1. Background
1.1History
The study of Bangladesh history and her descriptions are within very shortly asbecause in common understanding there are in many way and dimension to explainthe History of Bangladesh or Discovery of Bangladesh potential to give details. Theterritory constituting Bangladesh was under the Muslim rule for over five and a half centuries from 1201 to 1757 A-D. Subsequently, it was under the defeat of the Britishafter the defeat of the last sovereign ruler, Nawab Sirajuddowla, at the Battle of Plessey on the fateful day of June 23, 1757. “The British ruled over the entire Indiansub-continent including this territory for nearly 190 years from 1757 to 1947. Duringthat period Bangladesh was a part of the British Indian provinces of Bengal andAssam. With the termination of the British rule in August, 1947 the sub-continent waspartitioned into India and Pakistan. Bangladesh was then a part of Pakistan and wasknown as East Pakistan. It remained so about 24 years from August 14. 1947 toMarch 25, 1971. It appeared on the world map as an independent and sovereignstate on December 16, 1971 following the victory at the War of Liberation from March25 to December 16, 1971”
(Statistical year book of Bangladesh 2001, page-19, 22
nd
edition)
.
1.2 Bangladesh
Intervention of the central government from depriving Sheikh Mujib-ur-Rahman of asource of living and his greatest contribution was in instilling among Bengalibureaucrats and elite the courage for dissent and a great measure of self-confidence.“After nine months of war, the Pakistani military forces surrendered by freedomfighters of Bangladesh at Dhaka on 16th December 1971 after killing three millionpeople. Due to the heroic fight and supreme sacrifices of the heroic freedom fightersBangladesh finally became an independent country. Bangladesh came into existencein 1971 when Bengali East Pakistan seceded from its union with West Pakistan”
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.“Bangladesh is one of the world's most densely populated and least developedcountry. Its economy is predominately agricultural (employs two thirds of population),with rice being the chief crop. These rural communities are very weak to the frequent,devastating cyclones and floods and about a third of this enormously LeastDevelopment Country (LDC) floods annually during the monsoon rainy season,hampering economic development”
(Global Interactive Marketing and Technology Solution)
.
First as part of British India and then of Pakistan, the area now constitutingBangladesh suffered from chronic economic neglect. “The region produced largequantities of agricultural goods, including most of the world's jute, but received littleinvestment in such basic items as transportation facilities and industrial plants.Bangladesh's gross domestic product was estimated at $42.7 billion in 1998. Themanufacturing sector, which contributed 18.10 percent of Bangladesh's domesticproduct in 1998, is made up principally of unmechanized, small-scale enterprises.
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The chief manufactures of the country are jute products (such as cordage and sacks),textiles, processed food, beverages, tobacco items, handicrafts and goods made of wood, cane, or bamboo. Large-scale factories process jute and sugarcane. Much of the nation's heavy industry, including a small steel mill, is in the port of Chittagong”
(Sugata Bose & M. M. Akash, History of Bangladesh, Page – 92-157)
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1.2.1 Country Profile
Official name:The People’s Republic of BangladeshLocation & borders:South Asia. Bordered by India on the east, west & north &by the Bay of Bengal on the south and the small border strip with Myanmar on the south-east.Government:Parliamentary form of government, headed by PrimeMinister.Area / Land:147, 570 square km / Mostly alluvial fertile plain.Climate / Seasons:Sub-tropical monsoon / Summer, monsoon, autumn,winter Temperature:Varies between 11° C to 29° C in Winter & 21° C to 34° Cin Summer.Annual rainfall:Varies from 160 cm to 400 cm at different areas.Humidity:Highest 99% in peak Summer in July, Lowest 36% inWinter in Dec-Jan.Standard time:GMT + 6 hours.Population / Literacy:135 million / 65 (15 years +)Official language:Bangla, English is generally understood & used as asecond language.Capital:Dhaka. Other major cities are Chittagong, Khulna, Sylhet,Rajshahi & Barisal.Intl. Airports:Dhaka, Chittagong & Sylhet.Sea ports:Chittagong & Mongla.Currency / Exch. Rate:Taka (TK.) / Floating exchange rate hovers round US $1=Tk. 59.72, Euro 1=Tk. 74.51.GDP / Rate of growth:US $ 57 billion (2003-2004) / 5.5% (2003-2004)Sectoral share of GDP:22.83% agriculture, 27.80% industries (includingmanufacturing and construction) and the rest for others)Per capital GDP / GNI:US $ 421 / US $ 444 (2003-2004)Annual export & import:US $ 7.60 billion & US $ 10.87 billion (2003-2004)respectably.Major exports:Ready-made garments, frozen food (Shrimp), leather,leather products, jute, jute products, tea, ceramics, textilefabrics, home textile, chemical products, light engineeringproducts including bi-cycle.
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Major imports:Oil, edible oil, petroleum products, wheat seeds, fertilizer,yarn, capital goods, machinery, power generatingmachinery, scientific & medical equipments, iron & still,motor vehicles, raw cotton, chemicals.Major trading partners:USA, EU countries, China, India, Japan, South Korea,Australia, Malaysia, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Thailand,Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, UAE etc.
Source: Annual Report 2002-2003, EPB, Page-4
1.2.2 Geography
“Bangladesh lies in the north eastern part of South Asia between 20° 34' and 26° 38’north latitude and 68° 01' and 92° 41' east longitude. The country is bounded by Indiaon the west, the north, and the north-east and Burma on the south-east and the Bayof Bengal on the south. The area of the country is 56,977 sq. miles or 1, 47,570 sqk.m. The limits of territorial waters of Bangladesh are 12 nautical miles and the areaof the high seas extending to 200 nautical miles measured from the base linesconstitutes the economic zone of the country”
(Statistical year book of Bangladesh 2001, page-19, 22
nd
edition)
.
1.2.3Physiography
“Except the hilly regions in the north-east and the south-east, some areas of highlands in the north and north western part, the country consists of low, flat and fertileland. A network of rivers of which the Padma, the Jamuna, the Teesta, theBrahmaputra, the Surma, the Meghna and the Karnaphuli are important, and their tributaries numbering about 230 with a total length of about 24140 k.m. covering thecountry How down to the Bay of Bengal. The alluvial soil is thus continuously beingenriched by heavy silts deposited by rivers during the rainy season”
(Statistical year book of Bangladesh 2001, page-19, 22
nd
edition)
.
1.2.4Forest
“The total forest area covers about 13.36% of the land area. The country producestimber, bamboo and cane. Bamboos grow in almost all areas but quality timber growsmostly in the valleys. Among the timber sal, gamari, chaplish, telsu. jarui, teak, garjan,chandon and sundari are important. Sundari trees grow in the Sundarbans located inthe south-western part of the country bordering the Bay of Bengal, Plantation of rubber in the hilly regions of the country was undertaken recently and extraction of rubber had already started. Varieties of wild animals are found in the forest areas.Sundarban is the home of the world famous 'Royal Bengal Tigers' and cheetahs, of other animals elephants, bears, deer, monkeys, boars, leopard, and crocodiles areworth mentioning. A few hundred species and sub-species of birds are found in thecountry. Some of them are of seasonal and migratory types”
(Statistical year book of Bangladesh 2001, page-19, 22
nd
edition)
.
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