tglEnginePerformance
(1)BrakeTorque,ShaftHorsepower,pecific uelConsumption
1)Brake torque(Turningorce)Torque s also called umingorce.Itistheforce needed o turnan arm of a specilicength.For example, he tighteningorque,neededo tightena boltwith aspannerse4pressed s the
,forcethat turnsthe boltdueto aforce appliedto one endof thespanner.Ifthe spannersshortin length,alargeforce must be applied.But ifthesameorceisappliedto alongspan-ner,the braketorque(turning force)incteases.Therefore, braketorquecan befound usingthefollowing formula:Braketorque:ForcexArmlength[rt'sapplytbistotnen-gine.Theforce(f) istheex-plosionpressluegenerated nthe combustionchamberthatis applied to thepiston,andarm length(r) ise4pressedasthe radiusofLhecrankshaft.This meansthatthebraketorqueofan engineistheforce that turns thecrank-shaft, he outputshaft.BrakeTorque
ForcexLengih
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EnglneBrakeTorque
Theunit of brake torqueskgm(kilogrammeter).2)ShafthorrepowerBrake horsepower)Brakepower)Whena stationarybject s moved6ge1fainistancey applyinga certain orce,heproductof the two ise4pressedswork. Usrng the last illustrationsas anexample,work can beexpressedy thefollowing ormula:Work:Force(F)"Distanceofmovement Arc length)Asthis ormulandicates,ork hasnothi'gtodo withheamountf timettakesomovcheobject.Whenie time ttakes o do theworksadded o the concrptofwork,he results expressedby theunitcalledhorsepower.Horsepowerndicatesow ong ttakesoperlormthe workorhow muchworkanengineperformswirhin a fixedperiodof time. Horsepower sexpressednPS(Pferde-Starke,hich meanshorsepowernGerman) ncountrieswherehemetricsystemisadopted.1 Ps isthe force ndededo movea 75kgobject 1 m in Lsecond.LPS:75 kg.m/sec
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Therefore,horsepower, workand torquearerelatedand can beexpressedbythe following[ormulas:
Brake orqueT:ForcexArmlength=FxR-F=iR(1)Work I|z:Force xMoved distanceArclength):Fx I{Z)Ifa span.ter urns1timss,he arclength(moveddistance)will be2rrRn.Therefore, hetotal work W wrll beas follows:!FxZrftn(3)Therelationbetweenworkand orque canbe obtained ysubstitutingormula (3)byformula(1).WorkW=TxZrn(4)Work canbeconvertedntohorsepower yormula 5) by applying heollowingwoconcepts."LhorsepowerPS) meanso do 75kg.m f.worknL second."Correcthe numberofrotationsperminulsothenumberofrotationsersecond."shafthorsepowep=Txztn =r*n(ps)60x757t6.2Ifrand I in formula (5)are the speedtp*)of theengtneand the brake torque(kgm)ofthe engine,espectively,heshafthorsepowersequalo thehorsepowerf the engins.Thisformulashows hat the shafthorsepowers proportionalo theenginespeedfthe braketorqueof the engine s fixed. Inother words, he shafthorsepower ill be doubledfthe enginespeed sdoubled..3)Specitic ueleonsumptionThequantityof fuel consumedor operationof an engrne ependsntheenginssizeand heoperatinghours.Therefore, uel consumptionerhorsepower er hourisusedto compareengiqes.This ise4pressednunitsofgrl"S-hr(gra-PS hour).
(2)ThermalEtficiencynd Mechanicalfficiency
Theratioof the caloriesof supplied ueltothecalorieschangedntoworkiscalled thethemtaleflicienqof a combustionengine.Varioustypes ofthermalefficiencyareusedtoexpresserformance.
fTheorellcalthermalIefllclencyThermal fliclencyI fIndicatedhermal fficlencyr'-Actualthermaleffl--ciencyIBrake hermal fficlency
1)Theoreticalthermal eftrciencyTheoreticalthermal efEciency stheratioof thecaloricsthat can be changedntowork by atheoreticalcycleto thecaloriessupplied to thiscycle.2)Indicatedthermal e{IiciencyIndicatedthermal efficiencystheratioof the work(calories)hatthe workinggasmixture
giveso thepistonnthecylinderothesuppliedalories.EN G.*gS
(5)
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BrakethsrmalefficiencY=Caloriesf fuelsupPliedto engine
BrakehorsepowerShafthdrsepower)PS)Lowcalorificvalue offuel(kcaVkg)Fuel consumptionkglbr)
3)Brake thermalefliciencYBrake thermalefficiencycan beerpressedusingthefollowingformula:Calorieshangedntopowerby engine75x3,600P,632 xP"427xHuxBHuxE
:Areaofpistonhead (cmz)=Pistontrokem)=Numberofcylinders
Etgl"espeedperminute(rp-)Indicated meaneffectivepressrue (kg/cm)
where,P,Hug4) MechanicalelliciencyTheratioof the brakehorsepowerotheindicatedhorsepowers calledthemechanicaleJficienqt.Itisexpressedy thefollowing ormula:Brakehorsepower
Mechanical efficiency:lndicatedhorsepower
(3)MeanEffectivePressure nd IndicatedHorsepower
W-henhe workthat thegaspressure iveso apistondunog1 cycle(4strokes)sdividedbythevolt'mestroke by thepiston(leveledoutto1e4pansion troke)the resultis themeaneffectivepressrue.This isequal o-4re14-:Ar93-shownntheindicator diagramon thepreviouspage.The meaneffective#",U1-*l;;HtL*p**theperformancefengineswithdiffcrentpistondisplacementsndspeeds.Brakemeaneffectivepressure-Indicated meaneffectivepressurex MechanicalefficiencyrIndicatedmeaneffectivepressue-Frictionmear effectivepressureThe relatioushipsetween&eindicatedhorsepowernd hendicatedmeaneffectivepressurecan be e4pressedy the following ormulas:4-cycleengtne
Pr=
AxLxnxNxP,where,Pr:tndicatedhorsepower2x75x6O}-cyclesnginsPr=
AxLxnxNxP,
75x60
ENG*6
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Diesel Engine Performance
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| Upload Date: | 05/18/2009 |
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