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125
Bibliography
Only works of a general nature are given here, whereas items on particular
problems are mentioned in the preceding notes.
On the Mediterranean in general: H. Pirenne, Mahomet et Charlemagne
(Paris - Brussels, 1937); A. Lewis, Naval Power and Trade in the Mediterranean,
500-1100 (Princeton, 1951); E. Eickhoff, Seekrieg und Seepolitik zwischen
Islam und Abendland (Berlin, 1966). On Islam and Byzantium:
A. Vasiliev, Byzance et les Arabes (French version of the Russian original)
(Brussels, 1935-68). On Islam, Sicily and Italy: M. Amari, Storia dei Musulmani
di Sicilia (2nd edn., Catania, 1933-8); U. Rizzitano, Gli Arabi in Italia, Settimane
di studio del Centro italiano di studi sullAlto Medioevo XII, LOccidente e
1'Islam nell/Alto Medioevo (Spoleto, 1965), i. 93 114. On Islam in Spain: E.
Lvi-Provenal; Histoire de lEspagne musulmane (2nd edn., Paris, 1950-3)
(three volumes, covering the whole of the Umayyad period);
A. Castro, La realidad historica de Espanda. (Mexico City, 1954; Italian
version Florance 1955); Cl. Sanchey Albornoz Espana Un engima hisorico,
2nd edn. (Buenos aires, 1962); idem, Espana y el Islam, Rivista de Occidente,
xix (1929), and del Centro italiano.. XII (1965), i. 149 308, On the linguistic
legacy of Arabic in the West, G. B. Pellegrini, Gli arabismi idem, El Islam de
Espana y el Occidente Settimane di studio nelle ligue neolatine (Brescia, 1972).
On Turkish Islam in Europe see the general histories of the Ottoman Empire,
for Greece in particular the although now outdated, general study by K. Sathas,
Tourkokratoumene Hellas Athens 1869).
Francesco Gabrieli
126
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143
Bibliography
In addition to the works referred to in the footnotes to this chapter there are
recommended for further reading:
I. Cunnison, Baggara Arabs (Oxford, 1967); M. Dupire, Peuples nomades
(Paris, 1962); H. J. Fisher, Ahmadiyyah: a Study in Contemporary Islam on the
West African Coast (London, 1963); G. S. P. Freeman-Grenville, The Medieval
History of the Tanganyika Coast (Oxford, 1962); P. M. Holt, The Mahdist State
in the Sudan 1881-1808 (Oxford, 1958); M. Last, The Sokoto Caliphate (London,
1968); I. M. Lewis,
The Modern History of Somaliland (London, 1965);
V. Monteil ,LIslam noir (Paris, 1964); J. Rouch, La Religion et la magie
soghay (Paris, 1960); M. G. Smith Government in Zazzau (London, 1960); J.
S. Trimingham, Islam in Ethiopia (London, 1952); idem, Islam in West Africa
(London, 1959); idem, Islam in East Africa (London, 1964); idem,
The Influence of Islam upon Africa (London, 1968).
I. M. Lewis
144
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i
).(
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ii
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W . i
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7 (
.
Yabghu Eshtemi

i ) (-

145
7 i) .(

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146

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Rus
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)* ( 7 i
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157
Bibliography
There is no single work specifically devoted to the Islamic frontiers in Centrtl
Asia, but much useful background information can be derived from W. Barthold,
Turkestan Down to the Mongol Invasion (3rd edn., London, 1968); idem,
Histoire des Turcs dAsie Centrale (Paris, 1945); R. Grousset, LEmpire des
steppes (4th edn., Paris, 1952); and G. Hambly (ed.), Zentralassen (Fischer
Weltgeschichte, Band 16) (Frankfurt, 1966).
On Islamic trade connections with eastern Europe, see the outdated but still
useful book of G. Jacob, Der nordisch-baltisch Handel der Araber im Mutelalter
(Leipzig, 1887, reprinted Amsterdam, 1966), and R. Hennig, Der Mittebalterliche arabische Handelsverkehr in Osteuropa, Der Islam, xxii (1935), 23964. Amongst the accounts left by Muslim travellers, for Ibn Fadlan, see A. Z.
V. Togan, Ibn Fadlans Reisebericht (Abh. fur die Kunde des Morgenlandes,
xxiv/3 (Leipzig, 1939), or M. Canard, La Relation de voyage dIbn Fadlan
chez les Bulgares de la Volga Annales de lInstitut, lEtudes Orientales dAlger,
xvi (1958), 41 146; for Abu Dulaf, See G. Ferrand, Relations de voyages et
textes geographiques arabes, persans et turcs relatifs a lExtrme-Orient des
VIIIe au XVIIIe sicles, i (Paris, 1913), 89-90, 208-31; and for Ibn Battuta, see
H. A. R. Gibbs abridged translation, Travels in Asia and Africa 1325-54
(London, 1929), and his full translation, the Travels of Ibn Battuta A. D. 132554, ii (Hakluyt Society, 2nd series, vol. cxvii) (Cambridge, 1959).
C. E. bosworth
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Bibliography
A. Ahmad, Studies in Islamic Culture in the Indian Enviornment (Oxford,
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171

