)andwgfakUnmnusSmanGMNac nwgGt;eTas
)abenAEpndI)anEdr enaHRTg;manbnleTAGksab;dsab;eCIgfa cUreRkakeLIg yk
ERKgeTApHeTA GkenaHkeRkakeLIgedIreTApH .
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enaHeTAdl;RBH ehIyTTYlyknUvkarGt;eTasenaH .
RBHKm<Ir1y:Uhan 19 Ecgfa ebIeyIgln;tY)abvij enaHRTg;manRBHhbTy
esaHRtg; ehIysucrit RbeyaCn_nwgGt;eTas)ab[eyIg ehIynigsMGateyIg BIRKb;
GMeBITucritTaMgGs;pg .
karminGt;eTascMeBaHGkdT

etI)anGt;eTasdl;mnusSRKb;rUb Edl)aneFVI[TTYlkarQWcab;beT?
etI)anGt;eTasxngehIybenA? etI)anTTYlnUvkarGt;eTasBIRBH
ehIybenA?
enAkgkarbMeBjkargardl;mnusSCaeRcInqaMmkehIy nigenAkgkarniyay
CamYynwgBYkGkbMeBjkargardTeTot enaHeyIg)anrkeXIjnUvkarminGt;eTas KWCa
mUlehtudMbUgrbs;mnusSEdlmin)anTTYlnUvkareR)as[CaenaH .
vaCagayRsYlcMeBaHkarGt;eTasdl;GkdT CaCagkarGt;eTas[xng .
eyIgBmnusSniyayGMBIerOgr:avTaMgLaydUcCa {etIGacnwg)anTTYlnUvkarlg;exA
dUecHbGI . ehtuGVI)anCabeNay[xng)anTTYlnUvPaBlg;exAdUecH?} etIRtvEt
121

suMeTasdl;GkdTeTotCajwkjab; nigTTYlkarRKb;lkN_sRmab;xng)aneday
rebobNa .
cUrGt;eTasdl;xnGkpal;
enAeBlEdlmanerOgr:avRcbUkRcbl;ekIteLIg enaHmnusSEtgEtbenasdl;
RBH . {ehtuGVI)anCaRBHRTg;GnuBaat[karenHekIteLIgdl;? RTg;KWCaRBH RTg;Gac
bBab;nUverOgenH)aneTetI}
RbsinebIenHCakarBitenAkgsankarN_rbs;elakGk enaHcUrln;tYnUvGarmN_
rbs;elakGk ehIysUm[RBHsBVRBHhbTyRbNIdl;elakGkvij . RTg;RCab;Rsab;
ehIy nUvrebobEdlelakGkmanGarmN_ . cUrniyaydUecHfa

{RBHdCaRBHeGIy TUlbgM)aneFVIxusehIy TUlbgMdwgfa RTg;Ca


RBHnesckIRsLaj; . TUlbgMdwgfa RTg;RsLaj;TUlbgM CaCag
TUlbgMEdlGacsUm,IEtykGVImkRbdUcKan . \LvenH TUlbgMdwg
Cak;fa vaCasataMg ehIyminRTg;EdlCaGkTTYlkarxusRtv cMeBaH
esaknadkmEdlmanenAkgCIvitTUlbgMenaHeT . TUlbgM)an
RbRBwtnUvkarenH RbqaMgnwgRTg;vij Et\LvenH TUlbgMsUm[RTg;
)anGt;eTas ehIyTTYlyknUvGarmN_CaGviCmanTaMgenH eTAkan;
rUbGgRTg;vijcuH}.

