DANH MUC CAC T VIET TAC

BHL: Bao Ho Lao ong TCVN: Tieu Chuan Viet Nam NP: Nha Phat ien IEC ( Internotional Electriotechmical Commission ): Nhiem vu cua to chc k thuat o lng ien t quoc te

TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

1. Bo xay dng trng ai hoc Kien Truc Ha Noi Giao trnh c s am hoc kien truc (dung trong cac trng ai hoc Kien Truc Va Xay Dng) nha xuat ban Xay dng Ha Noi 1979. 2. Pham c Nguyen Am hoc kien truc, c s ly thuyet ve cac giai phap ng dung Nha xuat ban KHKT Ha Noi 2000. 3. Nguyen Duy ong Thong gio va ky thuat x ly kh thai Nha xuat ban Giao duc 2000. 4. Pham Ngoc ang O nhiem moi trng khong kh o th va khu cong nghiep Nha xuat ban KHKT 1992. 5. Tang Van oan va Tran c Ha Ky thuat moi trng Nha xuat ban Giao duc 2001. 6. Nguyen Ch Tai Thuyet minh tnh toan anh gia kha nang cach am, tieu am oi vi cac tram phat ien Phan vien Bao ho Lao ong Viet Nam 2002.

CHNGI: M AU
1.1 Gii Thieu Ve o An. Nc ta trong giai oan phat trien, tien ti mot nc cong nghiep hoa hien ai hoa e hoa nhap vi cac nc trong khu vc va the gii. Nganh xay dng cung nh nganh ien nang ngay cang phat trien vi cac toa nha cao tang va nhng tram phat ien phuc vu rieng cho nhu cau chung o. Tuy nhien vi s oi mi va phat trien qua mc a co s tac ong manh me ti moi trng,ma anh hng ro nhat t cac tram phat ien rieng cua cac toa nha cao tang la s o nhiem va lan truyen tieng on ra moi trng xung quanh. Phan ln cac thiet b cong nghe cua cac tram phat ien tren cha co s au t va hien ai hoa cao nen gay ra s anh hng ang ke, gay anh hng en sc khoe va i song cong ong. Cac tac ong chu yeu t cac tram phat ien en moi trng la, o nhiem tieng on, kh.Trong o ang quan tam nhat la o nhiem tieng on v a so cac toa nha cao tang eu nam trong cac khu vc tap trung dan c nen van e c at ra la lam the nao e giam bt o on tai nguon phat sinh cung nh ngan chan no lan truyen ra moi trng xung quanh. T nhng van e thc te tren va e gop phan cai thien moi trng,ngan nga s lan truyen tieng on ra moi trng xung quanh,em a tien hanh o an tot nhiep vi e tai Chong on cho tram phat ien cua toa nha cong nghe cao E.TOWN.

1.2 Muc Tieu Cua o An

Nguyen cu va a ra cac giai phap ngan nga va giam thieu cac nguon phat sinh ra tieng on va s lan truyen cua no ra moi trng xung quanh. Thiet ke he thong chong on rieng cho tram phat ien cua toa nha E.TOWN

1.3. Pham Vi Cua o An

o an tap trung nghien cu a ra cac giai phap ngan nga va giam thieu s lan truyen cua nguon on t tram phat ien cua toa nha E.TOWN ra moi trng xung quanh.

1.4. Noi Dung Cua o An

- Gii thieu ve o an - Tong quan ve cac bien phap giam thieu tieng on va phng thc lan truyen cua no. - Gii thieu s lc ve tram phat ien va may phat ien cua toa nha E.TOWN - Tnh toan thiet ke he thong chong on cho tram phat ien . - a ra nhng nhan xet ket luan va nhng kien ngh.

1.5. Phng Phap Thc Hien o An

e tai nghien cu cac giai phap chong on cho tram phat ien cua toa nha E.TOWN c thc hien bi mot so phng phap sau. Phng phap thu thap va tong hp tai lieu. Phng phap phan tch va a ra cac giai phap chong on va s lan truyen cua chung. Phng phap phan tch cac c s ly thuyet va ap dung thc nghiem t cac cong trnh chong on khac.T o a ra quy trnh cong nghe x ly phu hp vi tram phat ien cua toa nha E.TOWN

CHNG II.

C S LY THUYET

2.1 Cac khai niem c ban ve am thanh va tieng on.

Am thanh la nhng la nhng giao ong c hoc c lan truyen di hnh thc song trong mot moi trng an hoi va c thnh giac cua ngi tiep thu.Trong khong kh,toc o am thanh la 343m/sec,con trong nc la1450m/s. Tieng on la tap hp nhng am thanh co cng o va tang so khac nhau,sap xep khong co trat t,gay cam giac kho chu cho ngi nghe,can tr con ngi lam viec va ngh ngi. Nh vay,ta thay tnh tng oi cua no,chang han mot am thanh nao o phat ra khong ung luc,khong ung cho gay cam giac kho chu cho ngi nghe,can tr s ngh ngi hoac lam viec cua ngi ta eu coi la tieng on.

2.1.1.Tan so am thanh:n v o la Hertz(Hz).

Moi am thanh c ac trng bi mot tan so am.Bnh thng tai ngi cam thu c cac am thanh co tan so t 16 20000 (Hz),trong o cac am thanh co tan so di 300 hec goi la am ha tan,t 300 1000 Hz goi la am trung tan,t 1000 Hz tr len goi la am cao tan.Nhng am co tan so <16 Hz goi laha am,va tan so >20000 Hz goi la sieu am,tai ngi khong nghe c. o cao cua am thanh phu thuoc tan so am,am tram co tan so thap,cac am bong co tan so cao.Tieng trong thng co tan so o 200Hz,tieng muoi vo ve co tan so 8000Hz,giong hat nam tram co tan so 78 3200 Hz,giong n cao co tan so t 100 6500 Hz.Tieng noi bnh thng cua ngi co tan so 64 1300 Hz,quyet nh nhat la cac am co tan so 350 4000 Hz.

2.1.2. Cng o am thanh hoac nang lng am thanh

Moi am thanh eu co mot nang lng nhat nh. Nang lng nay phu thuoc vao bien o cua song am tren ng truyen am. n v o la hec/cm2.s hoac W/cm2;W/m2

Cng o am thanh va nang lng am truyen qua 1cm2 vuong goc vi phng truyen song am trong 1 giay.

P2 I= SC hec/cm2..s

S C

Mat o cua moi trng (G/cm2) Toc o am thanh trong moi trng.

Trong tnh toan k thuat,e thu hep pham vi cac tr so o,ngi ta dung thang logarit thay cho thang thap phan, ta goi la mc cng o am, mc ap xuat am Goi tat la mc am .n vo mc am la exiben(dB). Mc cng o am: L = 10 lg
I (dB) Io

I cng o am (W/m2); Io cng o am ngng nghe,bang 10-12 (W/m2) Mc ap suat am: L =20 lg
P (dB) Po

P: la ap suat am (N/m2); Po: la ap suat am ngng nghe, bang 2.10-5 N/m2 Vi song am phang,trng am t do, trong ieu kien kh quyen bnh thng,mc cng o am va mc ap suat am co tr so bang nhau. Mc cong suat cua nguon am xac nh tng t nh mc cng o am.

Lw=10lg

W (dB) Wo

W: cong suat cua nguon am (W) Wo: : cong suat cua nguon am ngng nghe bang 10-12 W.

2.1.3 o vang am thanh

Nhng am thanh co tan so khac nhau, tuy mc nang lng am bang nhau nhng cam giac nghe ro cua tai ngi lai khac nhau,tc la am co o vang khac nhau. an so 1000 Hz moi dB tng ng mot phan (n v o o vang cua am).Am thanh tan so 1000Hz la am thanh chuan ve o vang cua am,ta phai quy cac am theo chuan 1000Hz. V du:Am co cng o 50 dB tan so 100Hz co o vang ch bang am co cng o 30 dB tan so 1000Hz. Ca 2 to hp tren eu co o vang la 30 phone n v o do vang la phon, goai ra con co n v sone cho biet am thanh nay to gap bao nhieu lan am thanh khac. o vang cua am 40 phon la 1 sone. o vang cua am 50 phon la 2 sone. o vang cua am 60 phon la 4 sone. Khi o vang cua am tang 10 phon, th tr so o vang tnh theo sone se tang gap oi Cac may o o on, o mc vang cua amtheo n v exiben A (dBA) la mc cng o am chung cua tat ca cac giai octa tan so a c quy che tan so 1000Hz (nh bo phan cua may o).Ta goi am thanh o bang dBA la me thanh ng lng.Khi dung dBA e ch am khong can noi am thanh o co tan so bao nhieu.Tr

so dBA giup ta anh gia s bo ve mat ve sinh, xem tieng on co vt qua mc cho phep hay khong.

2.1.4 Giai tan so am thanh

C quan thnh giac cua ngi khong phan ng theo o tang tuyet oi cua tan so am, ma phan ng theo mc tang tng oi cua cac tan so am.Khi tan so tang gap oi th o cao cua am tang len mot tong ta goi la mot octa tan so. Nh vay la giai cua nhieu tan so am, ma gii han tren cao gap oi gii han di.Toan bo giai tan so am thanh ma ngi ta nghe c chia thanh 11 octa co cac tr so trung bnh so hoc:16;32;63;125;250;500;1000;2000;4000;8000;16000; V du trong octa t 40 80Hz tr so trung bnh la 63Hz. Tieu chuan ve sinh ve mc cho phep cua tieng on thng c quy nh 8 octa;63;125;250;500;1000;2000;4000;8000Hz

2.2 Tai ngi va ac iem cam thu am thanh

2.2.1 Tai ngi :
Tai ngi la bo may thu nha am thanh rat phc tap, tinh vi va hoan thien ma en nay khoa sinh ly y hoc con cha hieu biet ve c che hoat ong cua no. C quan thu nhan am thanh gom co tai va nao bo.V the hieu qua cam nhan am thanh co ac iem chung cua nhieu ngi va co ac iem rieng,thay oi vi moi ngi.ac iem cam thu am thanh c trnh bay di ay la ac iem chung cua so ong ngi. Theo c che thu nhan am thanh, tai co the chia lam 3 bo phan :tai ngoai tai gia va tai trong.

HNH 2.1. Cau tao cua tai ngi

Tai ngoai gom vanh tai va ong tai co nhiem vu thu nhan va hng song am en mang nh. Tai gia la 1 hoc khong kh thong vi khoang mui hau qua roi Eustachi,bat au t mang nh va ket thuc mang che tai trong. ay co 3 xng thnh giac nho(xng bua,xng e va xngg ban ap)tao thanh 1 chiec on bay e chuyen oi song am t mang nh en chat dch long cha tai trong qua 1 ca co man che hnh ovan.Cac xng thch giac bien oi cac dao ong am co bien o ln va ap suat nho thanh cac dao ong co bien o nho nhng ap suat ln,rat can thiet e truyen cho chat dch long. Voi Eustachi bnh thng ong, ch m khi ta nuot e tao s can bang ap suat khong kh 2 ben mang nh. Tai trong co cau tao rat phc tap v no co nhiem vu het sc quan trong la bien oi cac dao ong c hoc cua am thanh cac tn hieu ien e gi ve nao bo.Bo phan chnh cua tai trong la oc tai(co hnh xoan oc, 2, 5 vong) tiet dien rong va nho dan, ben trong cha ay 1 chat dch long.

Hnh 2.2. S o minh hoa cau tao tai ngi

1 Tai trong 2 Tai gia 3 Tai ngoai 4 Ca o van 5 Cac xng thnh giac

6 Mang nh 7 Ca tron 8 Vach ngan 9 Lo h

Vach ngan(8) chay doc oc tai chia chat dch long thanh 2 kenh tren va di thong vi nhau qua lo h (9) tan cung cua vach (8) nham gi cho ap suat 2 kenh c can bang.Vach ngan lam 2 na: + Na gan vi thanh trong la mot ban xng mong. + Na ngoai la mot mang ay,ben tren co 1 bo phan rat quan trong la c quan coocti,chieu dai cua c quan coocti la 32 mm. Trong c quan coocti co khoang 25000 te bao cam giac xep thanh nhieu hang chay doc oc tai, nh chung co the phan biet c 35000 tong am co cao o khac nhau. Cac day than kinh thnh giac t cac te bao cam giac xuyen qua vach ngan va thanh oc tai roi noi vi vung than kinh thnh giac nao bo. Ap suat am c truyen vao kenh dch long tren qua ca o van va lan truyen doc theo no. ong thi song am cung truyen qua mang Reixner vao chat dch long nam gia no va mang ay c quan coocti, nh tnh an hoi cua mang ay, song am

lan truyen xuong kenh dch long di. Nh vay ng i cua song am bat au t ca ovan(4) va ket thuc ca tron(7) pha di.

Hnh 2.3 Mat cat ngang oc tai

1-Mang Reixner 2-Mang che 3- C quan coocti Vi cac te bao thnh giac 4-Mang ay 5-Vach ngan 6-Day than kinh thnh giac Do au ta co cam giac ve o to, o cao va am sac cua am thanh ?Cau hoi nay cho en nay con cha co cau tra li that ro rang. Ngi ta ch gia thuyet rang: khi song am lan truyen doc ong tai,phu thuoc tan so am,se co mot v tr bien ho dao ong

cc ai.Cac te bao cam giac cua c quan Coocti o se thong bao ve nao Bien o cho biet cng o, con v tr cho biet tan so va am sac am thanh. Tai trong con c noi vi vong ban khuyen, o c quan tien nh gi thang bang cho c the .

2.2.2 Cac ac iem cam thu am thanh cua tai ngi

Pham vi nghe c Pham vi am nghe c khong ch gii han nhng tan so xac nh ma con trong nhng tr so ap suat hoac cng o am nhat nh .

