GEODESIA Y GEOMENSURA

Ingeniero Geomensor: Gabriel Aravena Vallejos

2006 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

QUE ES LA GEODESIA?
Ciencia que se ocupa del posicionamiento y de la determinacin del tamao y de la figura exactos de la tierra. Esto involucra el estudio de las variaciones en las mediciones precisas sobre ella.

2006 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

Es una de las ciencias ms antiguas cultivadas por el hombre, cuyo objeto es el estudio y determinacin de la forma y dimensiones de la tierra, de su campo de gravedad y sus variaciones temporales.

2006 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

QUE ES LA GEODESIA? Etimolgicamente: del griego geo = tierra desia = divisiones Acto de dividir la tierra.

2006 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

1.0 HISTORIA DE LA GEODESIA

2006 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

1.0 HISTORIA DE LA GEODESIA ANTIGUEDAD: - Neoltico (7000 aC) - Babilonia: (2300aC): Mapas ms antiguos existentes, elaborados sobre baldosas de arcilla, para el cobro de impuestos. - Mesopotamia (1000- 2000 aC), Mapa(600aC), instrumentos medicin. - Egipto, orientacin de las pirmides. Astronoma, agrimensura, instrumentos.

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HISTORIA DE LA GEODESIA MUNDO GRIEGO Pitgoras (580-500 a.C.) y Parmnides (540-470 a.C.) fueron los primeros defensores de la Tierra esfrica. Establecida la esfericidad de la Tierra el objetivo es medirla, entre 400-300 a.C. Diversos clculos para determinar la circunferencia mxima de la tierra, mediciones de tramos de arco de meridiano. Anaximandro, primer mapa del mundo conocido, en el siglo VI a.C

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MUNDO GRIEGO Hacia 300 a.C. se funda la Biblioteca, Observatorio y Museo de Alejandra. Julio Csar (46 a.C.) ordena levantamiento cartogrfico del Imperio: Estrabn y Plinio el Viejo. Claudio Tolomeo (100-170): compila toda la labor de astronoma anterior en su obra Almagesto, a travs de la cual se trasmiten todos los conocimientos al mundo rabe.

2006 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

MUNDO GRIEGO

Mapa atribuido a Tolomeo.

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MUNDO ARABE Tuvo un aporte ms reducido, continan las mediciones. Gracias a ellos sobrevivieron los conocimientos griegos, siendo traducidas al latn en la Espaa de Alfonso X el Sabio (s XII). EDAD MEDIA Desarrolla avances en ciencias relacionadas e instrumentales a utilizar. Roger Bacon (s XIII): astronoma, geografa, mareas ocenicas. Marco Polo: uso de la brjula.

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RENACIMIENTO Y SIGLO XVII Grandes Descubrimientos e invencin de la imprenta, Coprnico, Galileo, Kepler. Gran desarrollo de la cartografa (Vespucio, Mercator) Invencin del telescopio (1580) y los logaritmos (1595) Continan las observaciones, se fundan observatorios con apoyo de los Estados y de particulares.

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RENACIMIENTO Y SIGLO XVII

Mapa del mundo de Mercator.

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RENACIMIENTO Y SIGLO XVII Tycho Brahe (1578): introduce la idea de triangulacin geodsica (precisin). Huyghens (1673): mecanismo del pndulo (precisin). Newton (1697): deduce el valor del achatamiento terrestre (elipsoide).

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SIGLO XVIII Siglos de continuos avances. Medir la longitud fue uno de los grandes problemas: deformaciones de los Mapas. Medir la longitud del grado y desarrollo terico de la Geodesia Dinmica (establecer la forma de la tierra). Se trata de un problema fsico y no geomtrico (clculo del achatamiento terrestre usando medidas de la gravedad)

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Invencin de nuevos instrumentos de observacin y medida (cronmetro y perfeccionamiento teodolito). SIGLO XX Y XXI En la primera mitad del siglo XX se contina la lnea anterior. 1957: lanzamiento del Sputnik Se inicia la Geodesia Espacial: nacen los sistemas de posicionamiento por satlite (constelaciones NAVSTAR y GLONASS).