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278
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Islamic Architecture and its Decoration
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J.D. Hoag
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318
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. The Timurid Shrine at Gazur Gan
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The Formation of Islamic art

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M.E. Masson and others
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D. Brandenburg
Islamische Baukunst in Agypten
319

) .(
A.U. Pope
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A. Survey of Persian art

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.
A bibliography of Architecture, Arts, and Crafts of Islam to 1st January)
(
: . :
(General) (Influence on the west)
7 (Ceramics) (Bookbinding) (Architecture)
(Woodwork) ( Textiles) (Painting) Metal
.
(Arabic Figures and Cufic Letters)
: 7 7
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371
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inscription mamlouke sur un dessin italien du quinzime sicle, in Bulletin de
lInstitut dEgypte, xxii (1940), 123-31; A. Renan, La Peinture orientaliste,
Gazette des Beaux-Arts, 3e priode, xi (1894), 43-53; D. S. Rice, Arabic
inscriptions on a Brass Basin made for Hugh IV de Lusignan, Studi orientalistici
in onore di Giorgio Levi della Vida (Rome, 1956), ii. 390-402; A. Riegal, Die
Beziehungen der orientalischen Teppichfabrication zu dem europaisch
Abendlande, in Mitteilungen des k.k. Oesterreich. Museums fur Kunst und
Industrie, N.F., iii (1890), 210-11 and 234-41; Et. Sabbe, LImportation des
tissus orientaux en Europe occidentale au haut moyen age (IXe et Xe sicles),
in Revue Belge de Philologie et dHistoire, xiv (1935), 810-48 and 1261-88; F.
Sarre, Der Import orientalischer keramik nach Italien im Mittelalter und in der
Renaissance, in Forschungen und Fortschritte, xi (1933), 423-4; idem, Ein neues
Blatt von Rembrandts indischen Zeichnungen, in Jahrbuch der kgl. Preuszischen
Kunstsammlungen, xxx (1909), 283-90; idem, Rembrandt Zeichnungen nach
indischislamischen Miniaturen, in Jahrbuch der kgl. preuszichen
373
Kunstsammlungen, xxv (1904), 143-58; The Connexion between the Pottery

of Miletus and the Florentine Maiolica of the Fifteenth Century, in Transactions
of the Oriental Ceramic Society [1931-1932] (1933), 16-19 and pls. II-IV; F.
Saxl, Probleme der Planetenkinderbilden, Kunstchronik und Kunstmark, N.F.,
xxx (1919), 1013-21, M. Shapiro, The Angel with the Ram in Abrahams
Sacrifice: A Parallel in Western and Islamic Art, in Ars Islamica, x (1943),
134-47; H. Schmidt, Rembrandt der islamische Orient und die Antike, in
Festschrift fur Ernst Kuhnel, pp. 336-49; J. H. Schmidt, Turkish Brocades and
Italian Imitations, in The Art Bulletin, xv (1933), 374-83; T. Sehmer, Das
Geheimnis der Gabriels-Kapelle zu Salzburg. Ein einmaliges harmonisches
Nebeneinander von Klassisch italienischer Renaissance und ebenso reiner
islamischer Fliesen Kunst (Innsbruck-Munich, 1972); D. G. Shepherd, A
thirteenth-century textile, in Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art, xxxv
(1948), III - 12; D. E. Smith and L. C. Karpinski, The Hindu-Arabic Numerals
(Boston, 1911), 160 pp.; M. L. Solon, The Lustred Tile Pavement of the Palais
de Justice of Poitiers, in Burlington Magazine, xii (1907), 83-6; G. Soulier,
Les caractres coufiques dans la peinture toscane, in Gazette des Beaux-Arts,
5e priode, ix (1924), 347-58; Les Influences orientales dans la peinture toscane
(Paris, 1924); K. M. Swoboda, Beruhrungen der christlich-abendlandischen
Kunst mit der des Islam, Weiner Kunstwissenschaftliche Blatter, Alte und Neue
Kunst, i (1952), 7-33; J.-L. Vaudoyer, LOrientalisme en Europe du XVIIIe
sicle, Gazette des Beaux-Arts, 4e priode, vi (1911), 89-102; Volbach, ber
die Verwendung eines fruhmittelalterlichen orientalischen motives in der
romanischen kunst des Abendlandes, in Amtliche Berichte aus den Koniglichen
Kunstsammlungen, xlii (1919), col. 143-50 and Abb. 73-6; idem, Weltkulturen
und Moderne Kunst. Die Begegnung der europaischen Kunst und Musik im 19.
und 20. Jahrhundert mit Asien, Afrika, Ozeanien, Afro-und Indo-Amerika, ed.
S. Wichmann, (Ausstellung veraustalter von organisations Komitee fur die spiele
der xx. Olympiade) (Munchen, 1972); S. Wichmann, Das Rosensprenggefass
374
in seiner Stellung zwischen Orient und Okzident um 1900', in ibid., pp. 91-3;
idem, Lusterglaser des Art nouveau in der Begegnung mit dem Orient, in
Weltkilturen und Moderne Kunst, pp. 89-91.
375
376
. ( )
.( Expositio totius mundi et gentium XX ed. J. Rouge (Paris ( )
Cf. Summary of events in : E. Levi - Provengal Histoir de lEspagne ( )