RBHKm<Irm:akus 1124/25 Ecgfa edayehtuenaH)anCaR)ab;Gkral;Kafa


RKb;TaMgesckIGVIEdlGkral;KaGFisansUm cUreCOfa )anehIy enaHnwg)anEmn ehIy
kalNaGkQrGFisan ebIGkmanehtuGVInwgGkNa enaHRtvGt;eTas[eKsin edIm,I
[RBHvrbitanGkral;Ka EdlKg;enAsansYK )anGt;eTasRKb;TaMgesckIkMhusrbs;
Gkral;KaEdr .
PaBKantm kMhus nigkarpnaeTas

etIGnuBaatEt[GarmN_nPaBKantm kMhus nigkarpnaeTas man


enAkg BIkarTTYlmkBIRBHbeT?
mankll,icdeRcInbMput nigGavuFdeRKaHfak;rbs;GarkS KWCaKMnitnPaBKan
tm kMhus nigkarpnaeTas . kMhusEdlRtv)aneKxVl;xVay tamrykarln;tYnUvGMeBI
)ab nigtamesckICMenOEdlTTYlnUvkarGt;eTas . RbsinebIGarmN_EdlKitfaman
kMhusenAEtbneTAeTot enAkgkMLgeBlEdlmanGarmN_nPaBKantm nigkarpna
eTas KWmkBIsataMgehIy .

122

PaBmantmrbs;eyIg KWmantamryRBHeysUv . eyIgmanPaBsucritRBH


enAkgRTg; . eyIg)anrab;CasucritedaykarQrCamYynwgRBHdCaRBHvrbita edaysar
RBHeysUv .
cMeBaHeyIgEdlmanGarmN_faKatm KWRtvEtbdiesFnUvkargareR)aselaH
rbs;RBHeysUvehIy esckIsucritrbs;RTg; nigmuxgarrbs;eyIg KWenAkgRTg; .
RBHKm<Irr:Um 81 Ecgfa ehtuenaH enACan;enH GkNaEdlenAkgRBHRKIs
eysUv enaHKaneTasesaH .
RBHKm<Ir2kUrinfUs 521 Ecgfa d,itRBHGgEdlmin)ansal;)abesaH
enaHRBHRTg;)aneFVI[RtLb;CatY)ab CMnYseyIgral;Kavij edIm,I[eyIgral;Ka)an
RtLb;eTACaesckIsucritrbs;RBH edaynUvRBHGgenaHg .
cUrbdiesFnUvGarmN_TaMgenaH . cUrcab;epImRbkasRBHbnlrbs;RBH ehIy
eFVIxn[mankmaMgvij .
esckIsgwmEkgkay

etIenAEtGnuBaat[esckIsgwmEkgkay karPan;RcLMEdlmanenAkg
eBlGnaKtfa nwgRtv)anTTYlnUvkareR)as[Ca edIm,Icab;yknUv
esckICMenOb?
manesckIsgwmBitmYy EdlCaesckIQanmux . vaCakareCOEdleyIgnwg
TTYlnUvkarebIksEmg BIGVIEdleyIgeFVIkarseRmccitenAeBlGnaKt .
enAeBlEdleyIgB bkGanRBHbnlRBH enaHeyIgnwgRtverIecjBIkarGs;
sgwm edIm,I[mansgwmvij . eTaHCay:agnakeday RbsinebIeyIgminerIecjBIesckI
sgwm[eTAdl;esckICMenOeT enaHvaGacRtLb;mkCaesckIsgwmEkgkayehIy .
RBHKm<IreheRBIr 111 Ecgfa rIesckICMenO enaHKWCacitEdldwgCak;fanwg
)andUcsgwm CasMKal;BIkarEdlemIlmineXIj .
enAeBlEdleyIgmansgwmsRmab;kareR)as[Ca enaHmannyfa eyIgmin
Tan;)anTTYlnUvesckICMenO sRmab;kareR)as[CaenaHeT b:uEnEdleyIgsgwmfa)an
TTYl enaHCYnkalnwg)anenAeBlGnaKt .
CYnkalmnusSmak;eCOfa Kat;bnag nwg)anTTYlnUvkareR)as[CaenARBwti
karN_GnaKt bkeBlEdlmkdl;Pam . CaerOyBYkeKEtgEtdak;nUvesckIsgwm
minBitR)akdedayxng ehIybnab;mk k)ancUleTAkgkarpnaeTasedayxng .
esckIsgwmEkgkayEdlmineFVI[cUleTAkgesckICMenO KWCakarPan;RcLM
ehIy . vaCa]bsKmYycMeBaHkareR)as[Ca EdlsataMgcg;[elakGk)anTTYl nig
bdiesFva .
123