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SIGLO XX Y XXI Observaciones terrestres + observaciones geodsicas No necesita visibilidad entre los puntos y permite un marco de referencia Mundial. Grandes avances en gravimetra - Posiciones precisas. - Redes globales de triangulacin. - Definicin de la forma real de las superficies de nivel, en particular el geoide y la curvatura del campo gravitatorio

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SIGLO XIX Espaa: Centros Cartogrficos Nacionales Elipsoides de Bessel, Struve y Clarke. Avanzan los trabajos geodsicos permitiendo enlazar las redes de distintos pases, llegando hasta Rusia Finales de siglo: gravimetra (separacin entre geoide y elipsoide).

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AMERICA DEL SUR Siglo XX: Desarrolla productos sistemticamente Realizan redes nacionales de alta precisin, sirviendo de apoyo a las tareas cartogrficas. 1956: Redes entre s en el establecimiento del Provisorium South American Datum de 1956 (PSAD56), con origen en la Canoa, en Venezuela. 1969: Estas redes fueron nuevamente conectadas en la definicin del South American Datum de 1969 (SAD69), origen en Chu, Brasil.

2006 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

AMERICA DEL SUR

2006 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

Cada pas desarrolla su propio origen o Datum. Actualmente, la incorporacin del Sistema Geodsico Geocntrico para Amricas (SIRGAS) ha permitido la unificacin de los Sistemas Geodsicos de Referencia (SGRs) de los pases de Amrica con precisiones compatibles con las actuales tcnicas de posicionamiento. SIRGAS 2000 fue adoptado oficialmente en Chile el ao 2003, pese a en gral todos los productos cartogrficosy bases de datos geogrficas continen en los sistemas PSAD56 y SAD69.

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CHILE 1930: Instituto Geogrfico Militar de Chile (IGM) en conjunto con el Defence Mapping Agency (DMA) inici las tareas para el desarrollo de la Red de Primer Orden Geodsico o de alta precisin en Chile con el objetivo de permitir el mareamiento sistemtico del pas austral. Por las dimensiones de Chile, la red fue diseada en una cadena de triangulacin principal (lados de 60kilmetros) ,completando aproximadamente 3000 kilmetros de triangulacin.

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CHILE Red interrumpida por la dificultad que presentan los obstculos naturales, tales como lagos, montaas y bosques. 1995: Desarrollos FASat- Alfa El objetivo principal era obtener la experiencia cientfica y tecnolgica bsica necesaria para continuar hacia pasos ms avanzados y monitorear la capa de ozono

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CHILE 2008- 2010: SIST. SATELITAL OBSERVACION TERRESTRE (SSOT). Moderno satlite, que se pondr en rbita segundo semestre 2010, y el cual podr tomar imgenes de 1.300 kilmetros de territorio en apenas 3,2 minutos. Su resolucin ser tambin la mejor de todos los sistemas satelitales latinoamericanos.

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ASPECTOS La Geodesia es una ciencia bsica, con unos fundamentos fisicomatemticos y con unas aplicaciones prcticas en amplias ramas del saber, como en topografa, cartografa, fotogrametra, navegacin e ingenieras de todo tipo, sin olvidar su inters para fines militares. Est ntimamente relacionada con la astronoma y la geofsica, apoyndose alternativamente unas ciencias en otras en su desarrollo, en sus mtodos y en la consecucin de sus fines.

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2.0 ESPACIO TOPOGRAFICO Y GEODESICO

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PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMA Todo el proceso de determinacin de posiciones geodsicas est intrnsecamente ligado con la forma y dimensiones de la Tierra, por lo tanto el problema de la determinacin de la figura de la Tierra no es puramente terico, sino que tiene una proyeccin prctica en lo referente al clculo de coordenadas de puntos y a la resolucin de problemas geomtricos sobre su superficie.

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ELEMENTOS GEODESICOS: FIGURA DE LA TIERRA: Diversos significados en Geodesia, dependern segn el modo en que sea usada y segn la precisin con que se defina el tamao y la forma de la tierra. Topogrficamente, es la superficie ms real y evidente, debido a su variedad de formas, accidentes y aguas, por ello es la superficie en la que se realizan las mediciones reales de la tierra.