.Musulmane (3 ed. Paris-Leiden 1950) I, 225 ff
.(4) R.W. Southern: Western views of Islam in the Middle Ages. (Cambridge, Mass, 1962) pp. 28 ff
(5) Karl der Grosse, I, 4, 205 ed. K. Bartsch (Quedlinburg and Leipzig 1857) p. 111 Cf. H. Adolf:
.Christendom and Islam in the Middle Ages
New Light on Grail Stone and Hidden Host, Speculum, XXXII, (1957) 103-15, at p. 105.
(6) Cf. Y. and Ch. Pellat, Lide chez les Sarrasins des Chansons de geste Studia Islamica, XXII
(1965), 5-42.
U. Monnoret de Villard, Lo Studio dellIslam in Europa nel XII e nel XIII seculo, ( )
.studio e Testi ex (Vatican 1944) pp. 2. ff
Migne; Patrologio Latina, CL XXXIX, 2-651 ( )
.Cf. Southern, pp. 38 ff :
.Dom J. Leclercq, Pierre le Venerable (Abbaye St. Wandrille, 1946) pp. 242 f
(9) Cf. especially, M. Th. dAlverny, Deux traductions latines du Coran au Moyen Age, Archives
dhistoire doctrinale et litteraire du Moyen Age, xxii-xxiii (1947-8), 69-131, and J. Kritzeck, Peter
the Venerable and Islam (Princeton, 1964)
(10) Cf. L. Minio-Paluello, Aristotele dal mondo arabo a quello latino LOccidente e lIslam
nellalto Medioevo (Settimane di studio del Centro italiano sullalto Medioevo XII, 2-8 Apr. 1964;
Spoleto 1965), ii, 37-603
Millnaire d, (11) Cf. among others M-Th. dAlverny, Lintroduction dAvicenne en Occident,
Avicenne, Revue du Caire, no. 141 (June 1951), 130-9; idem, Notes sure les traductions mdivales
dAvicenne, Archives dhistorire doctrinal et littraire du Moyen Age, xix (1952), 337-58; M.
Steinschneider, Die europaischen Ubersetzungen aus dem Arabischem bis Mitte des 17.
Fahrhunderts (Leipzig, 1904-5, reprinted Graz, 1956), pp. 16-32
(12) Opus majus, ed. Bridges ii 227f quoted by R de Vaux, Notes et textes sur lAvicennisme latin
aux confines XII ieme stecles (Paris. 1934, Bibliothque
thomiste. XX). p. 58, n. 9.
(13) Cf. J. Jolivet, Ablard et le philosophe (Occident et Islam au XII ieme sicle), Revue de
377