esckIbeRgnxusqg

karsgS nigkarmineCO

karTukcitnUvkaryl;dwgxagFmCati

etIRKab;BUCnesckIbeRgnxusqgEdl)anTTYlBIGtitkal Edl
manenAkg EdleFVI[)anTTYlnUvkareR)as[Ca etIenAEtmanenAkg
beT?
esckIbeRgnenaH KWCakarCMTas;nwgRBHbnlRBH bCakarxVHxatnUvesckI
beRgnl Edl)anGnuBaat[sataMglYcecjBIBYkRKIsan nUvGVIEdlCaesckIsucritd
eBareBjrbs;eyIg . esckIbeRgnxusqgKWEcgmkdUecH
CmWeraKa KWCabMNgRBHhbTyrbs;RBH
karQWcab;nwgbeRgn[elakGkecHGt;Ft;
CmWeraKanwgnaM[elakGkenAkan;EtCitRBH
karrgTuklM)aknwgnaMmknUvkarfVaysirIldl;RBH
cUrykesckIbeRgnxusqgNamYy EdlelakGk)anTTYl ehIyniyayfa
{GjbdiesF>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>enAfenH . GjbBaanUvRKb;TaMgKMnit Edl
CMTas;nwgRBHbnlRBH [vinasxat;xay nigcakecjBIKMnitGjeTA} .
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BayamedIm,IeCOelIRBH sRmab;kareR)as[Carbs;eyIgBIGtitkal . karmineCO KW
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124

R)akdfa karebIksEmgBIRBHbnllRBH KWc,as;las;nigBitR)akdCaCagkarEdleyIg


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eRkaymk BYksisSRTg;enAkgpHmgeTot ehIyfUm:askenACamYyEdr enaHRBHeysUv
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cemIyrbs;RBHeysUvcMeBaHelaksavkfUm:as KWenAEtCacemIyy:agBiess
sRmab;eyIgenAsmysBVfenH .
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)aneXIjeTetI manBrehIy GkNaEdleCO\teXIjesaH .

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)anpas;ERb nigcUleTAxagviBaaNCaCag ehIyRBmTaMg)aneCOnUv
RBHbnlrbs;RTg;bEnmeTot} .

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viBaaNGaRkk;KWCaecarbn; nigecarlYc . vaKWCasRtvnkareR)as[Carbs;
eyIg .
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eBjbribUrpg .
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125

NaEdlvanwgRt)ak;elb)an cUrtsUnwgva edaymanciteCOmaMmYnTaMgdwgfa BYkbgbn


rbs;Gkral;Ka EdlenAkgelakIyenH eKkMBugEtrgTuklM)akdUcKaEdr .
sataMgKWCasRtvrbs;rUbkay RBlwg nigviBaaNrbs;eyIg . eyIgRtvEtsal;
yuTsasrbs;va ehIyeFVI[vacaj;enAkgCIvitrbs;eyIg .
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eyIgRtvEteron edIm,I[mankmaMgenAkgRBHGmas; edIm,I[PaBCaTahan
rbs;eyIgenH)anmaMmYn edIm,I[mankarRbytRbEyg eRtmxnCaeRsc edIm,I[)an
TTYlCyCmHRKb;smrPUmi . sgamdFMEdlelaksavkb:ul )ansresrmkkan;eyIg
KWCakarxVl;xVayGMBIkarenH .
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kMLaMgeLIgkgRBHGmas; edaybTi)armIrbs;RBHecsaRTg; cUrBak;RKb;eRKgswkrbs;
RBH edIm,I[GacnwgQrmaMmYn Tas;nwg])ayklTaMgGm,alm:anrbs;GarkS d,iteyIg
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esckIggwtenAelakiyenHvij ehIyTas;nwgGMNacGaRkk;xagviBaaN enAsandx<s;Edr
ehtuenaH)anCaRtv[ykRKb;eRKgswkrbs;RBH edIm,I[Gkral;KaGacnwgTb;Tl;kg
fGaRkk;)an rYckalNa)anttaMgsBVRKb;ehIy enaH[)anenAEtQrmaMmYndEdl .
karsal;BIRBjrbs;sataMg
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rbs;va KWCakarQWcab; GakareraK KMnitCaGviCman nigkarsgS .
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eyIg)aneLIy RbsinebIeyIgbneRbIExlnesckICMenOedayGg;Gackahan .
KMnitCaGviCman

