Bab

Chapter

Sel sebagai Unit Asas Hidupan

ISTILAH Organisasi sel Cell organisation Selulosa Cellulose Klorofil Chlorophyll Kloroplas Chloroplast Sitoplasma Cytoplasm Organisma multisel Multicellular organism Nukleus Nucleus Organisma unisel Unicellular organism Vakuol Vacuole

Cell as a Unit of Life

Konsep

PENTING!

The

BIG Picture!

WORD Cell organisation Organisasi sel Cellulose Selulosa Chlorophyll Klorofil Chloroplast Kloroplas Cytoplasm Sitoplasma Multicellular organism Organisma multisel Nucleus Nukleus Unicellular organism Organisma unisel Vacuole Vakuol

UP!

CHAPTER

Soalan Tahun-tahun Lepas PMR

Tahun 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Kertas 1 S2 S2, S3 S3, S4 S2, S3 S3 S1 Kertas 2 Bhg. A S1 S7 Bhg. B

PMR Past-year Questions

Year 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Paper 1 Q2 Q2, Q3 Q3, Q4 Q2, Q3 Q3 Q7 Paper 2 Sec. A Q1 Q7 Sec. B

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Objektif Pembelajaran Pembelajaran Objektif

Chapter 2

Cell as a Unit of Life

INKUIRI 2.1 PERBINCANGAN 1.1

BAHAN
RADAS
BAHAGIAN

Eksperimen Aktiviti PEKA

2.1 Memahami Memahami sains sel adalah sebahagian daripada kehidupan harian 1.1

Learning Learning Objective Objective

2.1 1.1 Understanding Understanding cells that science is part of everyday life Inkuiri-penemuan Kontekstual

Sel sebagai unit asas haiwan dan tumbuhan Sains dan fenomena semula jadi

Activity PEKA 2.1 1.1 Experiment

INQUIRY DISCUSSION

Cell as a and basic unit of animals and plants Science natural phenomena

Inquiry-discovery Contextual

Cell as a Unit of Life

Chapter 2

TUJUAN Tandakan () dalam petak yang struktur disediakan fenomena semula jadi. bawang Membandingkan (a)bagi sel pipi dan (b) sel epidermis Pencungkil gigi, kertas turas, larutan metilena biru, larutan iodin Mikroskop, penutup kaca, sisip kaca, penitis, pisau cukur, forsep Memerhati struktur sel pipi
kanta mata Manual penggunaan mikroskop 1 Letakkan mikroskop berhadapan dengan sumber cahaya. 2 Laraskan cermin sehingga cahaya paling cerah dapat dilihat menerusi mikroskop. 3 Letakkan slaid di atas pentas dan pastikan spesimen berada di tengah lubang. 4 Pusingkan skru pelaras untuk memfokuskan spesimen.

KMS
Pastikan pencungkil gigi bersih

Mark () in the boxes provided the natural phenomena. AIM To compare the structure of (a) cheek cells and (b) epidermal cells of an onion SMS MATERIALS Toothpick, filter paper, blue methylene solution, iodine solution Ensure that the
APPARATUS
SECTION
toothpick is clean.

Microscope, cover slips, slides, dropper, razor blade, forceps To observe the structure of cheek cells
eye lens

CHAPTER

BAB

1 CHAPTER 2

1
BAB

pelaras kasar pelaras halus kanta objek pentas slaid klip diafragma cermin

Objektif Pembelajaran 1.2 Mengetahui langkah-langkah keselamatan dan radas dalam makmal sains tapak
Kontekstual PERBINCANGAN 1.2 PROSEDUR 1 Ambil sebatang pencungkil gigi dan kikis bahagian dalam pipi anda dengan berhati-hati.

Aktiviti

Radas makmal dan kegunaannya

MINDRobics

Palitkan pencungkil gigi tersebut di atas sekeping slaid yang bersih. Namakan radas2makmal dalam jadual di bawah. 3 Titiskan setitik larutan metilena biru di atas slaid. 4 Letakkan satu penutup kaca Balang pada satu larutan ditiga atas sisip kaca. Kelalang kon Buret gas sudut kepada Tungku kaki Dengan perlahan-lahan, turunkan kaca untuk menutupi spesimen supaya Tabung didih Bikar Rod penutup kaca Kelalang dasar bulat tiada gelembung udara terperangkap. Tabung uji Pipet Takung kaca Corong turas 5 penyukat Bersihkan danKasa keringkan kaca penutup dengan menggunakan kertas turas. Silinder dawai sekeliling Mangkuk pijar Corong tisel 6 Perhatikan pipi di bawah Mangkuk mikroskop dengan menggunakan kuasa pembesaran Kelalang volumetri sel Kaki retort penyejat Penunu Bunsen rendah, diikuti dengan kuasa pembesaran yang lebih tinggi. Lukis dan label sel pipi pada ruang yang disediakan. 1 2 3 4 5
BAHAGIAN

Memerhati struktur sel epidermis bawang

1 Using the blunt end of a clean toothpick, carefully scrape some cells from the inside Name the laboratory apparatus of your cheek.in the table below. 2 Spread the scrapings onto a clean slide. Conical flask Burette Gas jar Tripod stand 3 Add a drop of blue methylene solution to the smear. Round-bottomed flask Boiling tube Beaker Glass rod 4 Place a cover slip at an angle to the solution on the slide. Slowly slide the cover slip Test tube Pipette Glass trough Filter funnel to cover the specimen without trapping any air bubbles. Measuring cylinder Wire gauze Crucible Thistle 5 Clear and dry up any solution on the slide and around thefunnel cover slip with a filter Volumetric flask Retort stand Evaporating dish Bunsen burner paper. 6 Examine the cheek cells under the microscope, first on low magnification, then on 1 3 and label the structure 4 high 2magnification. Draw of the cheek5cell in the space provided.
SECTION

1.2 PROCEDURE

DISCUSSION
Activity

Microscope operating manual 1 Place the microscope with its fine focus control mirror facing a light source. objective lens 2 Adjust the mirror to allow maximum light to fall onto the stage mirror and reflect into the slide microscope tube. clip 3 Place the slide onto the stage diaphragm and ensure that the specimen is mirror in the centre of the aperture. 4 Adjust the coarse focus control Learning Objective to focus on the specimen. 1.2 Knowing the safety percautions and apparatus in a science laboratory base
coarse focus control

