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INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOLOGY
1.
HISTORY
•
Early drug – plants, animals & minerals
•
2700 BB – earliest recorded drug use found in Middle East & China
•
1550 BC – Egyptians created Ebers Medical PapyrusCastor oil – laxativeOpium – painMoldy bread – wounds & bruises
•
Galen (131-201 AD) Roman physician; initiated common use of prescriptions
•
1240 AD – introduction of apothecary system (Arab doctors)1
st
set of drug standards & measurements (grains, drams,minims), currently being phased out
•
15
th
century – apothecary shops owned by barber, surgeons, physicians,independent merchants
•
18
th
century – small pox vaccine (by Jenner)Digitalis from foxglove plant for strengthening & slowing of heartbeat Vitamin C from fruits
•
19
th
century – morphine & codeine extract from opiumIntroduction of atropine & iodineAmyl nitrite used to relieve anginal painDiscovery of anesthetics (ether, nitrous oxide)
•
Early 20
th
century – aspirin from salicylic acidIntroduction of Phenobarbital, insulin, sulforamides
•
Mid 20
th
century1940 – Discovery antibiotics (penicilline, tetracycline,streptomycin), antihistamines, cortisone
1950 – discovery antipsychotic drug, antihypertensives, oralcontraceptives, polio vaccine
2.
DEFINITION & SUBDIVISIONS
Drug – chemical introduced into the body to cause some changes
•
WHO def: any product/subs used to modify/explore physiologicsystem/pathologic states for the benefit of the patientPharmacology – study of the manner in which the function of living system isaffected by chemical agents/drugs
•
Science concerned with history, sources, physical & chemical propertiesof drugs & the way in which drug affects living system
Subdivisions of pharmacology:
1.
pharmacodynamics
– study of the biochemical & physiological effects of drugs& mechanisms of action
•
what the drug does to the body2.
pharmacokinetics
– deals with the absorption, distribution, biotransformation &excretion of drugs
•
what the body does to the drug3.
pharmacotherapeutics
– study of drugs used in the diagnosis, prevention,suppression, & treatment of diseases
•
deals with beneficial effects of the drugs (medicines)4.
pharmacognosy
– study of drugs in their original unaltered state; origin of drugs
•
source of drugs
•
ex: penicillin from penicillium (fungi)5.
Toxicology
– study of biologic toxins: study of poison & its effects deals withdeleterious effects of physical & chemical agents (including drugs) in humanPharmacoeconomics – study of relationship of drugs & economics
Pharmacovigilance – science of collecting,researching, analyzing, & evaluating set of information about adverse drug effects.Receptor – a component of the cell that interacts with drug, initiating a chain of biochemical events leading to drugs’ observed effects
•
Human body works through complicated series of chemical reactions & processes
•
Important aspects of nursing: understanding how drug ant on body to causechanges & apply that knowledge in clinical settingPatients take complicated drug regimen & receive potentially toxic drugSome manage their own care at home
•
Nursing responsibilities regarding drug therapy:Administering drugsAssessing drug effectsIntervening to make drug regimen more tolerableProvide patient teachings about drugs & drug regimen
•
Knowing how drug works --- easier to handle --- enhances drug therapy
DRUG NOMENCLATURE
1.CHEMICAL NAME – atomic/molecular structure of drug2.GENERIC NAME/NON-PROPERTY NAME – original designation given to thedrug when the drug company applies for approval patents-universally accepted & not capitalized; before drug becomes official, usedin all countries-protected by law; not capitalized3.TRADE/BRAND/PROPRIETY NAME – name given by the drug company thatdeveloped it-followed by the symbol
R
or
TM
, 1
st
letter is capitalizedchemical name – acetylsalicylic acidgeneric name – aspirintrade name – aspilet
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