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fa cUrsgwmeLIg KWeTetI kMu[PyeLIy eBRtsTUltbfa RBHGmas;eGIy ebICaRTg;
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126

mancitPy ehIyedayeRBaHcab;taMgliceTA )anCaKat;ERskeLIgfa RBHGmas;eGIy


sUmCYysegaHTUlbgMpg Rsab;EtRBHeysUvRTg;lUkRBHhseTAcab;Kat;Pam eday
bnlfa mnusSmanCMenOticeGIy ehtuGVI)anCaGksgSy .
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eyIg enaHesckIPyxacrbs;eyIg GakarCaGviCman bkBakrbs;GkdTeTot Edl
eFVI[eyIgliclg;cuH)an .
karRBy)arm

karbdiesFn_BYkva

karRBy)armdUcCakarsgS KWCakarpyBIesckICMenO . mnusSmak;minGac


edIrenAkgesckICMenO ehIyenAkgkarRBy)armkgeBlEtmYy)aneLIy . karRBy
)armKWCaGMeBI)ab . karRBy)arm KWCaminEmnCaesckIBit EdlfaeCOelIRBHbnlRBH
enaHeLIy .
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)anCaR)ab;Gkral;Kafa kMu[xVl;xVaynwgCIvit EdlnwgbriePaKGVI bnwgrUbkayEdlnwg
eskBak;GVIenaHeLIy>>> kMu[EsVgrkEteRKgsMrab;briePaK ehIykMufb;)armeLIy .
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bdiesFedayKanKMnitsksajnUvCmW nigCmWeraKa enAxNEdlBYkvaRbyuTRbqaMgnwg
KMnitrbs;eyIg . elaksavkb:ul)ansresrfa eyIgRtvEtnaMmknUvRKb;TaMgKMnit cUl
eTAkgkarCab;eTasfVaydl;RBHeysUv .
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nwgcMeNHnRBH RBmTaMgnaMGs;TaMgKMnit [cuHcUlsab;bgab;RBHRKIsvij .
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bnlrbs;RTg; KWCakaremIleyIg[Ca nigRbTansuxPaB[eyIg .
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pasay} CaedIm . karenHKWebIkTVar[sataMgeFVI[eyIgTTYlnUvkarbraCyehIy .
127

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suxPaBrbs;eyIg)anehIy .
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enAkgkareRbbeFobBIGksabeRBaH eyIgRtv)anTTYlnUvkarRBmanfa bnab;
BIeyIgTTYlRKab;BUCnRBHbnlenAkgcitrbs;eyIgmk enaHsataMg)aneFVICastVsab
mkkan;TIval mYyrMeBcenaH va)anmklYccwkykRKab;BUCenaHeTA .
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cwksuI .
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ekItmanesckITuklM)ak besckIebotebon edayeRBaHRBHbnl enaHeKrvatcitecj
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bn;ykBIeyIg edaykareRbIR)asnUvkarTukRByxagpvcit nigkarebotebonCaedIm .
karTukRByxagpvcit nigkarebotebon
etIGVIeTACakarTukRByxagpvcit nigkarebotebon?
tamvcnanuRkmrbs;elakvwbesIr )aneRbIR)as;BakrebobenH KWCakareFVI[QW
cab; karTukRBy PaBkMst;TuKt karsgt;sgin karRBy)arm karrgTukcukcab; nigkar
l,glEdleFVI[mankarTukRByxagpvcitCaedIm . manesckIEcgmkfa karebot
ebon KWCakarTb;sat; karminRbgytedayminTTYlbdisNakic kardak;eTascMeBaH
karQWcab; kareFVITaruNkm bkCaesckIsab; CaBiesscMeBaHehtuplnsasna .
sataMgdwgfa RbsinebIGkNamak;)ancgcaMRBHbnlRBHRbcaMCIvitrbs;eK
enaHeKnwgminRtvmanGkNaeFVI[braCy)aneLIy . dUecHeKnwgBayameFVIerOgNa
mYy edIm,IeFVI[BYkeKEdlkarsgSenaH )anRtLb;mkRBHbnlRBH .
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bnlRBH nig)anTTYlnUvkarebIksEmgnkareR)as[Ca dl;rUbkayrbs;Kat;brbs;
128