2
PROSEDUR

Laboratory apparatus and their uses

Contextual

MINDRobics

To observe the structure of epidermal cells of an onion 1 Peel off an epidermal layer of the leaf from an onion with a razor blade and forceps. Place a 5Boiling mm piece onion leaf onConical a clean slide. tube of the epidermal Beaker flask Volumetric flask 3 Add two drops of iodine solution to the epidermal onion leaf. 4 Place to the solution 9 on the slide. Slowly 10 slide the cover slip 7 a cover slip at an angle 8 to cover the specimen without trapping any air bubbles. 5 Clear and dry up any solution on the slide and around the cover slip with a filter paper. 6 Examine the onion cell under the microscope, first on low magnification, then on high magnification. Draw and label the structure of the onion cell in the space provided.
Pipette Burette Round-bottomed flask
2.1 LO 1.2 LO

1 Kupas satu lapisan epidermis daripada kulit suatu bawang dengan menggunakan pisau cukur dan forsep. 2 Letakkan potongan kulit bawang kira-kira sebesar 5 mm di atas slaid yang bersih. Tabung uji3 TitiskanTabung didih Bikar Kelalang kon Kelalang volumetri dua titik larutan iodin di atasnya dengan menggunakan penitis. 4 Letakkan satu penutup kaca pada satu sudut kepada larutan di atas sisip kaca. 7 9 10spesimen supaya Dengan perlahan-lahan, 8 turunkan penutup kaca untuk menutupi tiada gelembung udara terperangkap. 5 Bersihkan dan keringkan larutan sekeliling kaca penutup dengan menggunakan kertas turas. 6 Perhatikan sel bawang di bawah mikroskop dengan menggunakan kuasa pembesaran rendah, diikuti dengan kuasa pembesaran yang lebih tinggi. Lukis dan labelkan sel bawang pada ruang yang disediakan.
Pipet Buret Kelalang dasar bulat
2.1 HP 1.2 HP

PROCEDURE

Test tube 2

Silinder penyukat
2.1 HP 1.1 HP

Corong tisel

Measuring cylinder

Thistle funnel

Mengenal pasti bahawa sel adalah unit asas hidupan Menyediakan slaid mengikut langkah yang betul Menggunakan mikroskop dengan betul Menerangkan kepentingan dalam kehidupan Mengenal pasti struktur sains am sel haiwan dan harian sel Menyenaraikan perkara di sekeliling anda yang berkaitan tumbuhan dengan Melukis sains struktur am sel haiwan dan sel tumbuhan

24 2

Melabel struktur am sel haiwan dan sel tumbuhan Menyatakan fungsi setiap struktur sel Menyatakan persamaan dan perbezaan antara sel Menggunakan radas saintifik yang umum dalam haiwan dan sel tumbuhan makmal Rujuk kepada Essential Science Form 1, Aktiviti Makmal 2.1 & 2.2, hlm. 3637; Essential Science PMR, Preparing cell slides, hlm. 28

2.1 LO Identify that cell is the basic unit of living things Prepare slides following the proper procedures Use a microscope properly 1.1 LO Identify Explainthe the importance of science in everyday general structures of animal cells and life plant cells Draw general structures of you an animal cell and a to plant cell Makethe a list of things around that are related Label the general structures of an animal cell and a science plant cell

24 2

State the function of each cell structure State the similarities and differences between an animal cell and a plant cell Use some common scientific apparatus in the Refer to Essential Science Form 1, Laboratory Activities laboratory 2.1 & 2.2, p. 3637; Essential Science PMR, Preparing cell slides, p. 28

2.1
2.1
Experiment PEKA

Understanding cells

2.2

DISCUSSION
Activity

6 Label structures X, Y and Z for the animal cell below.

X Y Z

INQUIRY

1 What is the basic unit of life? (Cell) 2 Name two structures found in plant cells but not in animal cells. (Cell wall and chloroplast) 3 Why plant cell has a xed shape? (Plant cell has a cell wall) 4 State two animal cells that contain vacuole. (Amoeba and Paramecium) 5 State two structures of cell that make up the cell protoplasm. (Nucleus and cytoplasm)
P Q R

(X: Cell membrane Y: Nucleus Z: Cytoplasm)

7 Label structures P, Q, R, S, T and U for the plant cell below.

S T U

(P: Cell wall Q: Cell membrance R: Chloroplast

S: Cytoplasm T: Vacuole U: Nucleus)

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PEMERHATIAN

membran sel sitoplasma

dinding sel vakuol membran sel sitoplasma

OBSERVATION
cell membrane cytoplasm nucleus

cell wall vacuole cell membrane cytoplasm

Chapter 2

Cell as a Unit of Life

Chapter 2

Cell as a Unit of Life

nukleus

nukleus

nucleus

Sel pipi

Sel epidermis bawang

E1C1 E1C6

Cheek cell

Epidermal cell of onion

E1C1 E1C6

ANALISIS

ANALYSIS 1 Sel yang manakah mempunyai bentuk yang tetap, sel pipi (sel haiwan) atau sel E1C8 epidermis bawang (sel tumbuhan)? Sel epidermis bawang . 2 Apakah yang menyebabkan bentuk sel pipi berbeza daripada bentuk sel epidermis bawang? KBSB dinding sel Sel pipi tidak mempunyai seperti yang terdapat Membandingkan dan pada sel epidermis bawang. membezakan 3 Kelaskan sel-sel yang diperhatikan kepada sel haiwan dan sel tumbuhan.
Sel haiwan Sel pipi Sel tumbuhan Sel bawang
E1C2

1 Which of the cells has a fixed shape, the cheek cell (animal cell) or the epidermal cell E1C8 of onion (plant cell)? The epidermal cell of onion 2 What causes the shape of a cheek cell to be different from the shape of an onions epidermal cell? TSTS cell wall The cheek cell does not have a as do the cells of Comparing and contrasting plants like the onion.