Hnh 2.4. bieu dien cac tr so gii han cua ap suat am bang ng cong . ng di tng ng vi ngng nghe.Tr so ap suat am ngng nghe oi vi cac tan so khac nhau th khac nhau.Tr so trung bnh cua ap suat ngng trong pham vi tan so cao 1000-1500 HzVa oi vi ngi tai thnh la khoang 2.10-5

N/m2=2.10-4dyn/cm2. Cang sa pham vi nay,theo thanh tan so ve pha di va pha tren,o nhay cam cang giam. ng cong tren la ngng au tai.Nhng am thanh vt cac tr so cua ngng nay co the lam ton thng hoat pha hong c quan thnh giac . Nh vay tai ngi co tnh nhay cam khac nhau oi vi cac am thanh co tan so va mc ap suat am khac nhau.S anh gia chu quan cam giac am thanh the hien qua mc nghe to, s giam thnh giac co the thay ro tren bieu o .

Hinh 2.5. s anh hng cua tuoi tac en thnh giac

Tuoi cang cao o nhay cam am thanh oi vi cac tang so cao ngay cang giam

2.2.3. o am thanh
Cac may o va phan tch am thanh hien ai nhat ngay nay co the thc hien c nhieu phep o va anh gia am thanh nhng cha co mot may o nao co the bat chc c cach cam nhan am thah cua thnh giac con nhi. V the, cac may o ch co the xac nh cac mc am, ngha la ch so vat ly co tnh khach quan. Cac phep o chnh la: o phan tch mc am theo tan so.

o mc am tong cong ve nang lng theo cac thang hieu chnh gan ung ve cam giac am thanhcua c quan cam giac ngi. o tch luy theo tng khoang thi gian e xac nh tr o trung bnh nang lng am thanh, hay con goi la mc am tng ng. Ghi lai mc ap xuat am tren bang giay hoac ghi lai am thanh tren bang, a t va hien th am thanh. o thi gian am vang cua phong va chat lng cach am cua ket cau. ac tnh nang am hoc cua vat lieu. Cac phep o am thanh s dung may o mc am co s o nh hnh sau:

Hnh 2.6. s o cac may o Cac may o mc am c chia lam 3 loai theo hng dan cua IEC ( International Electrotechnical Comission) nh sau: Loai rat chnh xac dung khi lap cac bao cao phap qui, khi xay dng cac van ban va luat. Loai tng oi chnh xac dung cho phep o khong phai la bao cao phap qui Loai t chng xac ( sai so > 1 dB ) dung e anh gia gan ung. Cac may o mc am co the thc hien phep o theo hai ac tnh ong:

Loai nhanh: tng ng vi thi gian ap ng tng t tai ngi ap dung khi o o am thanh co mc o thay oi ln ( khong on nh ). Loai cham: cho phep xac nh mc am tch phan trong mot khoang thi gian dai hn mot giay s dung khi o am thanh t thay oi ( on nh ). 2.2.3.1.Mc am hieu chnh Hien nay, cac may o am thanh eu lam viec theo nguyen tac tac ong cua ap xuat am thanh, tng t tai ngi. Tuy nhien s khac nhau c ban gia may o va tai ngi la cho 1 microphone ly tng co o nhay ong eu vi moi tang so am thanh. Ngc lai tai ngi thu nhan ap suat am va chuyen oi thanh tac ong than kinh vi mc o manh hay yeu phu thuoc vao tan so cua am thanh tac ong. e n gian ngi ta chia cac ng ong mc to thanh ba vung va xac nh mot ng trung bnh cho moi vung. Vung A: cac ng ong mc to t 0 en 40 dB tang so 1000MHZ. Vung B: cac ng ong mc to t 40 en 70 dB tang so 1000MHZ. Vung C: cac ng ong mc to tren 170 dB tang so 1000MHZ. Nh vay ta co cac mach hieu chnh A, B, C tng ng ket qua o, mc am bieu dien theo d BA, d BB va d B C.

Hnh 2.7. s o cac ng cong hieu chnh Sau nay c bo sung them mach hieu chnh D e xet en tac obg5 gay nhieu cua tieng on co tang so cao. Khi o ta co mc am theo dB D. 2.2.3.2. Dai tan so am. Trong cac bai toan thc te neu ch anh gia am thanh theo mot mc am tong cong la cha u, can phan tch chung theo cac tan so. Tuy nhien viec phan tch am thanh tren moi tan so trong pham vi 20 20.000 Hz la khong thc hien c va khong can thiet. V ly do tren va e thong nhat tren pham vi toan the gii, ISO e ngh s dung cac giai tan tieu chuan khi nguyen cu am thanh va che tao hiet b o.

Moi giai tang so c xac nh bi giai tang so gii han di f1 va tang so gii han tren f2 . Khi o be rong cua giai tang so la: f = f2 f1 khi chon 1 giai tan so e nguyen cu, bo loc tang so ch cho nang lng am thanh cua cac tang so nam trong pham vi hai tang so gii han i qua ma thoi. Co 3 giai tang so am thanh chnh: Dai1 Octave khi f2/f1 = 2

Dai1/2 Octave khi f2/f1 = 21/2 Dai1/3 Octave khi f2/f1 = 21/3 Ten cua moi giai c goi theo tan so trung bnh cua giai xac nh theo cong thc: Ftb = ( f1.f2 )1/2 V du: neu ftb = 125 Hz vi giai Octave f2 = 2f1 Ta co f1 = ftb.21/2 = 88Hz f2 = ftb.21/2 = 175 Hz Bang tang so chuan theo ISO R266 gii thieu cac tang so chuan trung bnh cua cac dai tan. Trong am hoc kien truc dai tan so 1 octa thng c s dung trong nguyen cu tien on cac khu dan c, trong thanh pho va trong cac phong. Dai tan so 1/3 oc ta thng c s dung trong nguyen cu cach amcua ket cau nha ca. Dai tan so octa t c s dung.

TAN

Dai

Dai tang so 1/2 octa

Dai tang so 1/3 octa

TANG SO TRUN G BNH

Dai tang so 1 octa

Dai tang so 1/2 octa

Dai tang so 1/3 octa

TAN G SO TRU NG BNH

Dai tang so 1/3 octa

Dai tang so 1/3 octa

Dai tang so 1/3 octa

G SO tang TRU NG BN H 16 18 20 22.4 25 28 31.5 35.5 40 45 50 56 63 71 80 90 100 112 125 140 146 + + + + so 1 octa

160 180

1600 1800

+ + +

200 224 250 280 +

2000 2240 +

2500 2800

315 355

3150 3550

+ + +

400 450 500 560 +

4000 4500 +

5000 5600

630 710

6300 7100

+ + +

800 900 1000 1120 +

8000 9000 +

1000 0

1250 1400

1120 0

1600

1250 0

1400 0 1600 0

Bang. 2.1 tang so chuan theo ISO R266 gii thieu cac tang so chuan trung
bnh cua cac dai tang

2.3 Tac hai cuatieng on 2.3.1 Lap i lap lai s quay roi giac ngu
Nghien cu ieu tra xa hoi nhng ngi song vung lan can san bay cho thay:khoang 22% dan noi rang ho thng cam thay rat kho ngu v tieng on ao san bay, khu vc ma tieng on co mc cao, 50% so dan phan nan ve tieng on.Ty le phan tram so ngi phan nan v b anh thc bi cng o am thanh cao hoac giac ngu khong sau con cao hn.Sau khi ngi ta a ngu thiep i mot so gi lai b tieng on kch thch anh thc day th gay ra tam ly rat kho chu.V vay ieu kien on ao gan khu vao ban em co the a en hien tng ngi ta phai tron i ni khac. Thieu ieu kien ngu se tac dung en tam sinh ly rat nang ne oi vi cuoc song cua con ngi.

2.3.2 Tac dung oi vi thnh giac

Tac dung nay ch thanh thc te quan trong neu am thanh qua to. Tiep tuc tang mc am len ti khoang 10 dB trong khoang thi gian ngan a gay tac dung xau oi vi thnh giac . Rat nhieu cong nhan chu trc tiep tieng on cua may bay phan lc hay cac phan xng on ao trong mot thi gian va phai a nhanh chong mac benh giam thnh giac. Tieng on manh co the gay choi tai,au tai, tham ch t man nh.

2.3.3 Tac dung oi vi thong tin

Am thanh dung e trao oi noi chuyen va dung e am thoai.No cung quan trong oi vi ngi thch nbghe radio va vo tuyen truyen

hnh.Am thanh trao oi co y ngha quan trong phong lam viec, trng hoc va cac cho cong cong khac. Mc am ln nhat cua tieng on khong gay tac hai en trao oi thong tin la di 55 dB. Tieng on co mc 70 dB a la ieu kien rat on, co tac dung xau oi vi trao oi thong tin cong cong.

2.3.4 Tac dung oi vi the lc, oi vi tam than va hieu qua lam viec cua con ngi
Rat nhieu ngi phat bieu rang tieng on a lam cho ho b yeu ve the lc va om ve than kinh va lam giam hieu qua lam viec cua ho.Th nghiem a chng minh ro ieu o.Tieng on thc chat khong nhng gay bnh tam than ma con gay tai hoa oi vi phan tai trong, neu tieng on at ti 100dB. a co nhieu ngi phan nan la rat kho chu khi lam viec ma phai nghe tieng tch tac ong ho chay, hay la co ngi noi chuyen th tham ben canh.Trong trng hp nh vay cac thieu sot xay ra trong cong tac se tang len, hn the na la no co the tac dung en the lc. Tieng on gian oan co the dan en ang tr va t o tac ong en hieu qu lam viec, ac biet la oi vi ngi hay thng xuyen lam nhiem vu n ieu. Hieu qua lam viec b anh hng t tieng on co mc am khoang 9 dB. Mot so th nghemm con cho thay hieu sot lam viec con xay ra mc on thap hn.

2.3.5 Tac dung tong hp cua tieng on oi vi cuoc song cua con ngi
Tieng on tac ong len con ngi ba mc: Quay ray ve mat c hoc,nh che lap am thanh can nghe. Quay ray ve mat sinh hoc cua c the,chu yeu la oi vi bo phan thnh giac va he than kinh. Quay ray ve s hoac ong xa hoi cua con ngi.

Tat ca cac quay ray o cuoi cung dan en bieu hien xau ve tam ly,sinh ly,benh ly,hieu qua lao ong cua con ng, tc la anh hng en cuoc song cua con ngi. hnh 2.7 gii thieu tac hai cua tieng on co mc am trung bnh tan so 1000Hz la 50dB (ng cong c),70 dB (ng cong b) va 90 dB (ng cong a) oi vi cuoc song cua con ngi. oc hai cua tieng on trc het la nguyen nhan cua benh than kinh, au au, tang huyet ap va giam tr nh.

2.4 Phan loai tieng on

2.4.1 Theo tnh chat vat l chia tieng on 2 loai:
Tieng on on nh va tieng on khong on nh. Tieng on on nh co mc thay oi cng o am khong qua 5 dB trong ca thi gian co tieng on. Tieng on khong on nh co mc cng o am vt qua 5 dB trong thi gian co tieng on. Chia tieng on khong on nh ra 3 dang: Tieng on giao ong: mc am thanh thay oikhong ngng theo thi gian Tieng on ngat quang:am thanh ngat quang,khong lien tuc Tieng on xung : am thanh va ap ke tiep nhau.

2.4.2 Theo phan bo nang lng cac giai octa tan so :

Chia tieng on ra thanh tieng on giai rong va tieng on giai hep. Tieng on giai rong :nang lng am phan bo ong ieu cac giai tan so. Tieng on giai hep (con goi la tieng on am sac) mot tan so am trong am pho co cng o am cao hn cac tan so con lai trong octa t 6 dB tr len. Tieng on hep co tac dung kch thch manh hn tieng on giai rong.

2.4.3 Theo at tnh cua nguon on ta chia ra 4 loai:

Tieng on c hoc cac may

Tieng on va cham cac qua trnh san xuat: ren,dap,tan vv Tieng on kh ong may bay,quat gio,vv Tieng no hoac xung kch.

2.5 Nguon on trong i song va trong san xuat

2.5.1 Tieng on giao thong
Can phai phan biet tieng on giao thong do mot xe gay ra va tieng on do mot luong xe gay ra.

2.5.1.1 Tieng on cua tng xe Tieng on cua moi xe co the tong hp t cac teng on nh sau: Tieng on t ong c va do s rung ong cua cac bo phan cua xe: Tieng on nay phu thuoc trnh o thiet ke va cong nghe san xuat xe. ong c cang chnh xac,bo giam soc cua xe cang tot th tieng on truyen en vo xe, va truyen on ra ngoai cang nho. Trnh o thiet ke va cong nghe san xuat hien nay a am bao co loai xe phat ra tieng on rat be. Tieng on cua ong xa khoi: giam tieng on t ong xa khoi phat ra la mot van e am hc n gian, no a c giai quyet mot cach hoan thien.Tat nhien he thong tieu am cang tot th gia thanh cang cao, va oi hoi chi ph nang lng nhieu hn.V vay trong thc te, ang tiec rang co mot so ngi a lap ong xa khoi khong co tieu am e tiet kiem xang dau va hai may nen gay ra tieng on rat ln tren thanh pho. Trng hp ac biet la loai xe the thao ngi ta van e tieng on qua ong xa khoi tng oi to trong ieu kien co the c,bi v giam tieng on phut khoi oi hoi tieu hao nang lng xe chay nhieu hn . Tuy theo moi nc ma ngi ta quy nh mc on ong xa khoi bao nhieu dB th phai phat quy canh,tham ch khong cho chay tren ng pho.