nag enaHsataMgEtgEtbeBajnUvGNatePIgrbs;va EdlmanGakarQWcukcab; . va


Bayamdak;GNatePIgnKMnitCaGviCmanenAkgKMnitrbs;eK edaykarniyayfa CmW
enHnwgRtvEtmkeTot .
xl;BHdFMsem,Im
RBHeysUvRTg;kMBugEtGgyenAkgTUk enAeBlEdlRTg;)anbeRgnGMBI]bma
kfanGkeRBaHBUC edIm,I[)anCaBhuKuNeRcIneLIg Edl)anRbmUlpMtamRcaMg
smuRT. RTg;)anTUnanBYkbNaCnfa sataMgEtgEtRbjab;Rbjal;mk edIm,IlYcyk
RKab;BUCnRBHbnleTA .
bniceRkaymkenAfdEdl enAeBlEdlBYkeK)anqgeTAeRtIymageTot
enaHRTg;)anyageTApMenAxageRkayTUk .
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e)akcUlkgTUk dl;em:H)anCaTUkeBjehIy EtRTg;pMlk;elIexIy enAknSTUk BYk
sisSdas;RTg;eT,IgTUlfa elakRKeGIy eyIgvinasehIyelakminrvl;eTbGI kaletIn
eT,Ig RTg;kMEhgxl; kbgab;eTAsmuRTfa cUresmeTA ehIyQb;cuH enaHxl;ksb;
ehIysat;QwgsUnTaMgGs;eTA .
mkedIm,IGRgnRBHbnl

karTukRByxagpvcit nigkarebotebon )anpUsecjeLIgsRmab;GRgnnUv


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sataMg)anmkCaRbjab; edIm,IlYcRKab;BUCnRBHbnlecjBIcitrbs;BYkeK . CMnYsnUv
skmPaBedayesckICMenO nigkarniyayeTAkan;BHedayBYkeKpal; dUcCaGs;Gk
EdlenAkgkareRbbeFob EdlBYkeK)anRtLb;mkCatUccitvij .
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Ebby:agenAkgbwgenaH BYkeK)anPysn;esar nigmankarPyxac EdlBYkeKnwgRtv
Fak;cuH . BYkeK)anRtvrTUrTaMfa RBHeysUvRTg;)anpMlg;lk; ehIyhak;dUcCaminxVl;
xVaynwgsankarN_enaHesaH . BYkeKk)andas;RBHeysUv ehIybenasRTg;fa { elak
RKeGIy eyIgvinasehIy elakminrvl;eTbGI?}
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ebonBICmW CmWeraKa nigkarQWcukcab;edaykarERskeTARBHfa {elakRKeGIy vinas
ehIy elakminrvl;eTbGI? etIRTg;minxVl;xVayeTbGIfa GakareraKTaMgenH)ancUlmk
TUlbgMehIy?} RbEhlCaeyIgdUcCaBYksisSCMnan;mundUecHEdr )anRtLb;mkCatUc
cit ehIybenaseTARBH faRTg;)anGnuBaat[karenHekIteLIgdl;eyIg . tamkareFVI
129

y:agdUecaH enaHeyIgk)anGnuBaat[sataMgmklYcRKab;BUCnRBHbnl ecjBIcitrbs;