histoire des religions, clxiv (1963), 181-9. It is a striking fact that Abelard, exasperated by his
difficulties with the theologians of his country, was thinking of settling on Muslim soil, where he
could earn his livign and enjoy a legal status, even though he would be living among enemies of
Christ. (Abelard, Historia calamitatum, ed. J. Monfrin (Paris 1959), pp. 97f; of R. Roques, Structures
thologiques de la gnose Richard de Saint-Victor (Paris, 1962)
(14) Monneret de Villard, op. cit., p. 36, cf. p. 37, n. 5
(15) Cf. E. Cerulli, II Libro della Scalala questine delle fonti arabo-spagnole della Divina
.Commedia (Vatican, 1949), pp. 417 ff
(16) Ed, Thomas Erpenius, Historia saracenia (Leiden, 1625), following al-Makins Chronicle
(17) A. Schaube, Handelsgeschichte der romischen Volker des Mittelmeergebiets bis zum Ende der
.kreuzzuge (Munich-Berlin 1906), pp. 30f
(18) Ibid., p. 36.
(19) Ibid., pp. 33, 296 f.; cf. J. Le Goff. Marchands et banquiers du Moyen Age (Paris, 1956), p. 75
and R. S. Lopez Limportanza del mondo Islamico nella vita
economica europea Occidente elIslam nellalto Medioevo, i. 433-60 at p. 460.
(20) Histoire anonyme de la premiere Croisades, ed. and tr. Louis Brehier (Les lassiques
de lhistoire de France au Moyen Age, Paris, 1924), pp. 50, 3.
(21) Cf. I. Grousset, Histoire des Croisades (Paris, 1936), iii. 28f
(22) As early as the second half of the thirteenth century the Novellino put forward as a paragon
who, during a truce, admonished Christians, Saladino... soldano, nobilissimo signore, prode e largo
and, sickened by their disdain of the poor and by their irreverence towards their own religion, took
up arms again, whereas in other circumstances he would have become a Christian (XXV. ed. E.
.Sicardi, Strasbourg, n.d., pp. 52f.). It should be noted that the story had been told earlier
(23) This poem, the work of an anonymous Flemish author, survives only in substantial fragments.
extract from Journal des Savants (Paris, May-Aug. 1893); See Gaston Paris, La lgende de Saladin,
S. Duparc-Quioc,, Le Cycle de la Croisade (Paris, 1955), pp. 128-30; and N. Daniel, Islam and the
West, the Making of an Image (Edinburgh, 1960), pp, 199-200.
(24) Duparc-Quioc, op. cit., pp. 128-30; of Daniel, op. cit., p. 199
(25) Cf. D. C. Munro, The Western Attitude toward Islam during the Period of the
Crusades, Speculum, vi (1931), 329-43, at p. 339.
(26) Cf. F. Kantorowicz, Kaiser Friedrich de Zweite (Berlin, 1927-31, reprinted Dusseldorf-Munich
1963) i, 122, 170f, 321 ff., etc
(27) Ibid. 455; L. Massignon, La lgende de tribus impostoribus et les origines islamiques Revue de
lhistoire des religions, Ixxxii (1930), 74-8, reprinted in idem, Opera Minora (Beirut, 1963), i. 82-5;
Southern, op. cit., p. 75 n. 16.
(28) Cf. Daniel, op. cit., pp. 195 ff. et passim
(29) Cf. now H. Goetz, Der Orient der Kreuzzuge in Wolframs Parzival, Archive fur
378

Kulturgeschichte. xlix (1967), 1-24; M. Plessner. Orientalistische Bemerkungen zu
religionshistorischen Deutungen von Wolframs. Parzival, Medium Aevum, xxxvi, (1967), 66-253.
(30) The Journey of William of Rubruck, tr. from the Latin by W. W. Rockhill (London, Hakluyt
Society, 1900)
(31) Inferno, IV, 129, 143f
(32) Cf. Southern, op. cit., pp. 77 ff
(33) Ibid, pp. 75f
(34) Cf. II. Schipperges, Ideologie und Historigraphic des Arab-ismus (Wiesbaden, 1961).
(35) Petrarch, Senila, XXI, Ep. 2; Opera (Basel, 1581), p. 913, Cf. E. Cerulli, Petrarca e gli Arabi in
.Studi in onore di A
Schiaffini - Rivista di cultura classica e mediovale. vii (1965), 331-6.
.Southern, pp. 86 ff :( )
(37) J. Burchard, Liber notarum, ed. E. Celani (Citta di Castelio, 1907 13), i. 547 f., French
.translation by J. Turmel (Paris, 1932), pp. 175ff
(38) J.R. Hale in The Cambridge Modern History, i. The Renaissance (Cambridge, 1975, 265).
(39) V. J. Parry, in The Cambridge Modern History, i. 403
(40) Cf. Daniel, Islam, Europe and Empire (Edinburgh, 1966), pp. 12f
(41) J. Burckhardt, dieKulture der Renaissance in Italien (Basle, 1860), English translation (London,
1944), p, 60.
(42) Cf. R, Schwoebel, The Shadow of the Crescent, the Renaissance Image of the Turk (1453-1517)
.(Nieuwkoop, 1967) pp. 148, 189, etc
(43) Cf. Voltaire, Sicle de Louis XIV; ch. XIV; F. Grenard, Grandeur et dcadence de lAsie (Paris,
1939), p. 130.
(44) Schwoebel, op. cit., p. 188, cf. p. 180.
(45) Cf., for example, Machiavelli, The Prince, ch. XIX, for a comparison between the Ottoman
form of government and that of the Mamelukes, the latter being compared with the Papacy as an
instance of elective monarchy. Cf. also ch. IV and Discorsi sulla prima Deca di Tito Livio, bk. II,
.foreword
(46) Schwoebel, op. cit., p. 178.
(47) Cf., for example, G. Levi della Vida, Fonti orientali dellIsabella ariostesca in his Anedotti e
svaghi arabi e non arabi Milan-Naples, 1959), pp. 90-170.
(48) Segraisiana, quoted by G. Lanson in Thatre choisi de Racine (7th edn. Paris, 1910), p. 437.
(49) Cf. J. Fuck, Die arabishen Studien in Europa bis in den Anfang des 20. Fuhrhunderts (Leipzig,
1955), pp. 36 ff. Concerning G. Postel, see also more particularly F. Secret, Les Kabbalistes
.chrtiens de la Renaissance (Paris, 1964), pp. 171 ff. et passim
(50) See M. Abdel-Halim, Antoine Galland, sa vie et son oeuvre (Paris, 1964)
379