CHAPTER

BAB

2
E1 C 1 2 6 8 S

E1 C 1 2 6 8 S

3 Classify the observed cells into animal cell and plant cell.
Animal cell Cheek cell Plant cell Onion cell
E1C2

KPS
Mengelaskan

SPS
Classifying

4 Kaji sel pipi (sel haiwan) dan sel epidermis bawang (sel tumbuhan) yang dilukis di atas. Kemudian, tandakan () pada struktur yang boleh ditemui pada sel pipi dan sel epidermis bawang. Struktur sel Sel pipi (sel haiwan) Sel epidermis bawang (sel tumbuhan)

4 Study the cheek cell (animal cell) and the epidermal cell (plant cell) drawn above. Then, tick () the structures that can be found in the cheek cell and the epidermal cell of onion. Cell structure Nucleus Cytoplasm Cell membrane Cell wall Vacuole 5 What is cell protoplasm? Cheek cell (animal cell) Epidermal cell (plant cell)

MINDRobics

MINDRobics

Nukleus Sitoplasma Membran sel Dinding sel Vakuol 5 Apakah protoplasma sel?

nucleus

Protoplasma sel adalah bahagian sel yang terdiri daripada sitoplasma . 6 Namakan dua haiwan peringkat rendah yang mengandungi vakuol. Ameba dan paramesium KESIMPULAN 1 Sel ialah
unit asas

nukleus

dan

Protoplasm is the part of cell that consists of cytoplasm . 6 Name two low level animals that contain vacuole. Amoeba and Paramecium CONCLUSION 1 A cell is a basic unit of life.

and

bagi benda hidup. persamaan dan

2 Sel haiwan dan sel tumbuhan mempunyai beberapa perbezaan .

2 Animal and plant cells have a few differences .

similarities

and

25
2.3

25
12 What is the structure of a cell that contains chlorophyll to carry out photosynthesis? (Chloroplast) 13 Explain why plant cells can carry out photosynthesis. (Plant cells contain chloroplast/chlorophyll)

DISCUSSION
Activity

8 Based on the given descriptions, determine the type of cell (animal cell or plant cell). (a) A cell has a cell wall. (Plant cell) (b) A cell has a chloroplast. (Plant cell) (a) A cell has a cell membrane but does not have a xed shape. (Animal cell) 9 State the function of a nucleus. (Controls all activities in the cell) 10 State the function of a cell membrane. (Protects the cell) 11 What is the function of a cell wall? (Maintains the shape of the cell/Protects the cell)

2.4

DISCUSSION
Activity

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2.2 PERBINCANGAN

Aktiviti

Struktur sel haiwan dan sel tumbuhan

Masteri

2.2

DISCUSSION
Activity

Structures of animal and plant cells

Mastery

2005 Bhg. A, S1(a)

2005 Sec. A, Q1(a)

1 Label rajah sel haiwan dan sel tumbuhan yang berikut. Dinding sel Kloroplas Nukleus Sitoplasma Vakuol Membran sel

1 Label the following diagrams of animal and plant cells.

Cell wall Chloroplast Nucleus

Cytoplasm Vacuole Cell membrane

(d) Dinding sel (a) Membran sel (e) Membran sel (f) Kloroplas (b) Nukleus (g) Vakuol (h) Sitoplasma Sel haiwan Sel tumbuhan (i) Nukleus

(d) Cell wall (a) Cell membrane (e) Cell membrane (f) Chloroplast (b) Nucleus (g) Vacuole (h) Cytoplasm Animal cell Plant cell (i) Nucleus

CHAPTER

F1MR-ch2(23-34).indd 26

BAB

2
(c) Sitoplasma

2
(c) Cytoplasm

2 Bulatkan organisma yang mempunyai struktur sel seperti yang ditunjukkan di bawah.

2 Circle the organisms which have the cell structure as shown below.

tapak sulaiman

mukor

lumut

starfish

Mucor

moss

arnab

paku pakis

helang

rabbit

fern

eagle

2.2 HP Label sel haiwan dan sel tumbuhan

2.2 LO Label animal cell and plant cell

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2.3 PERBINCANGAN

Aktiviti

Perbandingan antara sel tumbuhan dengan sel haiwan

Masteri

2.3

DISCUSSION
Activity

Comparison between plant cells and animal cells

Mastery

Bandingkan dan bezakan antara sel tumbuhan dengan sel haiwan. Compare and contrast between a plant cell and an animal cell.
Persamaan Similarity Mempunyai nukleus Has a nucleus Mempunyai membran sel Has cell membrane Sel tumbuhan Mempunyai sitoplasma Perbezaan Ada Ada Tetap Ada Dinding sel Kloroplas Bentuk sel Vakuol Tiada Sel haiwan Plant cell
BAB

Has cytoplasm Difference

Animal cell
CHAPTER

Present Present

Cell wall Chloroplast Cell shape Vacuole

Absent Absent Changes Absent, except in lower level animals

Tiada Berubah-ubah Tiada, kecuali dalam haiwan peringkat rendah Fixed Present

2.4 PERBINCANGAN

Aktiviti

Fungsi struktur dalaman sel

Konstruktivisme

2.4

DISCUSSION
Activity

Functions of the internal structures of a cell

Constructivism

Padankan struktur sel kepada fungsinya. Fungsi sel

Dinding sel Membran sel Vakuol Sitoplasma Kloroplas Nukleus
Sel tumbuhan

2005 Bhg. A, S1(b)

Match the cell structures to the given functions. Function of cell

Cell wall Cell membrane Vacuole Cytoplasm Chloroplast Nucleus
Plant cell

2005 Sec. A, Q1(b)

Mengandungi sap sel yang berisi glukosa dan garam mineral yang terlarut Melindungi dan memberi bentuk kepada sel Mengawal keluar dan masuk semua kandungan bahan sel/melindungi sel Mengawal semua aktiviti sel Tempat berlakunya proses-proses kimia Mengandungi pigmen klorofil yang menyerap cahaya matahari untuk membuat makanan

Contains cell sap which is filled with dissolved glucose and mineral salt Protects and gives shape to the cell Controls the exit from and entry of materials into the cell/protects the cell Controls all activities in the cell The place where chemical processes occur Contains chlorophyll which absorbs sunlight to make food

2.3 HP Menyatakan persamaan dan perbezaan antara sel haiwan dan sel tumbuhan

2.4 HP Menyatakan fungsi setiap struktur sel

27

2.3 LO State the similarities and differences between animal and plant cells

2.4 LO State the function of each cell structure

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Objektif ObjektifPembelajaran Pembelajaran

