Acquired genetic mutation
See:
somatic cell genetic mutation
Additive genetic effects
When the combined effects of alleles at different loci are equal to the sumof their individual effects.
See also:
anticipation,complex trait
Adenine
(A)A nitrogenous base, one member of the base pair AT (adenine-thymine).
See also:
base pair,nucleotide
Affected relative pair
Individuals related by blood, each of whom is affected with the same trait.Examples are affected sibling, cousin, and avuncular pairs.
See also:
avuncular relationship
Aggregation technique
A technique used in model organism studies in which embryos at the 8-cell stage of development are pushed together to yield a single embryo(used as an alternative to microinjection).
See also:
model organisms
Allele
Alternative form of a genetic locus; a single allele for each locus isinherited from each parent (e.g., at a locus for eye color the allele mightresult in blue or brown eyes).
See also:
locus,gene expression
Allogeneic
Variation in alleles among members of the same species.
Alternative splicing
Different ways of combining a gene's exons to make variants of thecomplete protein
Amino acid
Any of a class of 20 molecules that are combined to form proteins in livingthings. The sequence of amino acids in a protein and hence proteinfunction are determined by the genetic code.
Amplification
An increase in the number of copies of a specific DNA fragment; can be invivo or in vitro.
See also:
cloning,polymerase chain reaction
Animal model
See:
model organisms
Annotation
Adding pertinent information such as gene coded for, amino acidsequence, or other commentary to the database entry of raw sequence ofDNA bases.
See also:
bioinformatics
Anticipation
Each generation of offspring has increased severity of a genetic disorder;e.g., a grandchild may have earlier onset and more severe symptoms than
the parent, who had earlier onset than the grandparent.
See also:
additive genetic effects,complex trait
Antisense
Nucleic acid that has a sequence exactly opposite to an mRNA moleculemade by the body; binds to the mRNA molecule to prevent a protein frombeing made.
See also:
transcription
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death, the body's normal method of disposing ofdamaged, unwanted, or unneeded cells.
See also:
cell
Arrayed library
Individual primary recombinant clones (hosted in phage, cosmid, YAC, orother vector) that are placed in two-dimensional arrays in microtiterdishes. Each primary clone can be identified by the identity of the plateand the clone location (row and column) on that plate. Arrayed libraries ofclones can be used for many applications, including screening for aspecific gene or genomic region of interest.
See also:
library,genomic library,gene chip technology
Assembly
Putting sequenced fragments of DNA into their correct chromosomalpositions.
Autoradiography
A technique that uses X-ray film to visualize radioactively labeledmolecules or fragments of molecules; used in analyzing length andnumber of DNA fragments after they are separated by gel electrophoresis.
Autosomal dominant
A gene on one of the non-sex chromosomes that is always expressed,even if only one copy is present. The chance of passing the gene tooffspring is 50% for each pregnancy.
See also:
autosome,dominant,gene
Autosome
A chromosome not involved in sex determination. The diploid humangenome consists of a total of 46 chromosomes: 22 pairs of autosomes,and 1 pair of sex chromosomes (the X and Y chromosomes).
See also:
sex chromosome
Avuncular relationship
The genetic relationship between nieces and nephews and their aunts anduncles.Updated 02-Sep-03]
Backcross
A cross between an animal that is heterozygous for alleles obtained fromtwo parental strains and a second animal from one of those parentalstrains. Also used to describe the breeding protocol of an outcrossfollowed by a backcross.
See also:
model organisms
Bacterial artificial chromosome
(BAC)A vector used to clone DNA fragments (100- to 300-kb insert size;average, 150 kb) in
Escherichia coli
cells. Based on naturally occurring F-factor plasmid found in the bacterium
E. coli
.
See also:
cloning vector
Bacteriophage
See:
phage
Base
One of the molecules that form DNA and RNA molecules.
See also:
nucleotide,base pair,base sequence
Base pair
(bp)Two nitrogenous bases (adenine and thymine or guanine and cytosine)held together by weak bonds. Two strands of DNA are held together in theshape of a double helix by the bonds between base pairs.
Base sequence
The order of nucleotide bases in a DNA molecule; determines structure ofproteins encoded by that DNA.
Base sequence analysis
A method, sometimes automated, for determining the base sequence.
Behavioral genetics
The study of genes that may influence behavior.
Bioinformatics
The science of managing and analyzing biological data using advancedcomputing techniques. Especially important in analyzing genomicresearch data.
See also:
informatics
Bioremediation
The use of biological organisms such as plants or microbes to aid inremoving hazardous substances from an area.
Biotechnology
A set of biological techniques developed through basic research and nowapplied to research and product development. In particular, biotechnologyrefers to the use by industry of recombinant DNA, cell fusion, and newbioprocessing techniques.
Birth defect
Any harmful trait, physical or biochemical, present at birth, whether aresult of a genetic mutation or some other nongenetic factor.
See also:
congenital,gene,mutation,syndrome
BLAST
A computer program that identifies homologous (similar) genes in differentorganisms, such as human, fruit fly, or nematode
Cancer
Diseases in which abnormal cells divide and grow unchecked. Cancer canspread from its original site to other parts of the body and can be fatal.
See also:
hereditary cancer,sporadic cancer
Candidate gene
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