(51) See M. L. Dufrenoy, LOrient romanesque en France, 1704-1789 (Montreal, 1946-7), 2 vols
(52) Histoire critique des crances et des coutumes des nations du Levant, par le sieus de Moni
.(Frankfort, 1684), ch. XV; cf
Simons Letters choises (Amsterdam, 1730), iii, 245 f., 258 f., Feand J. Steinmann, Richard Simon et
les origines de lexegese biblique (Paris, 1960), pp. 157 f.
(53) De religione mahommedica libri duo (1st edn., Utrecht, 1705; 2nd edn. 1717)
(54) Cf. T. W. Arnold, article Toleration (Muhammadan), in J. Hastings, Encyclopedia of Religion
and Ethics, xii (Edinburgh, 1921. 9-365)
(55) See Voltaire, Robertson, Herder. Cf. Schipperges, Ideologie und Historiographie des
Arabismus, pp. 29, 34. The subject was dealt with to the fullest possible extent by the Spanish Jesuit
Juan Andrs (1740-1817) in his book Origen, progresos y estado de toda la literatura (Italian edn.,
Parma, 1782-98; Spanish tr. 1784-1806)
(56) Daniel, Islam and the West, p. 288.
(57) An oscillation in his point of view, of which Muslims and Orientalists alike have seldom been
aware. Compare, for instance, the tragedy of Mahomet with chapters VI, XXVII, and XLIV of Essai
sur les Moeurs
(58) Fck, op. cit., pp. 24-108.
(59) Cf. Hazard, La Crise de la conscience europenne (1680-1715) Paris 1935), i, 22.
(60) M. Petrochi, Il mitto di Maometto in Boulainvillers, Rivista storica italiana, lx(1948), 367-77.
(61) Daniel, Islam, Europe and Empire, pp. 14f
(62) Esprit de lois, iii. 9.
(63) Anastasius or Memoirs of a Modern Greek (London, 1819), ch. XXXII, French translation by
J. A. Buchon (Paris, 1844), p. 419.
(64) Middle Eastern Studies, iv (1968), 296-315, Cf. B. Lewis, Some English Travellers in the East
.and Daniel, op. cit., pp. 13-20 ff
(65) Confessions, Bk. IV
(66) Hazard, op. cit., i. 20, 23 f
(67) Cf. Fck, op. cit., pp. 135 40; R. Schwab, La Renaissance orientale (Paris, 1950), pp. 208 f
:( )
See his West- ostlicher Divan. Noten und Abhandlungen, Einleitung.
(69) Lichtenberger, Introduction to the editon with French translation of the 12th Cent. (Paris, 1940).
Cf. Schwab, op. cit., p. 386.
(70) Fck, op. cit., p. 141
(71) Fck, op. cit., pp. 140 58; H. Dehrain, Silvestre de Sacy, ses contemporains et ses disciples
(Paris, 1938).
(72) Cf. v.v. Barthold La Decouverte de lAsie, French translation (Paris, 1947), pp. 264 ff.; J. Fuck,
Ocerki op. cit., pp. 155, 195, 195 ff.; B. M. Dancig, Iz istorii izuceniya bliznegio Vostoka v Rossii
380

