Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Topics
Short introduction to LTE and its architecture RRM in LTE
Scheduling Link Adaptation Power Control Handover Inter-Cell Interference Coordination (ICIC) & Enhanced ICIC Load Balancing MIMO Multi-RAT
S-72.3260 Radio Resource Management Methods Fall 2012 2
References
This lecture material has been reproduced solely from following references: (1) Architecture and protocol support for radio resource management (RRM), Gbor Fodor et al, 2009 (Chapter 4 of the book: Long Term Evolution edited by Borko Furht and Syed A. Ahson) LTE for UMTS, edited by Harri Holma and Antti Toskala, 2009 LTE, The UMTS Long Term Evolution, Second Edition, Edited by Stefania Sesia, Issam Toufik and Matthew Baker, 2011 MIMO and COMP in LTE-Advanced, NTT DoCoMo Technical Journal, Vol.12, No. 2 Introducing LTE-Advanced, Application Note, Agilent Technologies 3GPP TS 25.913. Requirements for evolved UTRA (E-UTRA) and evolved UTRAN (EUTRAN) 3GPP TS 36.211. E-UTRA physical channels and modulation 3GPP TS 36.213. E-UTRA physical layer procedures
Introduction
We discuss RRM in Long Term Evolution or LTE system
RRM covers all functions related to assignmnet and the sharing of radio resources among the users in a wireless communication system
Radio link conditions change in wireless system and there is a need to adapt the transmission and reception parameters to the actual link conditions So far you have seen that the type of multiple access technology (whether FDMA or TDMA or CDMA,...) used plays an important role in required resource control or sharing or assignments.
S-72.3260 Radio Resource Management Methods Fall 2012 4
Why LTE?
The set targets for the LTE when it was initiated: Significantly increased peak data rate e.g. 100 Mbps (downlink) and 50 Mbps (uplink) Increase "cell edge bitrate" whilst maintaining same site locations as deployed today Significantly improved spectrum efficiency ( e.g. 2-4 x Release 6) Possibility for a Radio-access network latency below 10 ms
And many more Please see 3GPP TR 25.913 V9.0.0 for more details
S-72.3260 Radio Resource Management Methods Fall 2012 5
LTE Architecture
The radio interface (multiple access) in LTE system is based on OFDM technology. -> Many RRM functions here depends on OFDM LTE system promises on high data rates, low latency and high spectrum efficiency:
Partially achieved because radio resource control functions are designed close to the radio interface, which makes instantaneous radio link quality information readily available
Lets take a look at LTE Radio Access Network (RAN) Architecture briefly
S-72.3260 Radio Resource Management Methods Fall 2012 9
LTE Architecture
Two nodes:
Basestations or eNodeB (eNB) Serving Gateway(S-GW) in user plane and Mobility Management Entity (MME) in the control plane.
Both S-GW and MME belong to core network, called as Evolved Packet Core (EPC)
S-72.3260 Radio Resource Management Methods Fall 2012 10
LTE Architecture
S-GW: performs generic packet processing such as packet filtering and classification -> similar to router functions MME: maintains UE (user equipment) context such as established bearer, security context, locations of the UE; Nonaccess startum (NAS) signaling protocol Radio resources are solely owned and controlled by eNodeB There are two planes, user plane and control plane between UE and the network In the control plane in eNB side:
Radio Link Control / Medium Access Control (RLC/MAC): Short time-scale radio resource control toward the UE, e.g., signaling of assigned resources and tranport formats Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP): header compression & ciphering Radio Resource Control (RRC): To execute the longer time-scale resource control toward the UE,e.g., QoS-based radio bearer establishment, handover control,...