 Tieng on do ong ca xe: Tieng on do ong ca xe gay ra cam giac rat kho chu,at biet la vao gi em khuya, bi v no la tieng on gian oan,no lam giat khi ang ngu.Co mot so hang xe a giai quyet mot cach co hieu qua lam giam tieng on ong ca, nhng rat nhieu nha may san xuat oto van san xuat ra cac loai xe co tieng on ong ca rat to.Van e nay ch giai quyet c t giai oan thiet ke va bang cach ch cho phep cac nha may c ang ky san xuat cac loai xe khong gay on khi ong ca xe. Tieng rt phanh: Tieng rt phanh ham phanh cung rat kho chu.Nga nay ngi ta rat chu y giai quyet van e nay bang cac da ham hien ai,bao gom ca viec lam giam tieng phanh go ap. Cac chi tiet tinh vi nay a c trien lam nhieu nc. 2.5.1.2 Tieng on cua mot so loai xe Khong phai tat ca cac loai xe ieu gay ra tieng on nh nhau.ieu tra thc te cho ket qua sau ay: -Xe hom thanh lch : -Xe hanh khach nho : -Xe hanh khach mini : -Xe the thao: -Xe moto 2 xilanh 4 ky: -Xe moto 1 xilanh 2 ky: 77dB 79dB 84dB 91dB 94dB 80dB

o chenh lech gia mc on cua xe ca ch khach nho va xe the thaola khong t hn 12dB,no co ngha la xe the thao co tieng on ln hn xe oto con khoang 12 lan. Moto 2 xilanh 4 ky san sinh ra tien on ln hn xe oto con khoang 30 lan,xe moto 1 xilanh 2 ky san sinh ra tieng on tng t xe oto con. 2.5.1.3 Tieng on t dong xe lien tuc

e giam nho tieng on giao thong moat cach tong the, trc het la giam tieng on do tng xe gay ra, ong thi quy hoach ng cung co the ho tr co viec giam tieng on giao thong.a phat hien ra rang xe se phat sinh ra tieng on ln nhat khi chay so thap, nh vay phai giam bt so lan xe dng chay va khi ong th se giam tieng on giao thong. Cac ng vanh ai, cac ng xuyen va cac ng cao toc trong thanh pho eu phai co bien phap giam tieng on. oi vi cac loai ng nay thng xay tng che chan hoac lam cac e ap nhan tao va trong cac day cay xanh day ac hai bean ng e giam tieng on.

2.5.1.4 Tieng on may bay Loai nguon o nhiem tieng on nay trong may nam gan ay tang len nhanh, ac biet la tieng on gan cac san bay quoc te. Tieng on do may bay phan lc gay ra vt xa loai may bay canh quat, ac biet la no co nh cc ai rat cao.Tieng on may bay phan lc gay ra la do s xao tron rat manh liet gia hi phut phan lc va khong kh xung quyanh .No phat ra ln nhat khi may bay cat canh, tieng on tren ca oan ng dai trong qua trnh ha canh thng gay ra s kho chu cho con ngi hn la tieng on manh sinh ra thi gian cat canh May bay quan s thng gay ra s than phien keu ca cua nhan dan trong khu vc bay, bi v chung thng bay o cao thap theo yeu cau luyen tap quan s.Rat kho giai quyet van e nay, bi v van e bao ve to quoc, tham ch la trong thi bnh, van la van e yeu tien hang au cua at nc. -Phng phap giam nho tieng on may bay: ngi ta co the dung bo phan tieu am e giam tieng on cua may bay phan lc trong luc cat canh,nhng no lai lam giam sc ay cat canh va cang tang chi ph nhien lieu. S gia tang chi ph s dung do ng dung thiet b tieu am oi vi moi may bay nh loai Boeing 707 mat khoang 16500 bang Anh moi nam.ong c cua may bay phan lc mi nhat thng

ap dung thiet b tieu am nen co u iem giam c 12 dB so vi ong c cu.Co the ap dung k thuat hien ai e giam tieng on may bay cat canh.Van e nay la e tai khoa hoc ang c tien hanh nghien cu mot so nc. Mot cach tranh tac dung xau cua tieng on cua san bay la lam cac la chan am thanh oi vi nha , benh vien, trng hoc xung quanh san bay. Tot nhat la chuyen san bay en cho xa dan c. -Bom am thanh: May bay phan lc bay vi toc o vt qua toc o am thanh cua no rat to ma ngi ta thng goi la bom am thanhva co the nghe thay o xa 80km tnh t iem phat sinh. May bay sieu am ch khach bay o cao 12000m co the gay ra ap suat cc ai mat at ti 100 N/m2 (127 dB), no co the gay ra nguy hai oi vi nha ca, va co the gay ra kho chu oi vi rat nhieu ngi. May bay sieu am phan lc con gay cac tac hai khac,nh pha hoai tang ozon trong kh quyen.Tuy may bay sieu am ch khach hien nay la mot van e quan trong oi vi kinh te cua nhieu nc, nhng t quan iem ve bao ve moi trng th loai may bay phan lc nay gay tac hai xau.

2.5.2 Tieng on t thi cong xay dng

Tieng on t cac ni thi cong xay dng noi chung la xau hn rat nhieu so vi tieng on t cac nha may. Th nhat la v ngi ta xay dng nha ca, cau cong, ng sa khap ni, khong the ieu khien, quan ly c.Hai la v thiet b dung trong thi cong xay dng thng gay tieng on ln hn, nh la: Thiet b May ui May khoan a May ap betong May ca tay May nen iezen co vong quay rong Mc tieng on iem cach may 15m 93dB 87dB 85dB 82 dB 80dB

May ong bua 1,5 tan May tron betong chay bang diezen

75 dB 75dB

Tang hoac giam khoang cach gia ngi nghe va may gap oi th se tang hoac giam tieng on la 6 dB. V du mc on 7,5 m cach may ui, may keo la 99 dB,con mc on cach 30m cung oi vi cac may o la 87dB. ong coc la mot loai gay tieng on ln trong thi cong xay dng. Rieng phan bua ap a gay mc on khoang cach 15m la 70dB. Tieng on cua tng thiet b gay ra trong khu xay dng con c tang len so vi khu trong trai, v no bo sung am phan xa cua cac cong trnh lan can .Co the giam mc on thiet b xay dng bang cach dung boc giam am ,no co the giam bt tieng on ti 12dB .Dung iem cao su hay la bo iem giam am co the giam tieng on khoang 4 6 dB. Mot bien phap lam giam tieng on thiet b xay dng la quay tng xung quanh cung co the giam c 4 10 dB. 2.5.3 Tieng on cong nghiep Tieng on cong nghiep c sinh ra t qua trnh va cham,chan ong hoac chuyen ong qua lai do s ma sat cua cac thiet b va hien tng chay roi cua cac dong khong kh va hi. Co the giam ang ke tieng on va cham va chan ong bang cach at thiet b tren em an hoi. Them vao o,co the giam tieng on giao ong bang cach tang trong lng mong va may, hoac thiet ke cac bo phan may can than e tranh c s cong hng. Khi can thiet th co the dung vat lieu hut am bao boc che phu thiet b. Tieng on do dong kh gay ra co the loai tr bang cach s dung ng ong hp ly, thiet ke va lap at chnh xac cac mieng hut kh va mieng thoi kh. V du: dung vat lieu giam am bao boc mat trong buong at may va cac ng ong thong gio e giam tieng on tai nguon on cong nghiep . e giam tieng on cua nha may oi vi vung dan c xung quanh phai chu y ngay t khau thiet ke xay dng nha may. Thiet b gay on nhat cua nha may can e xa khu dan c va xa cho cong nhan lam

viec can yen tnh, v cng o am thanh giam i theo ty le bnh phng khoang cach gia nguon am en ngi nghe.cac man chan theo cac dang cong trnh xay dng tng cao va cay coi, nam gia nha may va khu dan c co gia tr lam giam tieng on cong nghiep.

2.5.4 Tieng on trong nha

Co 2 dang tieng on trong nha: tieng on khong kh va tieng on va cham. Tieng on va cham(nh la tieng giay,guoc i tren san nha) c phat sinh va lan truyen trong vat ran va ch co mot cach lam giam no la tao ra cac cau mem xop gia ni phat sinh tieng on va ni can cach tieng on .V du ien hnh cho van e nay la s truyen am trong cac can ho khi ma ngi tang tren ong inh tren tng hay go tren san ,keo ban ghe hoac nhay mua tren san. Tieng on va cham nay co the truyen qua lp san betong cot thep roi truyen qua tng en cac phong khac trong cac can ho ben canh.Tieng on va cham thuoc dang nay phan ln co the c loai tr, neu s dung ket cau san noi,tc la mat san khong co lien ket cng vi ket cau chu lc, nh la dung lp iem cao su, iem chat deo hay cac si a ngan cach gia matc san hoan toan noi tham ch ch mot chiec inh xuyen qua no xuong ket cau chu lc a vo hieu cach am tot cua no. Nguyen tac c ban cach am khong kh(am phat sinh trong khong kh) la dung trong lng.Bien phap nay co y ngha thc te trong xay dng. Nh la thng ngan gia cac can ho c lam at chan e am bao giam nho am truyen qua. Tieng on khongg kh t ben ngoai truyen vao nha hu yeu la truyen qua cac lo trong tng rat t, ieu nay het sc chu y. Ca n mot lp knh co kha nang cach am khoang 15 -18 dB.Neu tang lean 2 lan knh th cach am c 18 -21 dB.Ca kep bang 2 lp knh nang,xung quanh canh ca co boc vat lieu hut am th co kha nang cach am ca len ti 40 dB. Cac phong lam viec hien ai c trang tr noi that phu hp, co trai tham xung quanh tng va lam rem ca,at cay canh trong phong,vv khong nhng gay

cam giac de chu khi lam viec, ma con co tac dung giam tieng on,tao nen yen tnh trong phong.

2.6 S lan truyen am trong nha va phng thc lan truyen tieng on
2.6.1 Phng thc lan truyen tieng on
Vi phng thc lan truyen tieng on khac nhau ta se co phng phap chong on khac nhau. Trong k thuat chong on, thng gap 2 phng thc lan truyen tieng on: Khong kh lan truyen tieng on goi tat la tieng on kh ong, co 2 trng hp xay ra: -Song am trc tiep lan truyen trong moi trng khong kh( hay goi la lan truyen am trc tiep) th du nh song am lan truyen ngoai tri quang hoac lan truyen t phong nay sang phong kia qua khe h cua ket cau bao che:tng,tran -Dao ong lan truyen tieng on(goi la dao ong truyen am) song am lan truyen trong khong kh, khi ti ket cau ngan cach gay ra tren b mat ket cau 1 ap lc cng bc ket cau dao ong theo tan so cua song am va bc xa dao ong nay pha ben kia cua ket cau, ket qua la song am xuyen qua ket cau va tiep tuc lan truyen. Va cham lan truyen tieng on(tieng on va cham) la tieng on do vat ran trc tiep va cham vi nhau hoac may moc rung ong tren cau kien cua nha gay ra:tieng rung ong trong 1 phong qua nen(san) truyen sang phong ke can. 2.6.2 S lan truyen am trong nha 2.6.2.1.Tieng on khong kh:

Hnh.2.8. s o lan truyen tieng on kh ong. Nghien cu s lan truyen tieng on khong kh t phong 1(phong co nguon on) sang phong 2(phong can cach am).Tieng on xam nhap vao phong 2 co the theo cac con ng sau: Song am truyen trc tiep qua cac khe h, cac moi noi khong kn,cac ca so,ca i m thong gia 2 phong. Trong kieu truc thoang h, tieng on co 1the t phong 1 qua cac ca m tham nhap vao phong 2 trong cung 1 tang hoac khac tang.Nang lng cua cac ng truyen am trc tiep theo dang song 1 rat ln lam cho mc on phong 2 tang cao ang ke. Song am 2 t nguon am ap vao ket cau phan cach 2 phong.Di tac dung cua ap suat am, ket cau nay se b dao ong cng bc va tr thanh nguon

am mi bc xa tieng on vao phong cach am.ng truyen am nay cung la ng truyen am trc tiep. Cac song am 3,4 truyen theo dang song doc va song ngang theo cac ket cau nha,1 phan bc xa vao phong 2,1 phan tiep tuc lan truyen xa hn vao cac phong khac trong nha. ng truyen am nay la ng truyen gian tiep va nang lng tieng on cua chung khong ln. Tieng on lan truyen theo dang nay thng goi la tieng on ket cau va c x ly bang giai phap cau tao kien truc.

2.6.2.2.Tieng on va cham.

Hnh 2.9 .s lan truyen va cham trong nha Khac vi tieng on kh ong, tieng on va cham la s va ap cua cac vat the va ket cau. Tai v tr va cham co 1 lng ong nang rat ln truyen vao ket cau. Nang lng nay khong phan bo tren toan bo ket cau ma tap trung tren 1 dien tch nho,co tr so ln hn rat nhieu so vi tieng on khong kh, lan truyen manh,xa theo ket cau nha neu chung lien ket cng vi san. Hnh b mo ta minh hoa tieng on va cham tren san betong cot thep cua 1 can ho, lan truyen en cac can ho khac trong cung ngoi nha. Viec anh gia cach am va cham khong the tien hanh nh oi vi cach am khong kh thong qua chenh lech mc on hoac kha nang cach am ma phai trc tiep o mc on va cham di san khi tren san xay ra va cham.

2.7 .Nhng yeu cau ve cach am

Nhng yeu cau cua vat cach am can phai at c la giam c tieng on tai ni lam viec ti mc cho phep theo tat ca cac dai octa ma ngi ta thng lay tr so trung bnh cua moi octave la 63, 125, 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000, 8000Hez.