po istoru russkogo vostokovedenyia, iv (Moscow, 1969), 3-38; I. Yu Krackovski, Ocerki po istoru
russkoy arabistiki (Moscow Leningrad, 1950), pp. 73 ff., German translation by O. Mehlitz, Die
.russische Arabistik, Umrisseihrer Entwicklung (Leipzig, 1957); pp. 69 ff
(73) Daniel in his Islam, Europe and Empire gives more precise information and quotations than
anyone else. With regard to expltnations, however, his work needs emending in accordance with A.
.Houranis suggestions in his review in Middle Eastern Studies, iv (1968), 325 f
(74) Of outstanding significance is Les Socites Secrtes chez les Musulmans (Paris - Lyons, 1899)
.by Father Rouquette of the Lyons Society of African Missions
(75) With Some hesitancy, Renan tends towards this view. See especially the famous lecture he gave
at the Sorbonne on 29 Mar. 1883, LIslamisme et la science (Paris, 1883). This tendency is taken to
its extreme in a book eloquently entitled La Pathologie de 1'Islam et les moyens de le dtrure (Paris,
1897) by a militant anti-semitic Greek who called himself D. Kimon and who was also the author of
an anti-Jewish book, La Politique israelite, tude psychologiqe (Paris, 1889).
(76) Cf. J.J. Wardenburg, LIslam dans le miroir de lOccident (Paris- The Hague, 1963), pp. 6-120.
(77) Geschichte der herrschenden Ideen des Islams (Leipzig, 1868, reprinted Hildesheim, 1961), p.
.xvii
( )7 :( )
. ..
Already typical of this view is the book Mahomet, Isral et le Christ (Pais, 1956) by the theologian Ch.
J. Ledit.
(79) The first congress of Islamic studies with asociological trend was held at Brussels in 1961
(Colloque sur la sociologie musulmane, 11-14 septembre, 1961, Actes, Brussels, n.d
(80) Cf. C1. Cahens Histoire conomique et sociale de lOrient musulman mdieval Studia Islamic,
iii (1955), 93 115, in which he lays down a programme for future studies. The first symposium
specifically devoted to the mdieval, modern. and contemporary economic history of the Muslim
world was held in London in 1967. Some of the pioneers, whose view-points are largely at variance,
.have been Jean Sauvaget, Bernard Lewis, and Claude Caheu
(81) Particularly enlightening is Bichr Farss article, Des difficults dordre linguistique, culturel et
Revue des tudes social que rencontre un crivain arabe moderne, spcialement en Egypte
islamiques, x (1936), 221-42. The difficulties which literary men face are equally valid for research
.workers in the social sciences
(82) This was not given its due weight by the Egyptian sociologist A. Abdel-Malek in his criticism
of European orientalism where, however, there are many things of value (LOrientalisme en crise
Diogenes, xliv (1964), 103-40); cf. the rejoin ders by Cahen in a letter to Diogenes, xlix (1965), 1358, and F. Gabrieli, Apology for Orientalism Diogenes, 1 (1965), 128-36.
(83) Confirmation is already to be found in a book by an en-lightened non-professional scholar, F.
Grenard, Grandeur et dcadence de 1'Asie (Paris, 1939). The same trend is apparent in B. Lewiss
381

The Mongols, the Turks and
the Muslim Polity Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th series, xviii (1968), 49-68.
:( )
H.F. Havigurst: The Pirenne Thesis. Analisis Criticism and Revision (Boston 1958)
F. Gabrielli: Greeks and Arabs in the Central Mediterranean
Dumborton Oaks Papers XVIII (1964), 59-66.
.7 7 Eickhoff
(2) Cl. Cahen : Yia - t-il eu des Rahdanites
Revue des tudes juives, 4th series, III, (1964), 466-505.
? . :
H.A. Gibb, Arab-Byzantine Relations under the Umayyad Caliphate, Dumborton Daks XII ( )
.- ()
(4) H. Grgoire and R. Gooseens, By zantinisches Epos and arabischer Ritterroman Zeitscrift der
deutschen Morgenlan-dischen Gesellschaft, N. F. xiii (1934), 32-213.
(5) G.C. Miles, The Circulation of Islamic Coinage of the 8th-12th Centuries in Greece Atti del
Congresso Internazionale di Numismatica (Rome, 1961), ii 98-485.
(6) Hesperis, xxv Idem, The Arab Mosque in Athens, (1956) 44-329.
(7) F. Rivista Studi Orientali, xxxv (1961), 53-245. Gabrieli, Ibn Hawqal e gli Arabi di Sicilla
(8) See, on this and other similar points touched on concerning linguistics in this chapter, G. B.
in Settimane Pellegrini, Lelemento arabo nelle lingue neolatine, con particolare riguardo allItalia
nellAlto Islam nell/de studio del Centro Italiana de studi sullAlto Medioevo XII, LOccidente el
Medioevo (Spoleto, 1965), ii. 790-697.
(9) U. Rizzitano, Notizie bioliografiche su Ibn al-Qattab il Siciliano, Rendi-Conti Limcei-ser, 8-ix
(1954), 94-260.
(10) G. Musca, LEmirato di Bari (847-871) 2nd edn., Bari
(11) Cl. Cahen, Un texte peu connu relatif au commerce oriental dAmalfi au X sicle (1954)
Archivio Storico per le Province Napoletane, N. S. xxxiv
(12) F. Gabrieli, La Cultura araba e la scuola medica salernitana Rivista di Studi Salernitani, i
(1968), 7-21.
(13) E. Garcia Gomez, La trayectoria omeya y la civilizacion de Cordoba, as an introduction to the
Spanish version (Mtdrid, 1950) of the Histoire de lEspagne musulmane of Lvi-Provenal (see
bibliography), the most acute and brilliant synthesis of the historical role of the Umayyads of Spain
(14) G. Settimane di studio del Centro Italiano... Levi Della Vide, I Mozarabitra Occidente e Islam
(1965), ii. 95-667.
382