eyIgeTAEdr .
{cUresmeTA ehIyQb;cuH}

RBHKm<Irm:akus 439-41 Ecgfa kaletIneT,Ig RTg;kMEhgxl; kbgab;


eTAsmuRTfa cUresmeTA ehIyQb;cuH enaHxl;ksb; ehIysat;QwgsUnTaMgGs;
eTA rYcRTg;manbnlfa ehtuGVI)anCaGkral;KaPydl;emH em:ckKanesckICMenO enaH
eKmanesckIEsJgxacCaxMag TaMgsYrKaeTAvijeTAmkfa dUecHetIelakenHCaGVI )anCa
xl; nigsmuRTksab;bgab;elakdUecH .
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mknUvGakareraKnCmW nigCmWeraKa RtLb;mkeyIgvij)anEdr .
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RBHeysUv RtvEtQreLIgenAkgTUkrbs;eyIg[)anrwgbuwg edayniyayRBHbnlRBH
y:ageCOCak; . enAeBlEdleyIgeFVIdUecH enaHesckICMenOnwglUtlas;eLIg . eyIgnwg
bBaak;bgajnUvRBHbnlRBHenAkgCIvitrbs;eyIg ehIyeyIgnwgRtLb;mkCamankmaMg
ehIykan;EtmanesckICMenOxaMgeLIg .

karseRmccitrbs;eyIg
enAeBlPamEdlmanGNatePIgnkarebotebon nigkarrgTukxagpvcitmk
dl; enaHeyIgRtvEteFVIkarseRmccitPamy:agdUecH
etIeyIgeCORBHbnlRBH bkeCOnUvTMenomTmab;cas;rbs;eyIg?
etIeyIgeCORBHbnlRBH bkeCOnUvGakareraKrbs;eyIg?
etIeyIgeCORBHbnlRBH bkeCOnUvBakEdlmankarsgSnmitPkirbs;
eyIg?
etIeyIgeCORBHbnlRBH bkeCOnUvkarerobrab;rbs;RKeBT?
eyIgRtvEtseRmccitedayxng edIm,IQrenAcMeBaHRBHbnlRBH minman
bBaaGVIeTcMeBaHkarniyayrbs;RKeBT mitPki bkGakareraK . eyIgminGacQrelI
esckICMenO karbeRgn bkTIbnal;dTeTotkgeBlPamenHeT . eyIgRtvEtQr
CamYynwgesckICMenOpal;rbs;eyIg edaytaMgmUldanRKwHelIRBHbnlRBH .
karxVl;xVaynelakiyenH
RBHeysUvRTg;k)anTUnanfa elakiyEdleyIg)anTTYlGacRtv)aneFVI[Qk;
ecjBICIvitrbs;eyIg RbsinebIeyIgGnuBaat[karxVl;xVaynelakiyenH enaHKMnit nig
Gakb,kiriyaxagelakiy nwgcUlmkkgKMnitrbs;eyIgCaminxan .
130