Yeu cau nay dan en tr so cach am Rti c tnh toan rieng biet cho tng bo phan cua cau truc cach am nh:tng,tran, cac ca i, ca so. Khi tieng on lan truyen vi nguon on e h trong phong: Rti = Lp Lc -10. lg(Bm /Bo) + 10.lg(Si / So) 15.lg(ri /ro) + 10.lg.m-5 Vi : Rti la o cach am yeu cau cho dang th I cua cau truc cach am tng ng vi dai 1 octave(dB) Si la dien tch th I cua cau truc cach am(m2) Lc la mc o cho phep cua ap am tng ng vi dai octave ta iem can tnh toan(dB) Lp mc ap am cua nguon on(dB) Bm la hang so cach am cua nha hoac ket cau(m2) Bo hang so cach am dien tch th I So dien tch toan bo cau truc xay dng (m2) ro khoang cach t nguon on en ket cau xay dng ri khoang cach t nguon on th I en ket cau xay dng m so lp vat lieu cach am. Cac cau truc nha ca rat a dang nhng ve mat am hoc co the chia chung lam 2 dang c ban: Ket cau 1 lp (bao gom ca ket cau nhieu lp nhng co lien ket cng vi nhau tren suot b mat cua chung), khi chu tac ong cua song am,ket cau phan ng nh 1 khoi ong nhat Ket cau nhieu lp,gia chung la khe khong kh hoac 1 vai lp vat lieu khuc am. Khi chu tac ong cua song am,moi lp co phan ng khac nhau. Song am la song ap suat, khi ap vao ket cau se tiep tuc lan truyen trong chung di dang song doc va song ngang. oi vi cactam mong nh:

tng, san, vach, , th song uon mi la ng truyen am chu yeu gia 2 phong . Cac yeu to anh hng en chat lng cach am cua ket cau la: Cac kch thc hnh hoc( chieu rong, chieu day, chieu dai). Lien ket cua ket cau vi xung quanh. Khoi lng(kg/m2) va o cng ket cau. Noi mat mat cua vat lieu gay ra bi o nht va noi ma sat cac nguyen t cua vat lieu khi bien dang.c at trng bang he so mat mat va no ch phu thuoc vao ban chat cua vat lieu.

2.7.1 Ket cau mot lp ong chat.

ay la trng hp n gian nhat ma cung la pho bien nhat trong ket cau nha ca. Cac tng, vach,s an nha co the khao sat nh 1 tam mong co kch thc hu han va lien ket chu vi, chu tac ong cua song am va b dao ong uon cng bc e tr thanh 1 nguon am th cap, bc xa am sang phong ben canh. Cac nghien cu ly thuyet va thc nghiem truyen am qua ket cau cho thay co the chia toan bo tan so khao sat cach am thanh 3 pham vi chu anh hng khac nhau cua cac yeu to a neu.

Hnh 2.10. Ba pham vi lam viec cach am cua ket cau pham vi tan so th I, kha nang cach am cua ket cau phu thuoc o cng cua no va thng xay ra hien tng cong hng.Tuy nhien vi cac ket cau co dien tch ln hn 10m2, cac tan so cong hng nay thng vung co tan so thap (< 50Hz). pham vi tan so th II, kha nang cach am cua ket cau phu thuoc khoi lng cua no va ket cau co the khao sat nh nhieu khoi lng rieng le dao ong oc lap. pham vi nay,kha nang cach am cua ket cau tuan theo quy luat goi la nh luat khoi lng trong cach am. Trong pham vi th III, cac tan so cao, nh luat khoi lng khong con hieu lc va kha nang cach am chu anh hng cua 1 hien tng cong hng oc ao goi la hien tng trung song,giam ang ke kha nang cach am cua no.

Sau pham vi nay kha nang cach am lai tang dan phu thuoc vao khoi lng va noi mat mat cua vat lieu.

2.7.2 nh luat khoi lng trong cach am

Khi song am ti ket cau khuyech tan, kha nang cach am cua no co the xac nh theo cong thc: R = 10lg 1 + ( Vi m: khoi lng ket cau( kg/m2).
: tan so am( Hz).
m 2 ) -5 C

C : van toc am trong khong kh(m/s). R: kha namg cach am(dB) Khi lay C =410kg/m2.s va bo qua gia tr 1,ta co: R= 20.lg m.f -47,5 (dB) (*)

Xet trng hp thc te ket cau co kch thc hu han va lien ket theo chu vi,kha nang cach am b giam nhieu hn cong thc(*) do cac ng truyen am gian tiep.Khi o kha nang cach am c xac nh theo cong thc: R= 20.lg m.f 54 (dB)

ay la cong thc cua nh luat khoi lng trong cach am.Nh vay, theo nh luat khoi lng ta thay: Khoi lng ket cau tang len 2 lan (tang moi octave) kha nang cach am tang len 6 dB. Khi tan so tang len 2 lan (tang moi octave)kha nang cach am tang len 6 dB ay la quy luat tan so trong cach am.Tuy nhien t thc nghiem MEISSER nhan thay kha nang cach am trong thc te ch tang them 4 dB moi khi khoi lng tang gap oi va cung tang them 4 dB khi tan so tang len 2 lan.

2.7.3 Hien tng trung song

Hien tng trung song lam giam ang ke kha nang cach am cua ket cau co the giai thch nh sau:

Hnh 2.11. Hien tng trung song Khi song am (bc song k) ti ket cau vi goc ti 0, di tac dung cua ap suat am, b dao ong uon cng bc vi bc song T: T = k /sin0 (m) Neu goi uo la bc song uon rieng cua ket cau th hien tng trung song xay ra khi T = uo(*).Nh vay, se co nhieu tan so xay ra trung song v moi song am co the tm thay 1 goc 0 thch hp e ieu kien (*) thoa man. Tuy nhien hien tng trung song ch xay ra khi k = uo v sin0 1.Do o ton tai 1 tan so nho nhat ma bat au t o se xay ra hien tng trung song.Tan so nay c goi la tan so gii han, k hieu fgh tng ng vi ieu kien 0 = 90o(khi o k = uo). Tan so ti han co the xac nh theo cong thc: fgh Vi: =Co2 / 1,8 C1.d = Co2 / 1,8 C1.d.(p/e)1/2

Co : van toc am trong khong kh( m/s) C1 : van toc song doc trong ket cau (m/s). d: chieu day ket cau(m) p: khoi lng rieng cua vat lieu(kg/m3).

e: he so an hoi(modun young). Vay tan so gii han phu thuoc vao o cng cua ket cau,he so mat mat va t le nghch vi chieu day ket cau. Trong bang o tan so gii han cua ket cau bang cac vat lieu khac nhau khi chieu day bang 1cm.Muon xac nh tan so gii han cua ket cau ong chat co chieu day x(cm), can phai chia tr so trong bang cho x.

VAT LIEU Cao su Lie (go bac) Polixtiren n Thep Nhom Ch Knh Gach ac Betong Thach cao Go

KHOI LNG RIENG kg/cm3 1000 250 14 7800 2700 10600 2500 2000-2500 2300 1000 600

fgh 85000 18000 14000 1000 1300 8000 1200

Hz

2500 -5000 1800 4000 6000 -18000

Bang 2.2. Bang tan so gii han cua ket cau(fgh) khi chieu day 1cm

Do hien tng trung song, trong pham vi tan so gii han, kha nang cach am cua ket cau se giam mot cach ang ke. o giam ln nhat xay ra tai tan so gii han, k hieu R (dB).

Theo ket qua nghien cu thc nghiem cua Meisser,o giam kha nang cach am tai tan so gii han co the lay: Cac vat lieu co he so mat mat ln nhat nh cao su, lin,ch,o giam cach am
R 6dB so vi ng thc nghiem.

Cac vat lieu co he so mat mat trung bnh nh polixtrien n,betong,thach cao va go,o giam cach am R 8dB. Cac vat lieu co he so mat mat nho nh thep, nhom,knh,gach ac va betong d ng lc, o giam cach am R 10dB. Sau tan so gii han,kha nang cach am cua ket cau tr lai tang nhanh va tan so f>2 fgh co the xac nh theo cong thc cua Cremen L: R=20lg( .fgh.m/Co) + 30lg f/fgh+10lg -3 tan so nay,he so mat mat co vai tro quan trong trong cach am cua ket cau. Khi he so mat mat tang gap oi, kha nang cach am tang them 3 dB.

2.7.4. Phng phap gan ung dng ng ac tnh tan so cach am ket cau ong chat
Cac tng bang gach, a, betong thng co lp trat t nhat mot mat.Cac lp trat nay noi chung khong anh hng nhieu en tan so gii han neu nh ket cau u nang.Mat khac phan ong gop nang cao them kha nang cach am cua chung cung rat nho, v vay co the bo qua khi tnh toan.Vai tro quan trong cua lp trat la chung co the bt kn cac khe h trong ket cau, nh o nang cao c kha nang cach am. Phng phap gan ung dng ng ac tnh tan so cach am cua ket cau tren c s ly thuyet a trnh bay c tien hanh theo trnh t sau ay.

 Xac nh kha nang cach am cua ket cau tan so 500 Hz theo nh luat khoi lng. Dng ng thang nghieng 4dB /Octave theo quy luat tan so thc nghiem trong cach am. Xac nh tan so gii han teho ban tan so gii han ket cau (fgh)khi chieu day 1cm. Xac nh giam cach am R tan so gii han phu thuoc he so mat matcua vat lieu. Dng ng ac tnh tan so cach am R.

2.7.5. Vat lieu va ket cau hut am

Giai thch s hut am va phan loai vat lieu : Hut am va phan xa la hai tnh chat quan trong cua cac vat lieu va ket cau xay dng , co anh hng trc tiep en s hnh thanh trng am trong cac phong thnh gia, co lien quan en s phan bo mc am trong phong ,en thi gian am vang,o khuech tan cua trng am, nen on trong phong va do o anh hng en chat lng thu nhan am thanh. Nang lng am b hut, theo nh ngha la phan nang lng am khong phan xa tr lai vao phong sau khi am thanh lan truyen ti ap vao be mat ket cau.Nang lng am b hut gom nang lng b mat mat trong vat lieu, nang lng lan truyen theo ket cau va nang lng am truyen qua ket cau. Nh vay hut am va phan xa la hai khai niem trai ngc nhau. S mat mat nang lng am trong vat lieu va ket cau xay ra do 4 nguyen nhan chnh: Do ma sat nang lng am bien thanh nang lng nhiet.Trong vat lieu

va ket cau hut am co rat nhieu lo rong,song am-song ap suat ti be mat vat lieu,kch thch khong kh trong cac lo rong dao ong, do o tao ra ma sat gia

khong kh va thanh lo, v vay nang lng am b ton that do bien thanh nang lung nhiet. Do khong kh b nen: Nang lng am bien thanh nang lng nhiet.Khong kh trong lo rong ong thi b song am nen lai theo tng chu ky,lam cho nong len.Nhiet lng mi xuat hien nay se truyen qua cac thanh lo va giam dan cung vi ap suat cho en chu ky tiep theo. Nh vay dang mat mat nang lng am th hai cung dng dang nang lng nhiet. Cac thanh lo b bien dang nong len:nang lng am bien thanh nang lng nhiet. Do s khac nhau trong cau truc cua vat lieu, nen khi b song am tac ong trong chu ky nen cac thanh mong hn b bien dang va nung nong nhieu hn.Nang lng nhiet nay c truyen qua sung quanh vakp can bang mot phan,lam giam ap suat trc chu ky dan tiep theo, do o gay ra mat mat nang lng, cung di dang nhiet. Do bien dang d:Nang lng am mat mat di dang c nang.Song am gay ra bien dang trong vat lieu, nhng s bien dang nay say ra khong thuan nghch, ma khi ap suat giam se co bien dang d.Nang lng am b mat co the coi la so hieu so gia nang lng chi ph cho bien dang ang hoi va nang lng vat lieu nhan c e phuc hoi khong hoan toan dang ban au.S mat mat th t co the quy ve danh nang lng c hoc. Theo ac iem c ly cua vat lieu va theo s mat mat nang lng am,ngi ta chia vat lieu va ket cau hut am thanh cac loai : Vat lieu hut am xop gom 2 loai : o Loai co cac thanh lo cng, khong an hoi,hut am do ma sat cua khong kh vi thanh cng do s truyen nhiet cua vat lieu. Thuoc loai nay co betong ,bot gach xop .v..v..

o Loai co cac thanh lo an hoi,s hut am xay ra theo ca 4 nguyen nhan ke tren.Thuoc loai nay co cac loai bong khoang, bong thuy tinh, cac tam si ep mem, cac loai tham det, anvv. Ket cau dao ong cong hng : Hut am do s dao ong cua

mat ket cau di tac dung cua song am.ac biet s hut am manh nhat xay ra vung tan so cong hng cua ket cau.Vi ket cau nay,cac ac tnh c ly cua vat lieu va cac thong so hnh hoc cua cau tao co anh hng ln en ac iem hut am cua no. Ket cau cong hng khong kh :Cung lam viec theo nguyen

tac cong hng nhng la cua khoi khong kh dao ong trong ket cau.S hut am xay ra do ma sat cua khong kh vi thanh ket cau trong mot pham vi tan so kha hep a c tnh toan trc . Loai ket cau hut am phoi hp :c che tao ac biet e phoi hp cac tnh nang hut am cua 3 loai ke tren,nh o kha nang hut am c m rong trong pham vi tan so thng gap trong i song san xuat . Kha nang hut am cua vat lieu va ket cau c anh gia qua he so hut am cac day tan so am t 125 en 4000 Hz thng theo day 1 Octave(hnh ve va cong thc a trnh bay phan he so hut am va lng hut am ). He so hut am cua vat lieu phu thuoc goc ti cua song am.Goc ti cua vat lieu song am (so vi phap tuyen cua vat lieu )cang ln th he so hut am cang giam va o giam cang nhanh khi goc ti cang gan 90o(ti tiep tuyen).Trong thc te am hoc phong,song am ket cau co the coi la khuech tan.V vay tr so co y ngha la he so hut am khuyech tan,o la he so hut am tnh trung bnh cho moi goc ti cua song am,xac nh theo cong thc :

/2

o.sin20 d0

Vi: 0 :la he so hut am vi goc ti 0 cua song am

2.8 Cac vat lieu ket cau hut am

2.8.1 vat lieu hut am xop
Vat lieu xop cau tao bi nhng thanh cng va khe h ngoan ngoeo hoac lo h nho cha ay khong kh.Khac vi vat lieu cach nhiet,cac khe h trong vat lieu hut am khong b ong kn ma c thong qua ,mat ngoai cua vat lieu.Trong 4 nguyen nhan hut am cua 2 loai vat lieu xop(loai thanh lo cng va loai thanh lo an hoi) th nguyen nhan tieu hao nang lng nhiet do ma sat la ln nhat.