Learning Objective

Chapter 2

Cell as a Unit of Life

INKUIRI 2.5 PERBINCANGAN 1.1

BAHAN RADAS PROSEDUR
BAB

Eksperimen Aktiviti

1.1 sains adalahunisel sebahagian daripada multisel kehidupan harian 2.2Memahami Memahami organisma dan organisma

2.2 and multicellular organisms 1.1 Understanding unicellular that science is part of everyday life

Organisma unisel dan organisma Sains dan fenomena semula jadi multisel

Inkuiri-penemuan Kontekstual

2.5 1.1

INQUIRY DISCUSSION
Experiment Activity

Unicellular and multicellular organisms Science and natural phenomena

Inquiry-discovery Contextual

Cell as a Unit of Life

Chapter 2

Tandakan () dalam petak yang disediakan bagi fenomena semula jadi. TUJUAN Memerhati organisma unisel dan organisma multisel Air kolam Sisip kaca, penutup kaca, mikroskop, penitis 1 Titiskan setitik air kolam ke atas sisip kaca yang bersih. 2 Perhatikan air kolam itu di bawah kuasa rendah mikroskop. 3 Namakan beberapa organisma yang diperhatikan. Spirogira Klamidomonas Paramesium Ameba
CHAPTER

Mark () in the boxes provided the natural phenomena. AIM To observe unicellular and multicellular organisms MATERIALS Pond water APPARATUS PROCEDURE Slide, glass cover, microscope, dropper

1 Put a drop of pond water on a clean slide. 2 Observe the pond water under a low power microscope. 3 Name some of the organisms seen. Spirogyra Chlamydomonas Paramecium Amoeba

1
PEMERHATIAN
BAB

CHAPTER

OBSERVATION

2
Paramesium ANALISIS Ameba Spirogira Klamidomonas
Objektif Pembelajaran
1.2 Mengetahui langkah-langkah keselamatan dan radas dalam makmal sains

Paramecium ANALYSIS

Amoeba
Learning Objective

Spirogyra

Chlamydomonas

Namakan radas makmal dalam jadual di bawah. Kelalang kon Tabung didih Tabung uji Silinder penyukat Kelalang volumetri Ameba 1 2

1.2 PERBINCANGAN

1Aktiviti Anda diberi foto organisma di atas. Kaji gambar-gambar itu dan namakan organisma makmal dan petak kegunaannya itu. Kemudian,Radas tandakan () dalam yang diberi bagi organisma unisel. Kontekstual

Name the laboratory apparatus in the table below. Conical flask Boiling tube Test tube Measuring cylinder Volumetric flask Amoeba 1

1.2

1.2 Knowing the safety percautions and apparatus in a science laboratory 1 You are given the photos of the above organisms. Study the photos and name the DISCUSSION organisms. Then, mark () in the boxes provided the unicellular organisms. Laboratory apparatus and their uses

Activity

Contextual

MINDRobics

Buret Balang gas Tungku kaki tiga Bikar Rod kaca Kelalang dasar bulat Pipet Takung kaca Corong turas Kasa dawai Mangkuk pijar Corong tisel Kaki retortParamesium Mangkuk penyejat Penunu Bunsen Spirogira Klamidomonas 3 4 5

Burette Gas jar Tripod stand Beaker Glass rod Round-bottomed flask Pipette Glass trough Filter funnel Wire gauze Crucible Thistle funnel Retort stand Evaporating dishSpirogyra Bunsen burnerChlamydomonas Paramecium

MINDRobics

2 Apakah nama yang diberi kepada organisma seni yang tidak dapat dilihat dengan mata kasar? Mikroorganisma 3 Nyatakan maksud organisma yang berikut.
Tabung uji

2 the minute organisms 3 which cannot be 4 5 2 Name seen with the naked eye. Microorganisms 3 State the meaning of the following organisms. (a) Unicellular organisms Organisms which consist of only Organisms which consist of many than one cell or9 unicellular
Beaker Conical flask

one

cell

(a) Organisma unisel 7 8 (b) Organisma multisel

Tabung didih

Organisma yang terdiri daripada sel sahaja 9

Bikar

Kelalang kon

Kelalang volumetri satu

Test tube

10 lebih sel

6 CONCLUSION

(b) Multicellular organisms 7

Boiling tube

Volumetric flask more

cells 10

Organisma yang terdiri daripada banyak daripada satu sel atau

Pond water contains many

and

multicellular

organisms.

KESIMPULAN

Silinder penyukat

Air kolam mengandungi pelbagai organisma

Pipet Buret

unisel

Kelalang dasar bulat

dan

multisel
Corong tisel

Measuring cylinder

Pipette

Burette

Round-bottomed flask

Thistle funnel

1.1 kepentingan sains unisel dalam dan kehidupan harian 2.5 HP HP Menerangkan Menyatakan maksud organisma Menyenaraikan perkara di sekeliling anda yang berkaitan organisma multisel dengan sains

2 28

1.2 HP Menggunakan radas saintifik yang umum dalam Rujuk kepada Essential Science Form 1, Aktiviti makmal Makmal 2.3, hlm. 41; Essential Science PMR, Unicellular and multicellular Organisms, hlm. 30

1.1 LO LO State Explain the importance of science in multicellular everyday life 2.5 the meaning of unicellular and organisms Make a list of things around you that are related to science

2 28

1.2 LO Refer Useto some common scientific apparatus in the Essential Science Form 1, Laboratory Activity laboratory 2.3, p. 41; Essential Science PMR, Unicellular and Multicellular Organisms, p. 30

2.2
2.5 2.6
Experiment

Understanding unicellular and multicellular organisms

INQUIRY
Activity

4 Name the following organisms. (a) (b) (Amoeba) (Spirogyra)

(c) (Paramecium)

(d) (Chlamydomonas)

1 Name the tiny organisms that only can be seen through a microscope. (Microorganisms) 2 Name the living things that have only one cell. (Unicellular organisms) 3 Name the living things that made up of many cells. (Multicellular organisms) (e) (f) (g)

DISCUSSION

(Euglena)

(Mucor)

(Yeast)

28

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Chapter 2

Cell as a Unit of Life

2.6 1.1 PERBINCANGAN

BAB

Objektif Pembelajaran Aktiviti 1.1 Memahami sains adalah sebahagian daripadadan kehidupan harian Pengelasan organisma unisel multisel PERBINCANGAN Aktiviti Sains dan fenomena semula jadi

Masteri Kontekstual

2007 Bhg. B, S7

2.6 1.1

CHAPTER

DISCUSSION Activity DISCUSSION

Activity

1.1 Understanding that is part of everyday life Classification ofscience unicellular and multicellular organisms Science and natural phenomena

Learning Objective

Mastery Contextual

2007 Sec. B, Q7

Cell as a Unit of Life

Chapter 2

Rajah di bawah menunjukkan jenis Perhatikan Tandakan () dalam petak yang beberapa disediakan bagi organisma. fenomena semula jadi. organisma tersebut.