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ELEMENTOS GEODESICOS: Sin embargo, para clculos matemticos exactos, no es recomendable hacer uso de sta superficie, implica gran cantidad de clculos.

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ELEMENTOS GEODESICOS Para clculos astronmicos y de navegacin, entre otros, se considera la tierra como una esfera, dada su aproximacin cercana a la verdadera figura de la tierra.

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ELEMENTOS GEODESICOS: GEOIDE: Es una forma ideal y terica que tiene la tierra. Corresponde a una superficie de gravedad equipotencial (igual valor de la fuerza de gravedad en cada punto), superficie de nivel que coincide con la superficie del agua en reposo de los ocanos idealmente extendida bajo los continentes, de modo que la direccin de las lneas verticales crucen de forma perpendicular esta superficie en todos sus puntos.

2006 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

ELEMENTOS GEODESICOS: GEOIDE: Esta superficie es continua cerrada y convexa en todas partes. Debido a que la figura del Geoide depende de la distribucin de la masa en el interior de la Tierra, entonces, es indeterminable (Zakatov).

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ELEMENTOS GEODESICOS: ELIPSOIDE DE REVOLUCION: La Tierra no es una figura geomtricamente homognea, esto debido a la distribucin de las masas en el interior de ella, haciendo que sea achatada ligeramente en los polos, y abultada en el Ecuador. Esto hace que los clculos matemticos sobre ella sean muy complejos.

2006 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

Debido a esto surge la necesidad de encontrar una figura matemtica que se acerque lo ms posible a la forma de la Tierra y en la cual puedan realizarse todos los clculos que no se pueden llevar a cabo en la figura del Geoide. Est figura corresponde a un elipsoide de revolucin, el cual se genera al girar ste sobre su eje menor.

2006 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

Se define especificando solamente dos dimensiones, por convencin, se utiliza el semi eje mayor y el achatamiento. Tamao se representa por el eje en el Ecuador, o semi eje mayor, se designa letra a. La forma del elipsoide est dada por el achatamiento, indica cun aproximado se asemeja el elipsoide a la esfera, se designa con letra f.

2006 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

ELEMENTOS GEODESICOS: ELIPSOIDE DE REVOLUCION

a: mitad del eje mayor b: mitad del eje meno z: eje de revolucin del elipsoide terrestre Achatamiento: f = (a-b)/a

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Los elipsoides se identifican con el nombre del cientfico que los deriv y se indica el ao de su desarrollo. El elipsoide Internacional fue desarrollado por Hayford, en 1910 y fue recomendado y adoptado por Unin Internacional de Geodesia y Geofsica.

2006 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

Parmetros de elipsoides de referencia

Nombre Australian National Bessel 1841 Clarke 1866 Clarke 1880 Everest 1956 Fischer 1968 GRS 1980 International 1924 (Hayford) SGS 85 South American 1969 WGS 72 WGS 84 (m) 6378160.000 6377397.155 6378206.400 6378249.145 6377301.243 6378150.000 6378137.000 6378388.000 6378136.000 6378160.000 6378135.000 6378137.000 (m) 6356774.719 6356078.963 6356583.800 6356514.870 6356100.228 6356768.337 6356752.314 6356911.946 6356751.302 6356774.719 6356750.520 6356752.314 298.250000 299.152813 294.978698 293.465000 300.801700 298.300000 298.257222 297.000000 298.257000 298.250000 298.260000 298.257224

2006 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

ELEMENTOS GEODESICOS:

2006 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

ELEMENTOS GEODESICOS: REDES GEODESICAS Surgen ante la necesidad de conocer las coordenadas geogrficas de los lugares. En principio puede hacerse por observacin astronmica de un nmero reducido de puntos, pero no es vlido para asignar coordenadas a todos los puntos de la superficie terrestre: - Se adopta una figura matemtica como figura de la tierra.

2006 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

- Se recubre esta superficie con una red de tringulos.

2006 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

OTROS ELEMENTOS GEODESICOS: - COORDENADAS CARTESIANAS. - COORDENADAS GEODESICAS - COORDENADAS UTM - DATUM

2006 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.