2.12. Bong hut am va anh hng cua chieu day en kha nang hut am.
Cac loai bong khoang, bong thuy tinh,cac che pham t si(det,an) la loai vat lieu hut am thanh tan so cao so vi tan so thap. Khi chieu day vat lieu tang len,kha nang hut am cung tang len, nhng chu yeu tan so thap. Cac loai bong xop con c che tao thanh cac tam ep na cng(t bong khoang,thuy tinh, si go, vo bao, ba ma, rm ra, s davv.)kch thc co the la 40x40 en 60x120cm, b mat co the e tran tho hoac phu them 1 lp sn hoa van trang tr (nhng khong ong kn cac lo h).

Khi s dung co the ac trc tiep len mat ket cau bao che cua phong hoac tao thanh 1 lp khong kh pha sau no. Kha nang hut am se thay oi theo cach che tao va lap at va xay dng. Chu y rang bong khoang va bong thuy tinh can co mot lp che mat ngoai thoang h(nh vai, li kim loai, tam uc lo bang go hoac kim loai),con cac tam ep na cng cung khong the chu c cac va ap manh nen khong thch hp s dung nhnng cao o thap.

2.8.2 Ket cau dao ong cong hng hut am

Cau tao cua no gom mot tam mong,c ong hoac dan tren mot sn go hoac kim loai, cach mat tng 1 lp khong kh. Tam mong c che tao t go dan, go van, thach cao, ximang,c hat deo.vv khi song am ti mat ket cau, di tac dung cua suat am, tam mong se b dao ong(b ay ve pha sau va keo ve pha trc theo chu k nen va dan cua song am),do o 1 phan nang lng am se bien thanh c nang va nhiet nang e thang noi ma sat cua vat lieu.Mat khac, ket cau giong 1 he thong dao ong c hoc( tam mong va khoi lng, khong kh pha sau no la lo xo),co 1 so dao ong rieng va khi tan so am ti ket cau trung vi no se xay ra cong hng o ket cau se dao ong rat manh, va kha nang hut am se at cc ai cac tan so nay. Tan so cong hng fo tng ng vi he so hut am at cc ai co the xac nh theo cong thc: fo = 600 /(m.d)1/2 vi : m:khoi lng tam mong(kg/m2) d:chieu day cua lp khong kh pha sau no(cm)

Hnh 2..13. Bieu o tren xac nh tan so cong hng fo theo m, b, d Bieu o tren xac nh tan so cong hng fo, con xet them anh hng cua chieu rong tam mong b (khoang cach gia cac sn e tam mong). Bieu o cho thay kha nang hut am cua ket cau co tnh chat la chon tan so ro ret va tan so cong hng cua ket cau thng nam vung tan so thap. Chnh v vay ma ket cau nay co ten la ket cau hut am tan so thap. Ket cau cang nang va cng, kha nang hut am cang yeu,ket cau nhe deo, kha nang hut am tang len ro ret. Ket cau hut am theo kieu tam dao ong co u iem: ket cau n gian, chu c va ap, de lam sach va ac biet co the che tao c b mat dang bat k, va lam phong phu noi that, va lam tang them tnh khuyech tan cua trng am trong phong.

2.8.3 Ket cau cong hng khong kh

Chung ta hay lam quen vi ket cau hut am nay bat au t ong cong hng Helmholtz, co cau tao nh hnh sau:

Hnh 2.14. ong cong hng. Ong cong hng nh mot he thong dao ong ma khong kh mieng ong la khoi lng con khong kh trong ong la lo xo. S mat mat nang lng am chu yeu di dang nhiet do ma sat cua khong kh vi thanh lo( phan co).V vay neu tai ay co dan them 1 lp vai th ma sat se tang len va kha nang hut am se tang theo. Ket cau hut am rat manh va ro ret tai mot pham vi hep, tan so xung quanh tan so cong hng fo, xac nh theo cong thc:

fo vi :

Co S 2 (2 + 1,6 R)V

Co:van toc am trong khong kh(cm/s) i: chieu day phan co(cm) R: ban knh co(cm)

S: dien tch tiet dien co(cm2) V: the tch khong kh phan than ong (cm3) Con lng hut am cc ai cua ong cong hng co the xac nh gan ung theo cong thc:
1 Co 2 o = A = 2 6,28 fo
2

Vi : o: bc song tng ng vi tan so cong hng fo. Nh vay, bang cach thay oi cac kch thc cua ong, chung ta co the cau tao cac ong hut am cho bat k tan so nao .Cac ong cong hng nh vay ngay nay khong con c s dung ma ch tm thay mot so nha th co Chau Au. Tuy nhien ieu thu v la khi ap dung nguyen tac hut am nay, ngi ta a tao c mot loai ket cau hut am mi, co the s dung trong cac cong trnh hien ai, o la cac ket cau uc lo hut am theo nguyen tac cong hng khong kh. Moi 1 lo va the tch khong kh pha sau no, tuy khong co cac thanh phan chia nhng lam viec giong nh mot ong cong hng, cac lp vai dan ngoai (hoac trong) co vai tro lam tang ma sat.Khi ieu chnh cac thong so cua lo va lp khong kh, chung ta co the ieu chnh pham v tan so hut am. Cac tam uc lo co the lam bang go, kim loai, nha, thach cao tron bong thuy tinh hoac bong khoang vv Tren b mat cac tam co the uc lo hay xe ranh.

2.8.4 Ket cau hut am phoi hp

Ba loai ket cau hut am phoi hp noi tren co kha nang hut am phoi hp manh 3 vung tan so khac nhau: Vat lieu xop hut am vung tan so cao. Cac tam dao ong hut am vung tan so thap. Cac tam uc lo hut am vung tan so trung bnh. Neu phoi hp chung lai vi nhau se c mot loai ket cau mi co kha nang hut am manh trong mot vung tan so rong hn.

 Kieu 1: at cac tam bang vat lieu xop(tam ep mem) cach tng 1 lp khong kh kha nang hut am tan so thap tang len nh hieu qua lao ong cua tam. Kieu 2: Mat ngoai la tam mong uc lo, phao sau at vat lieu xop cach tam uc lo mot tam khe khong kh. Pha sau tam mong uc lo co the dan them 1 lp vai. Kha nang hut amcua ket cau tang len va m rong ro ret.

Hnh 2.15.mot so tam vat lieu hut am.

Khi s dung ket cau phoi hp kieu 2 can lu y: Kha nang phoi hp 3 tnh chat hut am cua 3 loai ket cau noi tren ch xay ra khi dien tch cac lo h tren b mat ket cau tng oi nho( dien tch lo di 20% so vi dien tch b mat). Khi dien tch cac lo h ln, tam uc lo se khong tham gia vao c che hut am. Ma ch lam nhiem vu cua 1 tam che mat ngoai, bao ve lp vat lieu hut am xop.Khi o ket cau ch hut am nh 1 vat lieu xop c s dung trong ket cau.

Tan so Hz 63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000

He so tieu am Vat lieu Betong Betong sn

Gach mach xay

1 0,01 0,01
khong 0,15

2 0,02 0,01 0,15 0,30 0,10 0,15 0,04

3 0,02 0,01 0,19 0,20 0,10 0,11 0,04

4 0.02 0,01 0,21 0,15 0,10 0,10 0,07

5 0,02 0,02 0,28 0,10 0,08 0,06 0,06

6 0,01 0,02 0,36 0,06 0,08 0,07 0,06

7 0,04 0,02 0,46 0,04 0,11 0,07 0,07

8 0,04 0,02

Ca co lap knh Tng op van San ghep go

0,30 0,10 0,15

0,04 0,11 0,07

San ghep go phu 0,04 nha Asfalt Cao su day 50mm 0,04 tren betong Nem bang bong 0,05 khoang day 50mm Nem bang bong 0,15 day 100mm Si Bazalt sieu 0,15

0,04

0,04

0,08

0,20

0,08

0,04

0,04

0,05

0,26

0,80

0,93

0,15

0,75

0,08

0,08

0,05

0,27

0,05

0,65

0,72

0,64

0,64

manh day 50mm Cac tam nem bang 0,05 si t 0,24 0,31 0,65 0,69

Bang 2.3. He so am trung bnh cua vat lieu & ket cau xay dng

2.9 Cac bien phap cach am

2.9.1 Cac nguyen tac c ban cach am trong cong nghiep:

Cach am khong kh cua cac ket cau ngan che: cac ket cau a dang nhng ve mat am hoc co the chia chung 2 loai c ban: Ket cau 1 lp :( bao gom ca ket cau nhieu lp nhng co lien ket cng vi nhau tren suot be mat cua chung).Khi chu tac ong cua song am ket cau phan ng nh 1 khoi ong nhat. Ket cau nhieu lp: gia chung la khe h khong kh hoac 1 vai lp vat lieu hut am,khi chu tac ong cua song am,noi lp co phan ng khac nhau. Ket cau 2 lp:co khe khong kh gia(co hay kong co vat lieu hut am) ve mat c hoc lam viec giong nh 1 he thong 2 khoi lng m1 va m2 lien ket vi nhau bi 1 lo xo,khe khong kh cang ln,lc an hoi cua lo xo cang giam.

Hnh 2.15. ket cau cach am hai lp. Song am ti ap vao song th nhat, se gay ra dao ong uon cua tam.Dao ong c truyen qua khe khong kh(lo xo) sang tam th 2 lam cho no cung dao ong theo va cung tr thanh nguon am mi bc xa vao phong cach am. Kha nang cach am cua ket cau 2 lp phu thuoc khoi lng 2 tam(m1,m2) va cac hien tng cong hng cua toan he thong, cua moi tam va cua moi khe khong kh.

Ket cau 3 lp: neu trong ket cau 2 lp chia oi 1 trong 2 lp chu lc,Octa se ket cau 3 lp luc o kha nang cach am se c nang cao them.Trong thc te cac ket cau 3 lp ieu nang,ch s dung trong nhng trng hp ac biet.Ngc lai ket cau 3 lp nhe mi that s ang c quan tam.Ve mat am hoc,ket cau 3 lp cung co nhng tan so gii han cua moi lp va tan so cong hng cua 2 khe khong kh.Anh hng cac ng truyen am gian tiep:am thanh t phong co nguon on cung ap vao cac ket cau ke vi ket cau phan cach 2 phong roi lan truyen theo ket cau nha ca roi xam nhap vao phong cach am.o la ng truyen am gian tiep. Cac ket cau khong ong nhat ve cach am:o la nhng ket cau co kha nang cach am khong nh nhau tren suot be mat, nh trong trng hp co ca so, ca i, cac lo va khe hvv. Anh hng cua cac khe va lo h en cach am:khi tren ket cau co cac lo va khe h,am thanh se truyen qua chung kha de dang.Tuy kha nang cach am cua chung khong phai bang khong ma phu thuoc vao kch thc lo h. Kha nang cach am cua ca i va ca so:ca i va ca so la bo phan cach am yeu nhat. V chung thng co nhieu day be, trong lng nho va kho bt kn cac lo va khe h

2.9.2 Cach am va cham cho san nha

Ket cau san 1 lp noi chung khong ap ng nhu cau cach am va cham.V vay bien phap co hieu qua e cach am va cham cho san la cau tao san nhieu lp,cac lp khong kh lien ket vi nhau(lp co khong kh gian cach)hoac co lp an hoi gia chung. Hai loai san nay c s dung nhieu trong nha cong nghiep:san 2 lp cach biet,lien ket an gia 2 lp at theo chu vi va san nha co can treo,tren cac lien ket an hoi(lo xo) treo tran va tam chu lc.

2.9.3 Nhng bien phap cach am pho bien

Giam tieng on tren ng lan truyen.

 Vo cach am, buong cach am. Man chan tieng on Op vat lieu hut am trong phong. Chong tieng on kh ong :trong ng ong viec giam tieng on t nguon rat kho thc hien,cho nen dung cac keu am khac nhau e giam tieng on tren ng lan truyen.ay cung la bien phap hieu qua nhat e chong tieng on kh ong. Buong tieu am: la 1 hnh thc m rong dng ong dan kh,kch thc cua buong xap x hoac ln hn bc song am ti.Mat trong theo chu vi cua buong co op vat lieu hut am. Ong tieu am:la ong co vat lieu hut am bao quanh,khi o vo trong phai c uc lo(hoac lam bang li sat)con vo ngoai lam kn e tranh ro kh. Tam tieu am : la cac tam bang vat lieu hut am at song song va cach ieu nhau trong ng ong dan kh.Trong cac ng ong bang gach hay betong,cach tam vat lieu hut am co the lap tren he sn bang go.

Chng III: CAC SO LIEU VE NHA MAY PHAT IEN, NGUON PHAT SINH ON VA C S LY THUYET CUA NO
3.1 Cac so lieu ve nha at may phat ien va cac so lieu k thuat cua

nha may phat ien.