LTE Architecture
Services are provided to the UE in terms of evolved packet system (EPS) bearers. End-to-end EPS can be divided into two:
Radio bearer between the UE and eNB -> determines the QoS treatment on the radio interface Access bearer between eNB and S-GW-> determines the QoS that the packets get on the transport network
The primary goal of RRM is to control the use of radio resources so that:
QoS requirements are met Overall usage of radio resources on the system level are minimized => To meet the service requirements at the lowest possible of system costs
S-72.3260 Radio Resource Management Methods Fall 2012 12
Lets take a look at resource grid of the uplink and downlink shared channels
#0
#1
#2
#3
#18
#19
One subframe
The RRM in LTE can be formulated as the solution for optimal allocation of time, frequency and antenna port to UEs with the required QoS and minimum use of radio resources
S-72.3260 Radio Resource Management Methods Fall 2012 16
The scheduler assigns RBs in pairs and to signal which RBs are assigned to a particular UE, PDCCH (physical downlink control channel) is used. Procedure: UE recognize its identity on the PDCCH (blind decoding) => Find its control information, decodes it and identifies the DL RBs that carry data for that UE (on PDSCH), also UL RBs on PUSCH that have been granted to send UL data
In DL, the scheduler can assign freely any RBs for the same UE rather than in UL this does not hold
Only consecutive RBs can be assigned to a UE to maintain the single carrier property In UL the possibility of utilizing frequency selective scheduling is limited
The scheduler selects UEs and RBs based on: Channel quality and QoS requirements of the radio bearers along with traffics in Tx buffers
S-72.3260 Radio Resource Management Methods Fall 2012 19
Cell-specic reference signal (CRS) arrangement for normal CP and one antenna port; Courtesy from 3GPP
Power Control
Power allocation depends on selected MCS which is based on a target SINR-> The ultimate goal of power control is to set the transmit power levels such that a target SINR is achieved. In DL, eNB is in charge and basically there is no standard as such for the power control mechanism
Simplest form: eNB distribute the power uniformly over the RBs More optimum way: eNB uses water-filling power allocation -> higher power is assigned to subcarriers whose fading and interference are in favorable conditions
Pmax is the maximum power allowed; P0 is a UE specific parameter; is a cell specific path loss compensation factor; PL is the downlink path loss caculated in the UE based on reference power; TF is a MCS-specific parameter; f() is a function signaled via RRC; TPC is the actual transmit power command signaled in each scheduling assignment; M is the number of RBs assigned to the UE measurements;
S-72.3260 Radio Resource Management Methods Fall 2012 23
Handover
Handover maintains the radio link coverage of an UE when it moves from the coverage of one cell to another. UE is always connected to the cell with the best average path gain. In LTE like in GSM, only hard handovers exist, i.e., UE is connected only to one cell at a time -> no soft handover like in WCDMA. Because
LTE is not as sensitive as WCDMA to intracell interference No needs to maintain diversity with soft handover in LTE as there are other means such as MIMO. Link adaptation and channel-dependent scheduling functions are fast in LTE
Handover must be fast to combat the rapid change of link quality, and to create the best user experience, i.e., no hiccup in the call or downloading/streaming data
S-72.3260 Radio Resource Management Methods Fall 2012 24
Handover sequence
If UE loses the radio link, it re-selects to a suitable cell and initiates a connection re-establishment If the UE context is available at the selected eNB, the UE context can be recovered. The time for re-etablishment is very good which creates still a good user experience If the context does not exist, UE re-establishes the connectivity and goes from idle to active state and gets the context. This takes longer time than the previous one.
If eNB wants to reduce the probablity of failure for the handover, it can prepare multiple target eNBs and later after handover to the best eNB is done, cancels the other eNBs.
S-72.3260 Radio Resource Management Methods Fall 2012 26
ICIC
ICIC: Inter-Cell Interference Coordination -> mechanisms to manage radio resources in order to keep the intercell interference under control. It is a multi-cell RRM approach which takes into account resources and loads situation in multiple cells In reuse-1 system the collision might happen: UEs in neighboring cells (uplink) may cause interference to eNB (below Fig) or eNBs may cause interference to served UE. Reuse-1: all RBs should be used by each cell.