The diagram shows a few types of organisms. Observe the organisms. Mark () in below the boxes provided the natural phenomena.

Amoeba

Mucor

Paramecium
CHAPTER

Ameba

Mukor

Paramesium
BAB

2
Chlamydomonas Klamidomonas Hidra
Objektif Pembelajaran

Hydra

Spirogyra

Spirogira (a) State one characteristic of the Learning organisms. Objective 1.2 one Knowing the safety percautions and apparatus in a science laboratory Consists of cell Amoeba: DISCUSSION Laboratory apparatus and their uses Consists of many cells Activity Mucor: 1.2 Consists of one cell below. Name the laboratory apparatus in the table Paramecium : ConsistsBurette of one cell Conical flask Gas jar Tripod stand Chlamydomonas : Boiling tube ConsistsBeaker Glass rod Round-bottomed flask of many cells Hydra : tube Test Pipette Glass trough Filter funnel ConsistsWire of many cells Crucible Measuring cylinder gauze Thistle funnel Spirogyra : Volumetric flask Retort stand Evaporating dish Bunsen burner (b) Classify the organisms above into two groups based on common characteristics. 1 Name the organisms 2 belonging to each group. 3 4 5 Amoeba, Mucor, Paramecium, Chlamydomonas, Hydra, Spirogyra

MINDRobics

(a) Nyatakan satu ciri bagi organisma-organisma tersebut. Aktiviti Terdiri daripada satu seldan kegunaannya Radas makmal Ameba: 1.2 PERBINCANGAN Terdiri daripada banyak sel Mukor: Namakan radas makmal dalam jadual di bawah. Terdiri daripada satu sel Paramesium: Kelalang kon Buret Balang gas daripada satu sel Tabung didih TerdiriBikar Rod kaca Klamodomonas: Tabung uji Pipet kaca Terdiri daripada banyakTakung sel Hidra: Silinder penyukat Kasa dawai Mangkuk pijar Kelalang volumetri retort penyejat TerdiriKaki daripada banyakMangkuk sel Spirogira:

1.2 Mengetahui langkah-langkah keselamatan dan radas dalam makmal sains

Kontekstual

Contextual

Tungku kaki tiga Kelalang dasar bulat Corong turas Corong tisel Penunu Bunsen

MINDRobics

1 Kelaskan organisma-organisma 2 3 kepada dua kumpulan 4 5 sepunya. (b) di atas berdasarkan ciri Namakan organisma bagi setiap kumpulan itu. Ameba, Mukor, Paramesium, Klamidomonas, Hidra, Spirogira

Tabung uji

Tabung didih Kumpulan

Bikar

Kelalang Kumpulan kon Kelalang volumetri 2

Ciri sepunya

7 8 sel Terdiri daripada satu

Terdiri daripada10 banyak sel

Common characteristics 6

Test tube

Group Boiling tube

Beaker

Group Conical flask 9

2 Volumetric flask

7 Consists of one cell 8

Consists of many 10 cells

Nama organisma
Silinder penyukat

Ameba Paramesium Klamidomonas

Pipet Buret

Mukor Hidra Spirogira

Kelalang dasar bulat Corong tisel
1.2 HP Menggunakan radas saintifik yang umum dalam makmal

Name of organisms
Measuring cylinder

Amoeba Paramecium Chlamydomonas

Pipette Burette

Mucor Hydra Spirogyra

Round-bottomed flask Thistle funnel

1.1HP HP Memberi Menerangkan kepentingan sains dalam kehidupan harian 2.6 contoh organisma unisel dan organisma multisel Menyenaraikan perkara di sekeliling anda yang berkaitan dengan sains

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1.1 LO Explain the importance of scienceand in everyday life 2.6 LO Give examples of unicellular multicellular Make a list of things around you that are related to organisms science

2 29

1.2 LO Use some common scientific apparatus in the laboratory

5 State whether the following microorganisms are a plant cell or an animal cell. (a) Mucor (Plant cell) (b) Amoeba (Animal cell) (c) Paramecium (Animal cell) (d) Spirogyra (Plant cell) (e) Chlamydomonas (Plant cell) 6 State whether the following organisms are a unicellular organism or a multicellular organism. (a) Amoeba (Unicellular organism) (b) Paramecium (Unicellular organism)

(c) (d) (e) (f)

Spirogyra (Multicellular organism) Mucor (Multicellular organism) Chlamydomonas (Unicellular organism) Euglena (Unicellular organism)

7 Explain why Spirogyra is classied as a multicellular plant. (Spirogyra consists of many cells and contains chloroplast)

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ObjektifPembelajaran Pembelajaran Objektif

Chapter 2

Cell as a Unit of Life

PERBINCANGAN 2.7 PERBINCANGAN 1.1

Aktiviti Aktiviti

2.3 Memahami Memahamisains sel membentuk tisu, organ dan sistem dalam harian badan manusia 1.1 adalah sebahagian daripada kehidupan

Learning Objective

1.1 Understanding that cells science is tissues, part of everyday life systems in the human body 2.3 form organs and Konstruktivisme Kontekstual

Organisasi sel Sains dan fenomena semula jadi

1.1 2.7
(a)
CHAPTER

DISCUSSION
Activity

Science and natural phenomena Cell organisation

Contextual Constructivism

Cell as a Unit of Life

Chapter 2

1 Namakan yangyang diberi. Tandakan () struktur dalam petak disediakan bagi fenomena semula jadi. Sel saraf Tisu epitelium Sel pembiakan (a) (b) (c)
BAB

Mark () the in the boxes provided the natural phenomena. 1 Name given structures. Tisu otot (d) Nerve cell Epithelial tissue (b) Reproductive cell (c) Muscle tissue (d)