3.1.1 Nha at may phat ien (goi tat la NP)
Co kch thc: dai 15,3m;ngang 12,0m;cao 7,8m. NP ve pha ong toa nha cong nghe cao E TOWN(goi tat la E.T) cach nhau 17,0m. NP giap vi nha at may bien the. T NP en tng rao sat ng Ap Bac khoang 13,0m.Cac pha Bac, Nam cua NP eu co nha xng thuoc REE. ng Cong Hoa pha Bac NP.

3.1.2 So lieu ve may phat ien

Hang san xuat WESTAC;Hieu POWERPAC Model WPC 1500 Cong Suat 1500KVA Toc o quay 1500 vong/phut. Tieu thu nhien lieu 299ht/h ( 100% tai). ong c CUMMINS (USA) Model QSK 45G6 -12 xilanh, kieu V4 th. Lu lng khong kh hut e lam mat may 4350 1/s = 15666 m3/h. Lu lng gio e ot nhien lieu 1665 1/s = 5994 m3/h Nhiet o cua khong kh nong thai ra theo ong khoi 5100C. Tan so am cua may phat ien co u cac giai t 250Hz en 12.000Hz; nhng khu vc tap trung cong suat am at en 120 dBA. pha ng vao may phat ien tan so co thap hn (t 3000 -4000Hz)va tieng on cung nho hn au ra thng at en 110 dBA. Trong ieu kien can anh gia yeu cau k thuat con can biet phong(nen) on cua khu vc ng Ap Bac, ng Cong Hoa va do sinh hoat dan c (quan co m loa am nhac, c s san xuat, dch vu). Tan so on giao thong va sinh hoat cung co u cac tan t 250Hz

8000Hz nhng tap trung nhat la t 500 1000 Hz (rieng ve on giao thong 250 750Hz). Mc on cua mot may phat ien o cach 7,5m la 92,4 dBA; o cach 1m la 116,6 dBA va khi ca hai may hoat ong cung mot luc het cong suat la 119,65 dBA 120 dBA. Hai may phat ien at gia NP pha au may(gio nong ra)sat vi buong tieu am ca thai gio nong pha sau may( nhan gio ti)cach tng NP la 5,4m.

3.2. Tm hieu nguon phat sinh on

e co c bien phap chong on thch hp can phai xac nh chnh xac nguon phat sinh ra tieng on va phng thc lan truyen cua no. Theo tm hieu th nguon phat sinh ra tieng on t nha phat ien co cac nguon phat sinh chu yeu sau. Khi may phat ien hoat ong no sinh ra tieng on kh ong t viec lay gio ti vao may cung nh viec thai gio nong vao buong trung gian.Tieng on nay co tr so ln lan truyen manh va xa trong khong kh. Khi may phat ien hoat ong no sinh ra tieng on va cham va lan truyen qua khoi may,cau truc va qua ket cau nha. Nh vay ta thay khi may phat ien hoat ong chung sinh ra tieng on kh ong va tieng on va cham. Chung lan truyen qua khong kh va ket cau nha t nha at may ra moi trng xung quanh.

3.3. C s ly thuyet cua viec chong on

3.3.1 Chong on kh ong
Viec giam tieng on kh ong tai nguon rat kho khan cho nen ta phai giam tieng on tren ng lan truyen.Chu yeu la dung cac buong tieu am.Tiet dien ngang cau buong tieu am phai ln hn nhieu so vi tiet dien ngang cua ong dan kh vao.

Trong buong tieu am at cac vat lieu hut am,at quanh chu vi cua buong at cac tam doc hoac cac tam ngang, hoac at ca tam doc va ngang thanh ra cac hp tieu am.e am bao c o on cho phep trong cong trnh, th cac he thong thong gio, ieu tiet khong kh co trang b he thong buong tieu am tren ng hut, tren ng thoi khong kh . T c s ly thuyet tren ta co the s dung bien phap ket cau hut am phoi hp cho viec cai tao tieng on lan truyen trong khong kh,bien phap nay cho phep hut am manh trong mot vung tan so rong.

3.3.2 Chong tieng on va cham.

Viec giam tieng on va cham ta phai bat au ngay tai nguon phat sinh,ay la bien phap chu yeu, ta can lam tot ngay t khau thiet ke che tao lap atcho en khau van hanh s dung. T c s ly thuyet tren ta co the s dung bien phap cach ly e may va san nha,cung nh viec tang khoi lng cua e may e ha thap trong tam cua may theo nguyen ly dao ong cua canh tay on.

CHNG IV: TNH TOAN THIET KE KET CAU CHONG ON CHO NHA PHAT IEN
4.1 Xac nh mc on tai toa nha ETOWN. Do nguon on t nha may phat ien truyen ti.
e xac nh c mc on tai toa nha ETOWN ta ap dung cong thc: LR = L0 20lg.R Trong o: LR : mc on tai toa nha ETOWN (dBA)
Ri 8+ Ph 1000

(1)

R: khoang cach t nha at may phat ien en toa nha ETOWN R= 17 m L0: tieng on sat tng nha phat ien tc la tieng on trong nha phat ien sau khi qua khoi tng,truyen ra ngoai: (dBA) L0 =95100 (dBA)
Ri : mc giam on co gia tr khi R >1000 (mm)

thc te ay R = 17 m nen khong tnh Ri v qua nho. Tr so 8 trong cong thc la tnh theo v tr nguon am at tren mat phang 2 nen lay tr so lg2 = 8 Ph : tan so cua ieu kien truyen am t tan Ph = 57 (dBA) neu truyen co hng xac nh th Ph = 1 trng hp ang xet la nguon am hng ra khoi tng nha phat ien gan nh thang goc nen Ph = 1

Thay tr so vao cong thc 1 ta co: LR = L0 20lg.R Ri 8+ Ph 1000

LR = 100 -20lg17 -8 +1 LR = 100 24,6 -8 +1 =68,4 (dBA) Nh vay yeu cau ket cau cach am, tieu am toi thieu phai giam on cua ket cau tnh theo % phai at 43%

4.2 Xac nh mc on tai trc mat day nha ng Ap Bac. (ch xet nguon on cua nha phat ien truyen ti )
Mat tien day nha ng Ap Bac lien tuc chu tieng on xe co: Vao gi cao iem 6h 45 en 11h30 va t 11h30 en 20h,on o tai tam le ng la : 79 81 (dBA) Vao cac gi khong cao iem : 75 -79 dBA Vao ban em : 50 52 dBA e xac nh mc on tai ay ta cung ap dung cong thc: LR = L0 20lg.R Trong o: LR : mc on tai toa nha ng Ap Bac (dBA) R: khoang cach t nha at may phat ien en ng Ap Bac L0: tieng on sat tng nha phat ien tc la tieng on trong nha phat ien sau khi qua khoi tng,truyen ra ngoai: (dBA) L0 =95100 (dBA)
Ri : mc giam on co gia tr khi R >1000 (mm)

Ri 8+ Ph 1000

(2)

thc te ay R = 16 m nen khong tnh Ri v qua nho.

Tr so 8 trong cong thc la tnh theo v tr nguon am at tren mat phang 2 nen lay tr so lg2 = 8 Ph : tan so cua ieu kien truyen am t tan Ph = 57 (dBA) neu truyen co hng xac nh th Ph = 1 trng hp ang xet la nguon am hng ra theo cac ca gio ti,hng ra khoi tng nha phat ien gan nh thang goc nen Ph = 1 Thay tr so vao cong thc 1 ta co: LR =100 20lg16 8+1 = 100 24 -8 +1 = 68 dBA Nh vay yeu cau ket cau cach am toi thieu khi truyen en mat trc day toa nha Ap Bac cung phai giam la L = 120-68 =52 dBA. Tnh ra mc hieu qua can giam on cua ket cau tnh theo phan tram la 43,3 %. Tren c s a xac nh c mc o on can giam tai nha ETWON va mat trc day nha ng Ap Bac cung nh da vao tieu chuan Viet Nam ve tieng on ta co the la chon vat lieu va phng phap cach am thch hp.

4.3 Xay dng ket cau cach am va tieu am cho cac chi tiet e co the at c yeu cau a tnh toan.
Ket cau am va tieu am chnh di ay: 4.3.1. Mai nha, tran nha: Ton 1mm tren cung Cac xa go thep at cach eu vi cac xa thep at cach eu 1,5m hai au gac vao tng. Tran la tam an betong day 25mm co uc lo cha khe h 100mm, tiep o la san betong cot thep day100mm, ke tiep cha mot khe h 100mm, tiep en

la lp bong thuy tinh day 50mm. Cuoi cung la ton 2mm uc lo 4 cach eu 15mm. 4.3.2. Bon mat tng NP co lp cach am,tieu am:Ngoai cung xay lp gach 100mm trat va, ke tiep e trong 100mm, xay tng trong gach 4 lo:100mm ke tiep op bong thuy tinh day 50mm va lp ngoai cung la ton 2mm uc lo 4, cach eu 15mm ap chat lp bong thuy tinh. 4.3.3. Mat tng cua buong tieu am ni gio nong thoi ra giap vi nha at may bien the: Tng 2 lp gach 200mm roi e h 100mm, xay tng 100mm sau tng gach op lp bong thuy tinh 50mm va ben ngoai la ton 2mm uc lo. 4.3.4. Ca gio ti vi cac tam tieu am: moi may phat ien co mot bo ca lay gio ti cao 3600 x rong 3600mm, sau 1200mm co thiet ke s bo nh sau: hang th nhat gom cac tam bong thuy tinh day 100 mm, hai ben op ton 2 mm mot ben uc lo 4 cach eu 15mm hai tam cach eu nhau 100 mm , hang th 2 at cach hang th 1 la 100 mm , ng tam cua tam bong thuy tinh th 2 nam tren ng tam cua khe h 100 mm hang th 1 4.3.5. Ca thai gio nong: co bo tieu am dai 11,0m, rong 2,5m, sau 2,0m. Cau tao cua hop tieu am ay la cac tam bong thuy tinh day 100mm ep gia 2 tam ton 2mm,2 mat uc lo 4 cach eu 15 mm dai 1000 tao thanh mot hang th nhat co so tam la 11000 : 204 = 54+1 =55 tam tc la khoang 54 khe rong. Hang cac tam bong thuy tinh th 2 cung hoan toan giong nh trc nhng tam cua cac tam bong thuy tinh at vao gia ng tam cua khe rong va au hang 1 cach hang 2 la 100mm, tc la toan bo hop tieu am co be sau la 2,1 m (1,0m hang 1 + 0,1 khe h + 1,0 m hang 2). Ngay khi gio nong ra khoi may phat ien qua ca cao 2,0m, rong 3,0m, vao buong tieu am ng cao 7,8m x ngang 2,0m, rong 12,0m.Sau bo tieu am at tren cung buong tieu am ng la mot buong dai 6,0m;cao 3,4m, rong

12,0m.Trc khi gio thoat ra ngoai tren san thng Nha at may bien the, gio con qua ca thoat gio,chan nc ma hat cao 2,2m, rong 12,0m. 4.3.6. Ong khoi moi may phat ien:hai ong khoi ng knh ong khoi 250mm. Khi nong,khoi trong may phat ien trc khi e au ong khoi a qua bo phan loc,tieu am kem theo cua nha may(thng qua o at nhieu ni cho thay mc giam am t 6 8 dBA). 4.3.7. Ca ra vao:rong 2,0m x cao 2,5m. Cau tao cua ca nay bao gom ton 2mm 1 lp tiep theo lp bong thuy tinh day 50mm,ke en ton 1,6mm uc lo 4 cach eu 15mm khe h 100mm;tiep la tam ton 2 lp gia la lp bong thuy tinh nh tam trc.

4.4 Chong tieng on va cham truyen qua ket cau, nen mong t nha phat ien en toa nha E.town va xung quanh.
Tieng on va cham truyen qua ket cau nen mong o la mot ket cau cng.Mot phan do nha phat ien nam khong xa ETOWN cho nen song am truyen qua ket cau cng that s co anh hng mot mc on nhat nh en nha ETOWN.Tai o co the xay ra hien tng cong hng lam tang o on rat kho xac nh bang o ac. Tnh tan so may phat ien truyen theo nen mong mc thap ang quan tam theo cong thc thc nghiem: f =
n.N Hz 37,74

n: Vong quay cua may ay la 1500 V/phut N: So Xy lanh ay la 12 f =

1500 x12. = 477 Hz 37,74

e khac phuc han che toi a s lan truyen nang lng am tang so thap theo nen mong .

au tien ta tao cho may mot mong bang betong co chieu day 0.7m, chon sau di nen momg nha phat ien 0.5m, chieu dai va chieu rong ln hn e may 0.2m, va c noi chac vi e cua may phat ien e lam giam trong tam cua may xuong thap hn so vi bnh thng.

Tiep theo ta ao mot mng rong 0.7m; sau 1.2m o ay cat xay dng chay bao quanh nha phat ien. Tren mat mng phu tam an thng. Vi bien phap tren co the am bao cho tieng on nha phat ien truyen ti E.town at yeu cau cho phep.

CHNGV: TNH KIEM TRA MC CACH AM, TIEU AM CHO CAC CHI TIET.
5.1. ieu kien at ra e tnh kiem tra kha nang cach am, tieu am cua cac chi tiet a thiet ke.
Ta at ieu kien khi a xay dng xong ket cau cach am, tieu am th LR tai toa nha ETOWN va mat tien day nha ng Ap Bac eu at yeu cau cua TCVN la 40 dBA e xac nh c o on sau khi ra khoi nha phat ien. Khu vc T 16h en 18h 1. khu vc can ac biet yen tnh: Benh vien, th vien, nha thieu nhi, nha ieu dng, nha tre, trng hoc, nha th, chua chien. 50 Thi gian T 18h en 22h 45 T 22h en 6h 40

2. khu dan c, khach san, nha ngh, c quan hanh chnh, 3. khu dan c xen ke trong khu vc thng mai, dch vu, san xuat.