ICIC
To avoid or reduce the collision between two cells: avoid scheduling some of the RBs in the some of the cells -> Reuse-n (n>1)/fractional reuse or by coordinating the allocation of RBs in neighboring cells LTE is reuse-1 system, therefore reuse-n or fractional reuse has not been adopted -> because not to underutilize the radio resources
ICIC
Coordination of RB allocation between the cells can be done either in time or in frequency. LTE release 8, rely on frequency domain sharing between cells and adjustment of tramsmit power
Because time domain coordination on the scheduling time scale (1ms) is hard to achieve due to, e.g., delay and generated signaling load on the interface between eNBs (X2 interface).
In Rel 8, ICIC is primarily for improving the performance of shared data channels (PDSCH & PUSCH) and there is no explicit ICIC techniques for common channels such as PDCCH and PUCCH
S-72.3260 Radio Resource Management Methods Fall 2012 29
ICIC
In DL:
Proactive DL ICIC is facilitaed by standardized Relative Narrowband Transmit Power (RNTP) RNTP is an indicator per RB signaled to neighboring eNBs, indicating the max anticipated DL transmit power level per RB. So, neigboring cells know about power level, and different power power patterns can be used in those cells to improve the overall SINR conditions for UEs.
In UL:
Proactive ICIC technique is based on High Interference Indicator (HII)
The fundamental idea in here is that the serving cell informs its neighboring eNBs at which RBs it intends to schedule high interference users in the future. The neighboring eNBs should aim at scheduling low interference UEs at those RBs to avoid scheduling of cell-edge users at the same RBs between two neighboring cells. eNB measures the uplink interference +noise power, creates OI reports, signals over the X2 to neighboring cells. OI is based on the interference from other cells and not from the serving cell
eICIC in LTE-Advanced
ICIC techniques in LTE system (Rel 8 & 9) can be summarized as frequency-domain scheduling, power setting, increasing robustness (e.g., by beamforming or interference cancellation for DATA channels) The main motivation for Enhanced-ICIC (eICIC) is to mitigate the interference in CONTROL channels:
Its essentially time-domain-based ICIC in Release 10 of 3GPP specifications-> LTE-A The overall objective is to mute certaion subframes of one layer of cells so that the interference becomes less in the other layer These muted subframes are called Almost Blank Subframes (ABS):
Subframes with reduced downlink transmission power and/or activity. It is ALMOST blank because it must contain Reference Signals, Synchronization Signals, Paging Channels and Broadcast channels due to backward compatibility issues for Realease 8/9 (LTE) UEs. Although these are transmitted but with much less energy than normal subframes, to reduce the interference.
eICIC in LTE-Advanced
Essentially in heteregenous network where co-channel deployments can be categorized into two scenrios as macro-pico and macro-femto.
With LB, loads are distributed over multiple frequency and RAT layers so that radio resources remain highly utilized and the QoS is maintained with the minimum probability for any hiccups (call drps etc). LB algorithms may result in handover or cell re-selection decisions because of distributing the traffic from highly loaded cells to underutilized cells.
The inter-RAT was purposely designed to be independent of the handover in order that it can be triggered at any time by a requesting eNB even when there is no mobility event.
Beamforming: a single symbol is multiplied by different weight factors and transmitted on different antenna elements
Y=W.x
In LTE specification different codebooks have been defined The precoding can be further combined with cyclic delay diversity (CDD): Y= D(k)W(i)x where
k is the frequency domain index of the resource element on which the transmission is mapped and is the delay shift. The idea of CDD is to increase phase shift on antenna port so that it possibly becomes match to the actual channel and results in an increased SINR
Beamforming: Different phase adjustment by multiplying one symbol with different weight factors and sent on different antenna elements -> Signal can be steered in specific direction:
w1 w Y 2x w3 w4
PMI and RI
Precoding Matrix Indicator (PMI): Indicates the preferred codebook element:
Triggering on inter-RAT measurements and handover decisions are made by the RAN that serves the UE at that moment The target RAN gives guidance to UE on how to make the radio access:
Other information such as redio resource configuration, target cell information, all the required identities come from target RAN