Tisu epitelium

Sel saraf

Sel pembiakan

Tisu otot

1
BAB

Epithelial tissue

Nerve cell

Reproductive cell

Muscle tissue

CHAPTER

2 Tulis dengan betul turutan organisasi sel dalam organisma berdasarkan pernyataan yang diberi. (a) Sel (b) Tisu (c) Organ (d) Sistem (e) Organisma

2 Write out in sequence the organisation of cells in an organism based on the given statements. (a) Cell

(b) Tissue

(c) Organ

(d) System

(e) Organism

2
Unit asas bagi semua hidupan.

1.2 PERBINCANGAN

Dua atau lebih Sekumpulan sel Terdiri daripada organ yang yang sama jenis dua atau lebih bekerjasama yang jenis tisu yang untuk menjalankan bekerjasama. Objektif Pembelajaran menjalankan fungsi yang 1.2 Mengetahui langkah-langkah keselamatan dan radas dalam makmal sains fungsi tertentu. sama. Aktiviti Radas makmal dan kegunaannya

Terdiri daripada semua sistem yang bekerjasama.

Basic unit for all living things.

Kontekstual

MINDRobics

Namakan radas makmal dalam jadual di bawah. Aktiviti PUSTAKA Pengelasan organ-organ dalam sistem Kelalang kon Buret Balang gas Tungku kaki tiga Masteri PENYELIDIKAN 2.8 Tabung didih Bikar Rod kaca Kelalang dasar bulat Tabung uji Pipet Takung kaca Corong turas 2007 Bhg. A, S1(a) Silinder penyukat Kasa dawai Mangkuk pijar Corong tisel Kelaskan organ-organ yang berikut kepada yang disenaraikan di bawah. Kelalang volumetri Kaki retort sistem-sistem Mangkuk penyejat Penunu Bunsen 1 2 Jantung Tulang Salur darah Uterus Ginjal Otak Kulit Hidung 3 Sendi Rawan Pundi kencing Peparu
Sistem
Tabung uji Tabung didih Bikar Kelalang kon Kelalang volumetri

RESERACH Name the laboratory apparatus in the table below. Classification of organs in a system
Activity LIBRARY 2.8 Conical flask

1.2

Consisting of A group of cells Consisting of two or more of the same two or more organs working type carrying types of tissue together to carry out the same working Learning Objective percautions and apparatus out in a science laboratory specific function. 1.2 Knowing the safety together. DISCUSSION Laboratory apparatus and theirfunctions. uses

Consisting of all systems working together.

Activity

Contextual

Mastery

4 tunjang Saraf Testis Mulut Trakea

5 Gentian saraf Perut Ovari Usus

Burette Gas jar Tripod stand Boiling tube Beaker Glass rod Round-bottomed flask 2007 Sec. A, Q1(a) Test tube Pipette Glass trough Filter funnel Classify Measuring the following organs into systems listed below. cylinder Wire gauze Crucible Thistle funnel Volumetric flask Retort stand Evaporating dish Bunsen burner Heart Kidneys Joint Spinal cord Nerve fibre 1 2 Brain 3 4 5 Bone Cartilage Testis Stomach Blood vessels Skin Urinary bladder Mouth Ovary Uterus Nose Lungs Trachea Intestine

MINDRobics

System
Test tube Boiling tube Beaker Conical flask Volumetric flask

6 Pernafasan

7 Pencernaan

8 Pembiakan

Saraf Otak Saraf tunjang Gentian Buret saraf

9 Perkumuhan

10 Rangka

Peredaran darah Salur darah Jantung

Corong tisel

6 Respiratory

7 Digestive

8 Reproductive

Nervous

9 Excretory

10 Skeletal

Blood circulatory

Hidung Trakea Peparu

Silinder penyukat

Mulut Perut Usus

Pipet

Uterus Testis Ovari

Kulit Tulang Peparu Sendi Pundi Rawan kencing Kelalang dasar bulat Ginjal

Nose Trachea Lungs

Mouth Stomach Intestine

Uterus Testis Ovary

Pipette

Brain Spinal cord Nerve fibre

Burette

Measuring cylinder

Skin Bone Blood vessels Lungs Joint Heart Urinary Cartilage bladder Round-bottomed flask Thistle funnel Kidneys
2.8 LO State function of different types of human cells 1.2 LO Usethe some common scientific apparatus in the laboratory

1.1 kepentingan sainsyang dalam kehidupan harian 2.7 HP HP Menerangkan Namakan jenis sel-sel manusia berbeza Menyenaraikan perkara sekeliling anda yang berkaitan Susun mengikut urutan di organisasi sel dari ringkas ke dengan sains kompleks dengan menggunakan istilah sel, tisu, organ, sistem dan organisma

2 30

1.2HP HP Menyatakan Menggunakan radas saintifik yang umum dalam 2.8 fungsi jenis sel-sel manusia yang makmal berbeza

2.7 1.1 LO LO Name Explain the the different importance types of of science human in cells everyday life sequentially cell organisation from simple Arrange Make a list of things around you that are related toto complex science using the terms cell, tissue, organ, system and organism

2 30

2.3
2.7

Understanding that cells form tissues, organs and systems in the human body

2.8

Activity LIBRARY

RESEARCH

DISCUSSION
Activity

1 State the sequence in the cell organisation in humans. (Cell, tissue, organ, system, human) 2 A group of similar cells that performs the same work is called .. (tissue) 3 A group of tissue that works together is called . (organ) 4 A few organs work together to carry out certain function in a life process to form a (system)

5 Based on the given organs, state the type of system that is formed in a human body. (a) Brain, spinal cord (Nervous system) (b) Skin, lung, kidney (Excretory system) (c) Blood vessel, heart (Blood circulatory system) (d) Testis, ovary (Reproductive system) (e) Mouth, stomach, liver (Digestive system) (f) Nose, lungs, trachea (Respiratory system) (g) Bones, joints (Skeletal system)

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PMR
1 Fungsi: Mengawal semua aktiviti sel

Kunci Kejayaan

Soalan-soalan berikut melibatkan konsep atau fakta yang kerap ditanya dalam peperiksaan PMR. Pastikan anda boleh menjawap semua soalan berikut.