60

55

50

75

70

50

Bang 5.1.TCVN ve tieng on

5.1.1.Yeu cau mc on tai nha ETOWN t nguon on truyen en at TCVN, ta co:

Thay tr so vao cong thc (1) LR = L0 20lgR 8 + Ph =>L0 = 40 + 20lg17 +8 -1 =40 +24,6 +7 = 71,6 (BA) tai mieng ca lay gio ti cung vay, yeu cau L0 = 71,6 dBA

5.1.2.Yeu cau mc on tai mat trc day nha dng ap bac t nguon on truyen en at TCVN Thay tr so vao cong thc (1) LR = L0 20lgR 8 + Ph =>L0 = 40 + 20lg16 +8 -1=40 +24 +7 =71 dBA Va neu khi hai may phat ien chay het cong suat,tieng on trong NP ni tam iem 2 may se la 120 dBA.

STT

L0( dAB)

R(m)

LR ( dBA) E.Town

LR ( dBA ) ng ap bac

Tong mc on can giam L = ( 120 L0 ) 48.4

Mat tng ngoai NP oi dien E.Town: 71.6

17

40

Mat ngoai ca gio ti:71.6

17

40

48.4

Tai au ong khoi:71

28

40

40

49

Mat ngoai ca thai gio nong: 71

16

40

40

49

Mat ngoai ca ra vao

32

40

48.4

NP :71.6

Bang 5.2 : Xac nh mc on tnh toan can giam xuong cac iem NP

5.2. Tnh tieu am cua cac lp vat lieu tng gach, tran betong op tam tieu am.
Cau tao cua cac lp cach am,tieu am co the gay ra hien tng cong hng am thanh.Neu tan so cong hng fo (Hz) nam trong khoang tan so am cua may phat ien vi mat o nang lng am tap trung nhat 3000 Hz en 5000 Hz th tac dung tieu am tot.Theo kinh nghiem ma cac chuyen gia am hoc khuyen cao th cac ket cau tieu am can tnh toan a fo xuong thap hn 100 Hz khong b giam hieu qua cua kha nang tieu am.

Trong ieu kein ket cau tng bon ben va tran NP, tnh fo nh nhau: o =59.5
P1 + P2 d ( P1 .P2 )

(Hz)

(2)

P1,P2 Trong lng 1 m2 tnh ra kg lp vat lieu th nhat va thh hai, (kg/m2) d -khe h gia hai lp vat lieu, (m). Hoac co the dung cong thc: o =
600 m.d

(Hz)

(3)

m Khoi lng cua tam op ngoai cung, (kg/m2 ). d Be rong khe khong kh,(cm). 5.2.1. Tnh o cua ket cau tran NP. P1 - trong lng 1 m2 be tong day 100mm la 230kg/m2.Bong thuy tinh s dung lam lp tieu am o kiem tra lai trong phong th nghiem ve sinh L va Kiem soat moi trng cua Phan vien BHL tai Tp.HCM xac nh la 220 kg/m2.

- fo tnh theo cong thc (2) :

o =59,5

254,5 230 + 24,5 = 59,5 = 40 Hz 563,5 0,1(203.24,5)

-fo tnh theo cong thc (3) :

o =

600 24,5.10

600 = 38,5 Hz 15,6

Hai cach eu tng ng nhau ve tan so cong hng nho hn 100 Hz nen cac lp ket cau vat lieu cach am khong anh hng g en hieu qua cuoi cung. ieu tren cung chng to ket luan rat chnh xac cua cac chuyen gia chong on la ket cau nang va cng kha nang hut am yeu, ket cau nhe, deo kha nang hut am nhieu hn. Cu the tran NP la ket cau cng nen kha nang tieu am cong hng khong ang ke.

5.2.2. oi vi o cua 4 bc tng NP.

Cung tnh theo cong thc (2)

o = 59,5

11,6 110 + 24,5 = 59,5 = 42 Hz 16,4 0,1(110.24,5)

Trng hp nay fo cang nho nen ket cau cung khong co anh hng g en hieu qua tieu am. Cung nh vay cac mat ket cau cua mat tng buong tieu am khu vc thai gio nong, tan so fo cung se bang hoac thap hn trng hp A va B a tnh nh tren. Ngoai ra khi tnh toan kha nang tieu am cua ket cau at song song con lai phai kiem tra hien tng trung song.Hien tng nay neu xay ra ung vi tan so may phat ien se lam giam ang ke kha nang tieu am cua toan he thong.Trong chuyen mon ngi ta tnh tan so nho nhat ma o bat au xuat hien trung song,ky hieu fgh. fgh =
C 02 1,8.C1 .d

(Hz)

(4)

Co Toc o am thanh trong khong kh,m/s .C0 = 331+0,61.t,m/s. Trong tnh toan thng lay C0 = 340 m/s. t- Nhiet o khong kh,0C. C1- Van toc doc trong ket cau,m/s. Song doc trong gach C1 = 3650 m/s;trong betong cot thep C1=4500 m/s;C1 thep 6100 m/s d- Chieu day ket cau,m. Tnh fgh cho 3 loai lp vat lieu chu yeu: 1. fgh cua tam san betong : fgh =
(340) 2 115600 = = 105,28 Hz 1,8.3650.0,1 1098

2. fgh cua tng gach 1 lp 100mm: fgh =

(340) 2 115600 = = 176 Hz 1,8.3650.0,1 657

3. fgh cua tam bang mong (tole 2,0 mm):

(340) 2 115600 = = 5264 Hz fgh = 1,8.6100.0,02 21,96

Tat ca cac fgh tnh tren eu nam ngoai tan so ac trng cua may phat ien 3000 -5000Hz.Theo thc nghiem th cac vat lieu cng nh thep, nhom, gach, betong vv o giam cach am co the at en 10 dBA tc la trng hp co the cach am,tieu am thiet ke cho NP khong chu anh hng tan so fo va fgh ,tc la khong b giam o cach am. 5.2.3. Tnh mc tieu am cua 4 bc tng va tran NP. Goi mc tieu am L (dBA) s dung cong thc do cac nha khoa hoc chong tieng on cua Lien Xo xay dng tren c s tnh tieu am cua nguon on truyen theo cac pha at tren mat nen.
L = 10 lg

( B1 + 8 .R 2 ).B2 ( B2 + 8 .R 2 ).B1

(dBA)

(5)

B1,B2 Hang so hut am cua phong trc va sau khi op vat lieu tieu am,m2.

B1,B2 goi la :

B=

tb .S 1 tb

(6)

tb He hut am trung bnh cac lp vat lieu cua phong ang tnh. S dien tch tng, tran, nen tham gia vao kha nang tieu am, m2. R khoang cach t nguon on en be mat ket cau hut am, (m). Trng hp cu the

hai may phat ien at sat nhau nguon on co tam tai than may va R =4m B1 =
tb .S 1 tb

S dien tch tng 4 mat cong tran tr i dien tch cac ca gio ti ,mieng thai gio nong cua may phat ien,ca ra vao va lo e at quat hut tren tng. S = (7,3x14,8)2 (2,0x2,5+0,5x0,5)+(11,6x7,3)2-[(3,6x3,6)2+(2,2x3,0)2]=340m2 Tnh B2 tra bang xac nh bong thuy tinh la 0,66 va t.b=0,352 oi vi nen nha xem nh khong tnh op cac tam vat lieu hut am nen khong ke en Va : B1 = Tnh :B2 =
0,043 x340 14,62 = = 15,1m 2 1 0,043 0,967 0,352 x340 119,68 = = 184,7 m 2 0,648 0,648
(15,1 + 8 x3,14 x 4 2 )184,7 = 8,7 dBA 184,7 + 8 x3,14 x 4 2 )15,1

Tnh ra L = 10 lg

Kha nang hut, tieu am cua cac tam lp bong thuy tinh a ha tieng on tai mat tng trong NP pha oi dien nha E.TOWN la 110 8,7 = 101,3 dBA. (Ch mat phang nay chu mc am 101,3 dBA la ang quan tam nhat xem xet kha nang chong on cho nha E.TOWN, cac mat phang khac trong NP se khong co tac dung mc on LR thap hn trng hp ang noi). 5.2.4. Tnh mc cach am bang ket cau cng: tng gach + tam op va betong + tam op. 5.2.4.1. Tnh cho tng gach 2 lp khe trong 100mm gia va op lp bong thuy tinh 50mm.

Dung cong thc thc nghiem ve nh luat khoi lng trong cach am:ket cau xay bang vat lieu se cach am tot hn ong thi con phu thuoc vao tan so at trng cua song am ang tnh(song am co tan so ln cach am hieu qua cao hn tan so thap). Goi kha nang cach am cua ket cau la L c cong thc thc nghiem se la:
L c =20lg.m + 20lg.f 47,5

(dBA)

(7)

Tren la trng hp kch thc ln va khong co lien ket chu vi; con trong ieu kien cac bc tng,tam tran cach am tc la kch thc hu han th cong thc tnh co giam hn:
L c =20lg.m +20lg.f -54

(dBA)

(8)

Trong o m khoi lng cua ket cau tnh theo 1m2, kg/m2. f- tan so am ac trng cua may phat ien(4000Hz). Trng hp cach am bi tng 2 lp gach cong 1 lp vat lieu hut am vi 2 tam ton op 2 ben , m = 222kg/m2 gach + 23kg/m2 = 245 kg/m2.
L c = 20lg.245+20lg.4000 54 = 47,78+72 -54 = 65,48 dBA.

Vay tai mat ngoai tng NP oi dien nha E.TOWN con mc on L c la: 101,3 65,48 = 35,8 dBA = L c Kiem tra tai giai tan thap:nam trong ac trng tieng on giao thong f = 700 Hz
L c = 20lg.245 +20lg.700 54= 47,78 + 56,9 -54 =50,68

L c = 101,3 -50,68 = 50,62 dBA

5.2.4.2. Tnh cho tran betong cot thep co tam an uc lo at tren cong lp bong thuy tinh 50mm op di.
L c =20lg.m + 20lg.4000 -54

m = 230 kg/m2 + 34,5 +23 = 287,5 kg/m2

L c = 20lg.287,5 +20lg.4000 -54 = 49,17 + 72- 54 =67,17

Tai tren mat tran ngoai( tren tam an 25mm uc lo,di mai nha) co L0 c tnh ra: L0 = 104 67,17 = 36,83 dBA

Cung kiem tra lai vi f = 700 Hz

L c = 20lg.287,5+20lg.700 -54 = 50,68 dBA

L0 = 104 50,68 = 53,32 dBA Tat ca cac phep tnh kiem tra eu cho thay ket cau cach am, tieu am at yeu cau hoan toan.So vi so lieu yeu cau at ra ( bang2.1 ) eu thap hn tren 10 dBA.

5.2.5. Tnh cach am ca ra vao.

Cung nh tnh tren : m ca = 23x2 = 46kg/m2
L c =20lg.m +20lg.4000 -54 L c = 20lg.46 +20lg.4000 -54 = 33,25 +72 -54 =51,25 dBA

L0 tieng on c thoat ra khoi ca = 111,3 51,25 = 60,05 dBA Tai ca ra vao tnh ra khi gia cong theo cau tao ca ra vao phong may bien the mc on L0 van at c yeu cau ( so vi so trong bang2.1). Ca ra vao hng ve song song vi nha E.TOWN nen khong lam anh hng ti o.

5.2.6.Tnh tieu am cho ca thai gio nong .

Hai mieng thai gio nong t may phat ien a vao buong tieu am cao 7,0 m x rong 2,0m.Gio oi hng hai lan 900 theo so lieu kinh nghiem lam giam 6 dBA. Nh vay trc cac tam tieu am tieng on la 120 (8,7+6)= 105,3 dBA Cau tao cua hop tieu am ay la cac tam bong thuy tinh day 100mm ep gia 2 tam ton 2mm,2 mat uc lo 4 cach eu 15 mm dai 1000 tao thanh mot hang th nhat co so tam la 11000 : 204 = 54+1 =55 tam tc la khoang 54 khe rong. Hang cac tam bong thuy tinh th 2 cung hoan toan giong nh trc nhng tam cua cac tam bong thuy tinh at vao gia ng tam cua khe rong va au hang 1 cach hang 2 la 100mm, tc la toan bo hop tieu am co be sau la 2,1 m (1,0m hang 1 + 0,1 khe h + 1,0 m hang 2). Tnh tieu am cua hop nay dung cong thc gan ung cua cac nha am hoc Lien Xo trc ay: o tieu am L (dBA).

L =1,2 .

C l S

(9)

he hut am cua vat lieu C- chu vi ong,khe tham gia tieu am ,m S- tiet dien mat cat cua ong, khe tieu am,m2 l- chieu dai cua ong,khe tieu am ,m (Tra bang phuc luc I trang 368 sach am hoc kien truc PGS.TS.P. c Nguyen HN 2000) = 0,82 C = 2,5 +2,5 =5,0 m ( 2 au khe rong 100mm khong tnh ). S =2,5 x 0,1 =0,25 m2 l= 1,0 m
L = 1,2x0,82

5,0 x1,0 = 19,68dBA 0,25

o giam on toan bo L x 2 =( L + 10lg.55)2 = (19,68 +17,4)2 =74 dBA. Khi ra khoi hop tieu am tieng on con lai la : L0 = 105,3 74 = 31,3 dBA.Kha nang giam am con co the ke en tai khe h 100 mm gia cac tam hang th nhat va hang th hai do 2 hang at so le nhau; tieng oncon giam xuong khi gio nong i trong ham dai 6,2m x cao 3,4 m x rong 11,0 m va cuoi cung gio thoat ra ca rong 11,0 m x cao 2,5m co cac la chan ma hat.

