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Digital Signatures
•The private-key signs (create) signatures, and the public-key verifies signatures•Only the owner can create the digital signature,hence it can be used to verify who created amessage•Generally don't sign the whole message (doublingthe size of information exchanged), but just a
digest
or 
hash
of the message,
 
Digital Signatures
•A
hash function
takes the message, and produces a fixed size (typically 64 to 512 bits) value dependent on the message•It must be hard to create another messagewith the same hash value (otherwise someforgeries are possible)•Developing good hash functions is another non-trivial problem
 
El Gamal
•El Gamal algorithm can also be used (with a smallchange) in signing messages•As in the encryption scheme, the public key will be a y = g
x
mod p, together with g and p•To sign a message:
 – Bob first chooses a random number k relative prime to p-1 – Bob computes a = g
k 
mod p – Bob can solve the equation M = x*a + k*b (mod p-1)for b. – The signature is the pair a and b
of 00

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