PMR
1 Function: Controls all the cell activities

Key To Success

Questions in this section contain concepts and facts that are frequently tested in the PMR exam. Make sure you can answer all the questions correctly.

Label struktur sel haiwan dan sel tumbuhan di bawah dan nyatakan fungsinya.
Membran sel Nukleus Nukleus Membran sel Sitoplasma Dinding sel
Sel tumbuhan

Fungsi:
Kloroplas

Label the structures of animal and plant cells below and state their function.
Cell membrane Nucleus Nucleus Cell membrane Cytoplasm Cell wall Plant cell Chloroplast

Function: Contains chlorophyll which absorbs light during photosynthesis Function: Maintains the shape of the cell/Protect the cell

Mengandungi klorofil yang menyerap cahaya semasa fotosintesis Fungsi: Mengekalkan bentuk sel/ Melindungi sel

Vakuol

Vacuole

Fungsi: Melindungi sel

Sel haiwan

Function: Protects the cell

Animal cell

2 3 4 5

Sel-sel haiwan tidak mengandungi Organisma Organisma unisel multisel

dinding sel

kloroplas

dan

vakuol

2 3 4 5

Animal cells do not contain Unicellular Multicellular

cell wall

chloroplast

and

vacuole

hanya mempunyai satu sel. mempunyai banyak sel.

organisms have only one cell. organisms have many cells.

Lengkapkan organisasi sel di bawah. Sel Tisu Organ Sistem Badan manusia

Complete the cell organisation below. Cell Tissue Organ System Human body

Namakan organisma di bawah. Tuliskan simbol u atau m masing-masing untuk mewakili organisma unisel dan multisel. u m u m

Name the organisms below. Write the symbols u or m to represent the unicellular and multicellular organisms respectively. u m u m

(a) 7

Ameba

(b)

Mukor

(c)

Paramesium

(d)

Spirogira 7

(a)

Amoeba

(b)

Mucor

(c)

Paramecium

(d)

Spirogyra

Nyatakan jenis sel berdasarkan struktur dan fungsinya. Sel pembiakan (a) (b) Sel darah merah Sel darah putih (c) Sel saraf (d)

State the type of cell based on its structure and its function. Reproductive cell (a) (b) Red blood cell White blood cell (c) Nerve cell (d)

Sel darah merah Mengangkut oksigen dalam badan 8

Sel pembiakan Memainkan peranan dalam pembiakan

Sel saraf Menghantar maklumat (impuls) dalam badan

Sel darah putih Red blood cell Membunuh bakteria Transports oxygen in the body Sistem Organ Organ 8 Takes part in reproduction Sends information (impulse) in the body Kills bacteria Reproductive cell Nerve cell White blood cell

Nyatakan struktur yang berikut sebagai sel, tisu, organ atau sistem. Sel Organ (a) Sperma: (b) Kulit: Sistem Tisu (d) Pencernaan: (e) Gegendang telinga: Organ Sel (g) Mata: (h) Ovum:

(c) Perkumuhan: (f) Peparu: (i) Otak:

State the following structures as cell, tissue, organ or system. Cell Organ (a) Sperm: (b) Skin: System Tissue (d) Digestive: (e) Eardrum: Organ Cell (g) Eye: (h) Ovum:

(c) Excretory: (f) Lung: (i) Brain:

System Organ Organ

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PMR
KERTAS

Sudut Pengukuhan

2
7 Rajah 5 menunjukkan sejenis tisu dalam badan manusia.

PMR
PAPER

Enhancement Corner

2
7 Diagram 5 shows a type of tissue in human body.

1
4 Rajah 2 menunjukkan pengelasan organisma. Mukor P Spirogira Organisma Yis Q Ameba Rajah 2 Antara yang berikut, yang manakah mewakili P dan Q? P A B C D Multisel Unisel Tidak berdinding sel Bervakuol Q Unisel Multisel Berdinding sel Tidak bervakuol
KLON 2008
Mukor Ameba Spirogira Paramesium

1
4 Diagram 2 shows the classification of organisms. Mucor P Spirogyra Organisms Yeast Q Amoeba Diagram 2 Which of the following represents P and Q? P A B C D Multicellular Unicellular Have no cell wall Have vacuole Q Unicellular Multicellular Have cell wall Have no vacuole
CLONE 2008
Mucor Amoeba Spirogyra Paramecium

Tiap-tiap soalan yang berikut diikuti oleh empat pilihan jawapan, A, B, C dan D. Pilih jawapan yang terbaik.
1 Maklumat yang berikut menunjukkan ciri-ciri satu sel. Bentuk tetap Vakuol besar Berdinding sel Antara yang berikut, yang manakah me-rupakan ciri lain bagi satu sel yang mempunyai sifat-sifat di atas? A Tidak mempunyai membran sel B Membuat makanan sendiri C Tidak bergerak balas terhadap cahaya D Mempunyai lebih daripada satu nukleus B 2 Antara yang berikut, yang manakah terlibat dalam persenyawaan untuk menghasilkan anak? A C

Each question is followed by four options, A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer.
1 The following information shows the characteristics of a cell. Has a fixed shape Has big vacuole Has cell wall Which of the following is the other characteristic of a cell which has the properties listed above? A No cell membrane B Makes own food C Does not respond to light D Has more than one nucleus B 2 Which of the following involves in the fertilisation to produce offspring? A C

Rajah 5 Tisu ini ialah A tisu saraf B tisu epitelium C tisu otot D tisu penghubung

Diagram 5 The tissue is a A nerve tissue B epithelial tissue C muscle tissue D connective tissue
CLONE 2006

KLON 2006

8 Rajah 6 menunjukkan empat jenis mikroorganisma.

8 Diagram 6 shows four types of microorganisms.

Rajah 6 Antara yang berikut, yang manakah mikroorganisma multisel? A Mukor dan spirogira B Paramesium dan ameba C Mukor dan paramesium D Ameba dan spirogira A
KLON 2006 KLON 2007

Diagram 6 Which of the following are multicellular organisms? A Mucor and Spirogyra B Paramecium and Amoeba C Mucor and Paramecium D Amoeba and Spirogyra A
CLONE 2006 CLONE 2007