5.2.7. Tnh tieu am cua ca gio ti

Kch thc gio ti 3,6 m x 3,6m va chieu sau la 2,5m . Ve cau tao cung giong nh bo tieu am thai gio nong tc la hang th nhat gom cac tam bong thuy tinh day 100 mm,hai ben op ton 2 mm mot ben uc lo 4 cach eu 15mm hai tam cach eu nhau 100 mm hang th 2 at cach hang th 1 la 100 mm , ng tam cua tam bong thuy tinh th 2 nam tren ng tam cua khe h 100 mm hang th 1

Ap dung cong thc (9) tnh o tieu am: L = 1,2.0,82. Tnh cho hang 1:

C l S

C chu vi khe = 3,6 + 3,6 =7,2 m ( hai au khe rong khong tnh) S dien tch khe = 3,6 x0,1 =0,36 m2 l chieu dai = 1,2m Thay so vao :
L =1,2.0,82.

7,2 .1,2 = 23,6dBA ay la L cua 1 khe h. 0,36

Tnh so khe h cua hang th nhat 3600 : 200 =18 tam (tc la 17 khe rong) Mc giam on tong hang th nhat : L 1 = 23,6 + 10lg17 = 23,6 +12,3 = 35,9 dBA. Hang th hai cung tieu am giong nh vay : 35,9 dBA Cong tat ca hai hang :71,8 dBA

Tieng on tai mieng ra ca gio ti se la 101,3 71,8 = 29,5 dBA < L0 ay o tieu am tai khe at lech cua hai hang cac tam tieu am,theo kinh nghiem cung at gan 2 dBA va hng tieng on i ra ca gio ti ngc vi hng gio lua t ngoai vao NP cung giam them gan 0,4 dBA

5.3. Tnh tr lc cua he thong ca gio ti e biet mc anh hng che o lay gio.
Trong NP co 2 may phat ien va 2 ca lay gio ti giong nhau. Tnh cho mot may ien va 1 ca lay gio : Lng gio hut vao may : 15666m3/h. Lng gio e cap ot dau trong may :5994m3/h, toan bo la 21660m3/h. Tnh theo mc am bao lng gio ti can cap vao co nhan vi he so 1,15~1,25. Lng gio tong cong 1 may phat ien can la: 21660x 1,20=26000m3/h. Dien tch h cua mieng gio : F = 17 x 3,5 x 0,1 = 5,9 m2

Toc o gio i qua khe h:

v=

26000 26000 = = 1,2m / s 5,9 x3600 28800

Lan lt tr lc cuc bo va tr lc ma sat: Tr lc cuc bo : -Qua tam chp chong ma hat: H1 = 1

v2 y 2g

1 (Tra bang phuc luc I trang 368 sach am hoc kien truc PGS.TS.P.

c Nguyen HN 2000) = 1 (tam chp che ma)

1

y=

353 353 = = 1,16 T 273 + 30

H1 = 1 -

(1,2) 2 1,16 x17(khe) = 1,44kg / m 2 19,62

Tr lc t ngoai khong gian rong ngoai tri thu hep vao mieng gio:
(1,2) 2 H2 =0,5 1,16 x17 = 0,72kg / m 2 19,62

Tr lc t hang tieu am th nhat sang hang tieu am th hai(khe h 100mm):

= 0,6; H 3 = 0,6
(1,2) 2 1,16 x17 = 0,86kg / m 2 19,62

Tr lc t khe hep i ra khong gian NP:he so 4 = 0,85 H4 = 0,85

(1,2) 2 1,16 x17 = 1,2kg / m 2 19,62

Tong cac tr lc cuc bo H = 1,44 + 0,86 + 0,72 + 1,2 = 4.22kg / m 2 Tr lc ma sat: Tra bang cua cac ong lam bang ton mat ngoai nhan; con trong thc te tnh toan nen can phai nhan vi he so hieu chnh. ng knh tng ng 1 khe : Dtd =
2( A.B ) 2(0,1.3,5) = = 0,2m A+ B 3,6

Tra bang phuc luc 2 trang 369 sach am hoc kien truc PGS.TS.P. c Nguyen HN 2000 c Hms tren 1 m dai = 0,0073 kg/m2.

l la chieu dai = 3,5 m; Hms 1 khe = 0,0073 x3,5 = 0,025 kg/m2 Do 2 ben thanh khe co uc lo 4 nen o nhap nho trung bnh cua thanh ong gio lay K = 0,5 Tra bang xac nh he so hieu chnh n lay bang 1,15. Vay toan bo tr lc ma sat se la Hms = 0,025 x 1,15 x 17 = 0,48 kg/m2. Tong tr lc cua toan ca lay gio ti la 4,22 + 0,48kg/m2 = 4,7kg/m2. Quat gio cua may phat ien ng knh canh 1,2 m tra bang xac nh cot ap cua quat truc nay khoang 12kg/m2 : cho nen tr lc cua gio ti kha be do o chat lng kh ong la on nh.

5.4. Tnh tr lc khong kh i qua ca gio nong.

Lu lng gio nong cua may phat ien thoi ra la
15666 x1,16 = 18543m 3 / h 0,98

y =0,98 : trong lng rieng cua khong kh nong 870C (so o sau mat phat ien) Hai may phat ien tong lu lng la 18543 x 2 = 37.086 m3/h. Bo tieu am rong 11m, cao 2,5m. So khe rong gio thoi qua c la
11 1 =53 0,204

-Tong dien tch la 53 x 2,5 x0,1 = 13,25 m2 -Toc o gio qua khe rong v=
37.086 0,77 m / s 13,25 x3600

Lan lt cung tnh tr lc cuc bo va tr lc ma sat khi gio nong i qua bo tieu am -Tr lc cuc bo t khong gian rong (buong tieu am) rong gio i vao tiet dien hep 1 =0,5 Tr lc cuc bo khong kh t hang th nhat sang hang th hai nh loai ong re dong 2=0,6 Tr lc cuc bo khong kh t cac khe tieu am thoi vao buong trung gian tren mot phan noc nha may bien the tra chon 3 = 0,2

Tr lc cuc bo cua bo tieu am H1= 1,30 x

(0,77) 2 x0,98 = 0,038kg / m 2 19,62

Tr lc cuc bo tai ca ra chp chan ma hat 4 0,25

37086 37086 = = 0,43m / s Toc do gio tai ca ra nay vra= (11x 2,4)0,9 x3600 85536

Tr lc cuc bo tai ca ra la H2 = 0,25

(0,43) 2 x0,98 = 0,0023kg / m 2 19,62

Tr lc cuc bo 1 khe cua khu vc thai gio nong 0,038 +0,0023 = 0,061 kg/m2

Tong tr lc cuc bo cua toan he thong la : 0,061 x 53 = 3,2 kg/m2. Tr lc ma sat cua toan bo he thong tieu am thai gio nong. Tnh ng knh tng ng 1khe Dtd =
2(0,1x 2,5) = 0,192m 2,5 x0,1

Tra bang tm tr lc ma sat 1 m dai ong c la 0,003 kg/m2 Tr lc ma sat 1 khe 0,003 x2,4 = 0,0072 kg/m2 Tnh tr lc ma sat theo ong trn cho toan he thong :0,0072 x53 =0,3816 kg/m2

Khe khong kh co 1 mat ben la ton uc lo cho nen so lng tnh ra can phai nhan vi so hieu chnh tra bang c la 1,2 va tr lc ma sat thc cua he thong la 0,38 x1,2 = 0,54 kg/m2.

Tong tr lc gio nong khi a o qua bo tieu am se la:3,2x0,45=3,65 kg/m2.

Tong tr lc nay nho nen khong anh hng g en che o lam viec cua may.

5.5. Tnh mc giam on theo ng ong khoi .

Tieng on khi mi ra khoi may phat vao ong khoi at en tr so 120 dBA.Cac ong khoi thiet ke keo ve bo tr cho tro t di len mai bang buong at cac tam tieu am thai gio nong chup cach am au ong khoi la mot chup cho 2 ong

khoi. Chup la mot hnh tru ch nhat be dai 2200; be ngang 1200;be cao 2300.Vo ngoai cua chup xay gach 4 lo 2 lp(200mm).Ben trong chup bo tr 5 tang cac tam cach am la cac an day 50mm co kch thc khac nhau e cho kh thai oi chieu nhieu lan giam mc nang hp am c nhieu. Ong khoi sau khi ra khoi may phat c bo tr 1 ong tieu am nh thng le tc la tieng on c giam 9 10 dBA.Theo kinh nghiem th ong khoi cua may phat cong suat ln thng b tieng gan (xung)cho nen sau ong tieu am thiet ke m rong ng knh t 250 mm len 350 mm. Ong khoi se qua 2 lan uon cong cuoi cung ti v tr nho len gia truc cach am.Sau 2 lan uon cong cac goc 600 va 900 tieng on giam them 5 dBA. Nh vay tai au ong khoi trong chup cach am con co tieng on la 120 (9+5) =106 dBA. Hop cach am theo so lieu kinh nghiem se giam mc on chung khoang 48 dBA.Con neu tnh cach am bi vo cua chup tan so cao 4000 Hz va tan so song am mc thap 477 Hz th co so lieu nh sau : Tan so cao mc cach am:
L = 20 lg 220 + 20 lg .4000 54 = 46,8 + 72 54 = 64,8dBA

tan so mc thap L = 20 lg 220 + 20 lg .477 54 = 46,8 + 53,7 54 = 46dBA Cac trng hp tren tieng on khi ra khoi ca thai se la : L0 =106-48=58 dBA ; 106 -64,8 =41,2 dBA va 106-46=60 dBA Tat ca cac trng hp th L0 khi truyen en nha pha ng Ap Bac hay nha E.TOWN ieu co tr so < 32 dBA Xet ve tr lc cua he thong cach am ong khoi khong lam giam cong suat may v ong khoi m rong va khong gian trong chup cach am u ln khong gay can tr kh thai.

CHNG VI: KET LUAN KIEN NGH

6.1.KET LUAN:
Trong qua trnh thc hien o an tot nghiep nghien cu chong on cho tram phat ien cua toa nha E.TOWN em co mot vai ket luan nh sau: Cac tng bao quanh bang gach hai lp op tam bong thuy tinh at yeu cau cach am: tan so cao f =4000Hz giam c 65,48 dBA ngha tieng on xuyen qua c bc tng con khoang 36 dBA va tnh mc am tai nha E.TOWN thay < 40 dBA. tan so thap f =700Hz giam c 50,68 dBA ngha la tieng on xuyen qua c bc tng con khoang 50,62 dBA va tnh mc am tai nha E.TOWN van con thap hn 40dBA.

Ca ra vao co o giam on tan so f =4000Hz la 51 dBA tieng on loc qua ca con 60 dBA. Tnh ra tieng on o khi truyen en nha ng Ap Bac va nha E.TOWN eu at tr so on < 40 dBA Do tram phat ien cua toa nha E.TOWN la mot d an a a vao hoat ong, nen qua trnh tm hieu,phan tch tnh toan bang ly thuyet va lay ket qua thc nghiem t cac cong trnh cach am, tieu am bao ve c nha ETOWN so vi nen on tai ay. ay la tram phat ien c thanh lap va xay dng mi hoan toan thiet b may moc.Nen kha nang gay on anh hng en moi trng xung quanh cung khong cao.Nen he thong chong on cung n gian hn, nhng cung can phai thng xuyen kiem tra nh ky, nham han che thap nhat kha nang gay anh hng en moi trng xung quanh . Tuy trang thiet b ay hoan toan mi nhng tram phat ien nam gan toa nha E.TOWN va khu dan c nen van e kiem soat giam thieu o nhiem tieng on at TCVN la can thiet phai luon c duy tr.

6.2. KIEN NGH.

Qua nghien cu tnh toan bang l thuyet vi thiet ke ket cau,vat lieu cach am,tieu am cho nha at may 2 phat ien.1500KVA gan E.TOWN va so sanh vi thiet ke ban au cua he thong cach am tieu am tai ay co mot vai kien ngh sau .Cu the cac noi dung at yeu cau va noi dung can thay oi bo sung thiet ke nh sau. 1. Tran,betong day 100mm op di tam bong thuy tinh 50mm mat ngoai ton 2mm xoi lo (khong can cha khe rong 100mm ma op thang tam bong thuy tinh c boc vai bat thuy tinh vao mat tran betong) at yeu cau cach am: tan so f=4000Hz giam on en 67 dBA : ch con cho xuyen len tren khoang 43 dBA. tan so f = 700 Hz giam on 51 dBA: ch con cho xuyen len tren khoang 52 dBA.

2. Bo tieu am ng thai gio nong theo thiet ke nen n gian hn gom 2 hang cac tam tieu am: moi tam la bong thuy tinh 100mm 4 ben op ton 2mm : 2 mat ben ton xoi lo 4 vi chieu cao 2,5m; dai 1,0m rong 54mm. Cac tam at cach nhau 100mm va hang trc at cach hang sau 100mm. Bo tr ng truc cua tam tieu am hang sau nam tren ng truc cua khe gio hang trc .Vi cau tao cua he thong tieu am nh tren mc tieng on ng thai gio nong giam 74 dBA.Tieng on thoat ra ngoai con lai la 31,3 dBA nen khi truyen en day nha ng Ap Bac va nha E.TOWN eu < 40m dBA. 3. Bo tieu am ca lay gio ti cung e ngh theo cau tao c ban giong bo tieu am ng thai gio nong nhng kch thc khac hn). o giam am khi qua 2 hang cac tam tieu am la 71,8 dBA tc la tieng on trong NP 101,3 dBA khi ra en ngoai nha se con la 30dBA. 4. Thiet ke giam on cho cac ong khoi khi qua khoi ong tieu am cua may phat ien se m rong ng knh t 250mm len 350mm chup cach am au ong khoi at tren moc mai nha may bien the. Tieng on thoat ra khoi chup cach am con 58 dBA tan so cao va con 60 dBA tan so thap. Cac mc on nay khong anh hng g en nha E.TOWN.