RBHKm<Irm:akus 419 Ecgfa EtesckIxVl;xVayenACIvitenH esckIqe)ak


rbs;RTBsm,ti nwgesckIb:gR)afaxagesckIepSgeTot kcUlmkxb;RBHbnl
Cit rYcRBHbnlminGacnwgbegItpl)an .
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eRsacTwk eday)anbnkarRtiHBicarNaeTAelIRBHbnlnRBH enaHcitrbs;eyIg nwgFn;
enAnwgdIlCaminxan . eyIgnwgrs;enAedaymanCyCmH nig)anTTYlRBHBrCabribUr .
RBHKm<Irm:akus 420 Ecgfa BYkGkEdlTTYlBUCkgdIl KWGs;GkEdl
)anBRBHbnlehIyTTYl rYcbegItpl mak;)an30 mak;)an60 mak;eTot)an1ry .
kuM[GarkSvamankas
eyIgminRtvebIkkas[sataMg TukGMeBI)abTaMgenaH[enAkgCIvitrbs;eyIg
)aneLIy .
{kMu[eFIV)abeTot}
bnab;BIRBHeysUvRTg;)aneR)asmnusSxVinmak; enATwkRsHebEfsda Edl
manviBaaNBikarPaBGs;rykal38qaMenaH[)anCamk enaHRTg;k)anEsVgrkKat;
edIm,IRbTanBrdl;Kat;nUvRBHraCsardsMxan;mYy .
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RBHvihar kmanbnleTAfa emIl \LvGk)anCaehIy kMu[eFIV)abeTot ERkgGkekIt
manesckIGaRkk;CagenHeTAeTot .
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EdlmanenAkgCIviteyIgeT enaHeyIgnwgkayeTACaGkpl;kas[GarkS naMmknUvCmW
mkelIeyIg ehIy[valYcbn;nUvkareR)as[Carbs;eyIgCak;Caminxan .
RBHKm<IreGePsUr 427 Ecgfa kkMu[GarkSmankas[esaH .
kuM[BBYkviBaaNmankas
BBYkviBaaNBikarPaBKWEtgEtedIrRkEvl nwgrkpvcUlmkpHcas;vij .
RBHKm<Irm:afay 1243-45 Ecgfa kalNaGarkSGesac)anecjBImnusS
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enaHvaKitfa GjnwgRtLb;eTApHGj EdleTIbnwgecjmkenaH rYckalvamkdl;
eXIjpHenATMenre)assat ehIytubEtgy:agl enaHvaecjeTAnaMykGarkS7eTot
EdlkacCagva mkCamYypg knaMKacUleTAenATIenaH ehIysNaneRkayrbs;mnusS
enaH )anGaRkk;CagmunenAeTot mnusSdMNGaRkk;enH eKnwg)andUecaHEdr .
RtveFVI[pHeyIg)aneBjeday
eyIgRtvEtTuk[pH nigrUbkayrbs;eyIg)anbMeBj .
131

RBHeysUv

RBHviBaaNbrisuT
RBHbnlRBH

esckICMenO

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sMeLgGj ehIyebIkTVar[ enaHGjnwgcUleTAGkenaH GjnwgbriePaKCamYynwgGk
enaH ehIyGkenaHCamYynwgGjEdr .
RBHKm<Ir1kUrinfUs 316 Ecgfa etIGkral;KamindwgeTbGI faxnGkral;Ka
CaRBHviharnRBH ehIyfa RBHviBaaNnRBH RTg;sNitkgGkral;Ka .
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Caminxan .

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fa eyIgdkykkarkarBarmkBIRBH ehIyebIkTVar[sataMgcUlmklYcbn;yknUvkar
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nic edIm,IBnt;nUvRBjePIgeqHnkarsgS nigkarmineCOrbs;GarkS .
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132

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eyIgmancitdac;RsLHnwgeCOtamcuH .
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RBHRKIscuHmk b etIGkNanwgcuHeTAkgCgHkFM KWedIm,InwgnaMRBHRKIsBIBYksab;
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kenAkgmat; ehIykgcitgpg enaHKWCaRBHbnlnesckICMenO EdleyIgxJMkMBugEt
RbkasR)ab;fa ebImat;GknwgTTYlEfgR)ab;BIRBHGmas;eysUv ehIyGkeCOkgcitfa
RBH)aneR)as[RTg;rs;BIsab;eLIgvij enaHGknwg)ansegaHBit d,iteyIg)ansucrit
edaymanciteCO ehIyk)ansegaHedaymat;TTYlEfgR)ab; .
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mankarRbgRbytnUvBaksmICanic . eyIgRtvEtTb;Tl;y:agqab;rhs edayesckI
CMenO nigedaysarRBHbnlRBH KWRtvEtsEmgBIGVIEdlRBHRTg;manbnlb:ueNaH .
niyayRBHbnlRBH
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niyayRBHbnlRBH .
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133