(15) Dozy-Engelmann, Glossaire des mots espagnols et portugais drivs de larabe (Leiden-Paris,
1869); Pellegrini, LElemento arob...;. 705-19.
(16) D. Revue Hispanique, ix (1902); A. Steiger, Contribucion Lopes Toponimia arabe de Portugal
a la fontica del hispano-arabe y de los arabismos en et ibero-romanico y el siciliano (Madrid, 1932).
(17) M. Asin Palacios, Contribucion a la Toponimia arabe de Espatta (Madrid-Granade, 1940).
(18) A. Castro, The Structure of Spanish History (Princeton, 1954), p. 128
(19) M. Asin Palacios, Huellas del Islam (Madrid, 1941) (Averroes and Saint Thomas, Ibn Abbad of
Ronda and Saint John of the Cross, etc.).
(20) E. Cerulli, Il Libro della Scala e la questione delle fonti arabo-spagnole della Divinia
Commedia (Vatican, 1949), with an extensive bibliography.
(21) J. Ribera y Tarrago, El Cancionero de Abencuzman, now in Disertaciones y Opusculos
(Madrid, 1928), i. 92-3.
(22) A. R. Nykl, Hispano-Arabic Poetry and its relations with the old Provencal Tronbadours
(Baltimore, 1964).
(23) E. Li Gotti, La tesi araba sulle origini della lirica romanza (Florence, 1955); Oriente e Occidente
nel Medio Evo (Atti del Convegno Volta della Accademia dei Lincei, May-June 1956, Rome, 1957),
pp. 294-359 (papers by Garcia Gomez and Roncaglia on The Hispano -Arabic Lyrics and the
.(and discussions emergence of Romance Lyricism
(24) S. Stern, Esistono dei rapporti letterari tra il mondo islamico e IEuropa occidentale nellAlto
Medioevo? Settimane di studio del Centro Italiano... (1965), ii, 66-639.
: .( )
Las jarchas ronances de
la serie arabe en su marco (Madrid 1965).
(26) A. Gonzalez Palencia, Noticias sobre don Ramundo, arzobispa de Toledo, now in the volume
Moros y Christianos en la Espana medival (Madrid, 1945), pp. 76.101.
(27) General recapitulations are in F. Wustenfield, Die Ubersetzungen arabischer Werke in das
Abhandl. Gottinger Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, xxii (1877); R. Lemay, Dans Lateinische
Annales: Economies, Civilisations, ,lEspagne du XII sicle: les traductions de larabe au latin
.xviii (1963), pp. 639 65. Individual studies exist on almost all the translators
(28) F. Gabrieli, Il Petrarca e gli Arabi Rivista di cultura classica e medicale, vii, (1965). 94-487.
J.N.D. Anderson: Islamic Law in Africa (London, 1954) :( )

:( )E. W. Bovill :( )
Caravans of the Old Sahara.
: ( ): :( )
383

The Arabs and the Sudan (Edinburgh 1967).
.( ):( )
.( ): . . :( )
Islam in Sudan
.( ( ))
J.M. Abun-Nasr. : . .( )
The Tijaniyya, A Sufi Order in Modern World (London 1956).
(8) See I. Goldziher, Muhammedanische Studien (Halle, 189 90), i. 270 1, Excursus VI, Traditionen
English translation by S. M. Stern, Muslim Studies, i (London, (1967). 6-245). uber Turken
(9) See Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1st edn., article Yadjudj wa Madjudj (by A. J. Wensinck
(10) R. Gunusset: LEmpire des steppes 4 d. (Paris 1952) pp. 30-128)
(11) See on this general topic, H. A. R. Gibb, The Arab Conquests in Central Asia (London, 1923),
and idem, The Arab Invasion of Kashgar in A. D. 715, Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, ii,
(1932). 74-467
(12) See D. M. Dunlop, The History of the Jewish Khazars (Princeton, 1954), pp. 46 ff
(13) See Encyclopaedia of islam 2nd edn. article Bulgar (by I. Hrbek).
(14) Cited in the chapter of C. E. Bosworth, The Turks in the Islamic World before the Selgups,
Fundamenta Turcicae Philogiae, iii (Wiesbaden, 1970)
(15) Idem, The Ghaznavids, their Empire in Afghanistan and Eastern Iran 994-1040 (Edinburgh,
1963), pp. 9-208.
(16) Ibid., pp. 41-39
(17) See D. Ayalon, The Circassians in the Mamluk Army; Journal of the American Oriental
Society, 1xix (135-47.
(18) Cited in Bosworth, The Ghaznavids pp. 5-154.
(19) W. Barthold, Turkestan Down to the Mongol Invasion, 3rd edn. by C. E. Bosworth (London,
1968), pp. 235-69
(20) See R. Hennig, Der mittelalterliche arabische Handelsverkehr in Osteuropa Der Islam, xxii
(1935), 247-8; C. E. Blunt
in Anglo-Saxon Coins, Studies presented to F. M. Stenton (London, 1961), pp. The Coinage of Offa
1-50, 45.
(21) See the information collected by J. Marquart in his article, Ein arabischer Bericht uber den
Ungarische Jahrbucher, iv arktischen (uralischen) Lander aus dem 10. Jahrhundert, (1924). 334-261.
(22) Hudud al-alam, translated by V. Minorsky, 2nd edn. by C. E. Bosworth (London, 1970, pp. 97,
283-4; V. Minorsky, Sharaf al-Zaman Tahir Marvazi on China, the Turks and India (London, 1942,
pp. 26, 105-6, 161. The Quri are perhaps to be identified with the modern Buryat Khori tribe living
to the east and south of Lake Baikal
(23) See on Khutuww, A. Z. V. Togan, Ibn Fadlans Reisebericht (Leipzig, 1939), pp. 216-217,
.Excursus 74 b
384