5 Rajah 3 menunjukkan struktur sel tumbuhan.

C
KLON 2009

5 Diagram 3 shows the structure of a plant cell.

CLONE 2009

A B

C suatu Y

9 Antara yang berikut, yang manakah membina organ? A C

C D

A B

3 Diagram 1 shows a cell organisation. Rajah 3 Antara struktur berlabel A, B, C dan D, yang manakah tidak terdapat pada sel haiwan? KLON D 2000 6 Rajah 4 menunjukkan struktur sel.
C A D B

Diagram 3 Which of the labelled structures A, B, C or D is not found in an animal cell? CLONE 2000 D 6 Diagram 4 shows the structure of a cell.
C A D B

9 Which of the following builds up an organ? A C

Rajah 1 menunjukkan organisasi sel. Sel Organisma X Sistem Rajah 1

Cell B D Organism
KLON 2008

X System Diagram 1

Antara yang berikut, yang manakah tergolong dalam kumpulan X dan Y ? X Y A Platlet Sel darah putih B Ginjal Ovum C Perut Sperma D Tisu Peparu epitelium D KLON KLON
2000 2002

Rajah 4 Antara struktur A, B, C dan D, yang manakah berfungsi menyerap cahaya untuk fotosintesis? KLON KLON B 2005 2004

10 Antara struktur yang berikut, yang manakah terdapat pada Spirogira tetapi tidak terdapat pada sel kulit manusia? I Dinding sel III Vakuol II Kloroplas A I dan II sahaja B I dan III sahaja C II dan III sahaja D I, II, dan III D

Which of the following belong in groups X and Y? X Y A Platelet White blood cell B Kidneys Ovum C Stomach Sperm D Epithelial Lungs tissue CLONE CLONE D 2000 2002

CLONE 2008

Diagram 4 Which of the structures A, B, C or D absorbs light for photosynthesis? B CLONE CLONE
2004 2005

10 Among the following structures, which are found in Spirogyra but not in human skin cells? I Cell wall III Vacuole II Chloroplast A I and II only B I and III only C II and III only D I, II and III D

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KERTAS

PAPER

Bahagian A Jawab semua soalan.

1 Rajah 1 menunjukkan struktur satu sel.
Kloroplas X: __________________ Nukleus Y: __________________ Dinding sel Z: __________________

Section A Answer all the questions.

1
KLON 2005

Diagram 1 shows the structure of a cell.

Chloroplast X :__________________ Cell wall Z :__________________

Bhg. A, S1

CLONE 2005

Sec. A, Q1

Nucleus Y :__________________

Rajah 1 (a) Pada Rajah 1, label struktur X, Y, dan Z dengan menggunakan perkataan yang berikut: Dinding sel (b) Padankan struktur X, Y, dan Z dengan fungsinya. Struktur X Y Z Fungsi Mengawal semua aktiviti sel Mengandungi klorofil yang menyerap cahaya semasa fotosintesis Melindungi sel Tempat berlakunya proses kimia
KLON 2007

Diagram 1 (a) On Diagram 1, label structures X, Y and Z using the following words: Cell wall (b) Match structures X, Y and Z with their functions. Structure X Y Z Function Controls cell activities Contains chlorophyll which absorbs light during photosynthesis Protects the cell Place where chemical processes occur
CLONE 2007

Kloroplas

Nukleus

Chloroplast

Nucleus

2 (a) Rajah 2 menunjukkan beberapa contoh organisasi sel dalam badan manusia. (i) Antara yang berikut, yang manakah sel? Tandakan () dalam petak yang disediakan.

Bhg. A, S1

2 (a) Diagram 2 shows some examples of the cell organisation in the human body. (i) Which of the following is a cell? Tick () in the box provided.

Sec. A, Q1

Rajah 2 (ii) Bulatkan perkataan dalam petak di bawah untuk menunjukkan dua contoh lain bagi sel. Telinga Ovum Peparu Sperma

Diagram 2 (ii) Circle the words in the box below to show two other examples of cells. Ear Ovum Lungs Sperm

(b) Lukis garisan untuk memadankan setiap jenis sistem dengan fungsinya.
mulut esofagus perut pankreas usus hidung trakea peparu

(b) Draw lines to match each type of system with its function.
mouth oesophagus stomach pancreas intestines nose trachea lungs

rawan

cartilage

tulang

bones

Memecahkan makanan kepada bentuk ringkas untuk diserap oleh badan

Menyerap oksigen dan menyingkirkan karbon dioksida dari badan

Menyokong dan melindungi organ dalaman badan

Breaks up food into a simpler form to be absorbed by the body

Absorbs oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide from the body

Supports and protects the internal organs of the body

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Bahagian B Jawab soalan di bawah.

3 Rajah 3 menunjukkan organisma P, Q, R, dan S.

KLON 2004

Section B Answer all the questions.

Bhg. A, S1

Diagram 3 shows organisms P, Q, R and S.

CLONE 2004

Sec. A, Q1

Rajah 3 Diagram 3 Berdasarkan pemerhatian pada Rajah 3, jawab soalan-soalan yang berikut. (a) Nyatakan satu ciri bagi setiap organisma P, Q, R, dan S. P: Mempunyai membran sel/Mempunyai sitoplasma Q: Mempunyai membran sel/Mempunyai sitoplasma R: Mempunyai dinding sel/Mempunyai kloroplas S: Mempunyai dinding sel/Mempunyai kloroplas (b) Kelaskan organisma P, Q, R, dan S kepada dua kumpulan berdasarkan ciri sepunya. Namakan organisma-organisma dalam setiap kumpulan. Based on the observations in Diagram 3, answer the following questions. (a) State one characteristic for each of the organisms P, Q, R and S. P: Has a cell membrane/Has cytoplasm Q: Has a cell membrane/Has cytoplasm R: Has a cell wall/Has chloroplast S: Has a cell wall/Has chloroplast (b) Classify organisms P, Q, R and S into two groups based on their common characteristics. Name the organisms in each group.s

P, Q, R dan S

P, Q, R and S

Ciri sepunya

Mempunyai dinding sel/ Mempunyai kloroplas

Tidak mempunyai dinding sel/Tidak mempunyai kloroplas

Common characteristics

Have a cell wall/ Have chloroplast

Do not have a cell wall/ Do not have chloroplast

Nama organisma

Klamidomonas Spirogira

Paramesium Ameba

Name of organisms

Chlamydomonas Spirogyra

Paramecium Amoeba

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