kMBs;TICMerAb rbs;GVIEdlekItmkeTotkI enaHBMuGacnwgBRgat;eyIg ecjBIesckI


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gb:ueNaH . edaykaryl;dwgnUvRBHbnlRBH ehIyEdleyIgGacenAkgRBHRKIs)an
enaHeyIgGacrkSaTuknUvesckICMenO ehIynigGt;Ft;edaymansuxPaB .
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Ca edIm,IEfrkSanUbkareR)as[Carbs;BYkeK nigedIm,Irs;enA[mansuxPaBeBjelj .
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niyay nigkarbeBajskmPaBeTAelIRBHbnlRBH enaHeyIgnwgGacbn edIm,Irs;enA
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134

emeronenAkgclnaenH
eday A.L. and Joyce Gill

GMNacrbs;GkeCO viFIbBab;karcaj; ehIycab;epImQHvij


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nigkarmanGMNacQHelIsataMg )anenAelIelakiysmysBVfenH . eKalbMNgdGs;kl,rbs;RBHsRmab;GkeCORKb;Ka KWRtv
)an ebIksEmg[eXIjenAeBlEdlRBHRTg;)anbegItrbs;sBVsareBI nigmnusS ehIyRTg;manbnlfa {cUr[BYkeKmanGMNacRtt
Rta} elakGknwgRtv)anrMedaH[rYcedIm,IGaccUlmkkgviBaaNfI EdlmaneBjedayGMNacnPaBkahan enAeBlEdlelak
GkrkeXIj nUvvIFIEdlelakGkGaccab;epImQH enA kgral;kartsUnCIvit .
karRbTanGMNacrbs;RBHsRmab;kareR)as[Ca

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GMNac nigkarebIksEmgBiess EdlplEpTaMgenaH Rtv)anbgajecjmk .
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esckIBitBIRBHKm<IrsBaacas; [)anCaCMnYyGacyl;RBHKm<IrsBaafI)an .
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beBajmkBittamryRBHKm<Ir nigmaneBjedayGMNac ehIynigkarfVaybgM edaysiTsalcMeBaHRBH . enAeBlEdlelakGk
sikSaEpnkarrbs;RBHsRmab;karsresIr nigkarfVaybgM enaHelakGknwgkayCaGkfVay bgMRBHral;fmak; .
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)aneLIy} . karsikSadKYr[rMePIbnKm<Irkickarbgaj[eXIjfa BYkCMMnuMEdlkMBugEteFVIkarenH TukCaKMMrUsRmab;CIvit nigkargarbeRmI
rbs;eyIgenAsBVfenH . emeronenH nwgbNalciteyIgcUleTAkgCMhanfI mYydFMnkarrs;enAedayGFiGmCati enAeBlEdl
TIsmal; karGsar Rtv)ansEmgecjmkenAkgCIvitrs;enA RbcaMfrbs;eyIg .
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135

RBHeysUvRbTanGMeNayTandl;mnusS GMMeNayTandviess nigsMxan;TaMgenH KWCamnusSRbusRsITaMgLay EdlRBHRTg;


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)aneRbIR)as;edIm,IsagBYkCMnuMrbs;RTg; ehIyrebobEdlGMeNayTaMgenHmanmuxgar edIm,IRbdab;kayBYkGkbrisuTsRmab;kargar
beRmIRBH .
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nigPaBxVHxat edIm,InwgRtv)ansRmbmktamrUbGgnRBHRKIsvij . GkeCOmak; Rtv)anrMedaH [eBjcitrIkray eFVICaGkNa eFVIGVI
nigmanGVI EdlBYkeKRtv)anbegIt[dUcnwgrUbGgnRBH .
karGsarnkarpSaydMNwgl - Epnkarrbs;RBHedIm,IeQagcab;elakiy eday John Ezekiel
karsikSaEdlmaneBjedayGMNacmYy EdlnwgnaMGkeCOcUlmkkgkarkayeTACaGkQH RBlwgCaerogral;f enAkg
cRmtdFMnRKacugeRkaybgs; tamrykarGsarnkarpSaydMNwgl . dUcCaGkeCOenAkgKm<IrkickarEdr eyIgGacBiesaFnUv
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