(24) Al-Thaalibi, Lataif-al-maarif, translated by C. E. Bosworth
The Book of Curious and Entertaining Information (Edinburgh, 1968), p. 141.
(25) See P. Kahle, Chinese Porcelain in the Lands of Islam Opera Minora (leiden, 1956), pp. 61326.
(26) Abul-Fadl Bayhaqi, Tariki Masudi, ed. Q. Ghani and A. A. Fayyad (Tehran 1324/1945),p.
417.
(27) Abu Dulafs First Epistle, on his Central Asian travels, is translated into French by G. ()
Ferrand in his Relations de voyages et textes geographiques arabes, persans et turcs relatifs a
lExtrme- Orient des VIIIe au XVIIIe sicles, i (Paris, 1913), and into German by A. Von RohrSaur, Des Abu Dulaf Bericht uber, seince Rise nach, Turkestan, China und Indian (Born, 1039)
(28) See V. Minorsky, Tamim ibn Bahrs Journey to the Uighurs Bulletin of the School of Oriental
and African Studies, xii, (1948). 305-275.
( ) 7 :( )
.7
Bosworth, The Ghasnawids P. 149.
:( )
. -( )
: :( )
See: Histoire des Turcs dAsie Centrale (Paris 1945) pp. 109 ff.
(33) L Influence du Chamanisme turco-mongole sur les ordres mystiques musulmans (Istanbul,
1929).
(34) See K. Jahn, Das iranische papiergeld Archiv Orientalni, x (1938), 308-40, and idem, Paper
Currency in Iran Journal of Asian History, iv, (1970). 101-40.
(35) See the standard work of B. Spuler, Die Goldene Horde, die Mongolen im Russland 1223-1502
(Leipzig, 1943).
(36) See the translation of H. A. R. Gibb, The Travels of Ibn Battuta A. D. 1325-54, ii (Cambridge,
.1959), pp. 409 ff
G. ) i :( )( )
.( - :Fernad
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385

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Baljon (41) J.M.S. The Refroms and Religious Ideas of sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan
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Islamic Modernism in India and Pakistan
) . ( .
Leonard Binder Religion and Polities in Pakistan
) (
) Berbeley and Los Angelos . .(
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.
Abbas Ighbal : Vizarat dar ahd-i Salatin-i buwurg-i Saljuqi
) . ( .
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tels que les ont ous les voyageurs Anglo-Saxons (1586-1878) (Sifia, 1949) pp. 135
) (Vermanung Tum gebet wider den Turcken, :
K.M. Setton Lutheranism and the Turkish
Balkan Studies ) ( .
Darothy Vaughan
Europ and the Turks : a Pattern of Alliances 1350-1700 (Liverpool, 1954) pp. 25 H., 155.
) ( ) (-/
T.N.H. Reform and the conduct of Ottoman Diplomacy in the Reign of Siplo salim 111, 1789-1807
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) ( :
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Brett J.M. Cook M.I. Finley G.R. Hawling N.
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406

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Engraved after Designs by Leonardo da VinciTwo Unpublished Platesof the Series of six Knots
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408

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8

XuJ uMH WUIK wMu fK: UbB WdN WOUI V WKK

XuJ uMH WUIK wMu fK: UbB WdN WOUI V WKK

(-) (of the Saracens 7i

Arcadus Aljibe Alberca ) 7( Acena

Poema de mio Cid

) Arabe y Poesia Europea Bulletin Hispanique

) (Rudi Paret )Symbolik

)(Islamic Art and Architecture

)(Uber einige allgemeine Probleme der Kunst des Islam

) (The Procuress ) (Jan Vermeer) (7

) (Vasa .Sigismund III

in Fahrbuch der kgl. Preuszischen Einfluss der hispanomoresken Majoliken,

in Orientalische Teppiche (Vienna, Teppichfabrication in Paris,

Moderne Kunst, pp. 97-101; F. de Mly, Intaille avec caractres coufiques au

Kunstsammlungen, xxv (1904), 143-58; The Connexion between the Pottery

Cf. Summary of events in : E. Levi - Provengal Histoir de lEspagne ( )

J.N.D. Anderson: Islamic Law in Africa (London, 1954) :( )

) ( . .Y) Istitutiozioni di diretto musulmano, ( .(

: . ) (F. Sarre . . R.F. Martin :

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