Introduccin a la Lectura Comprensiva de Ingls Acadmico para Medicina Veterinaria

FICHA #12: CONJUNCIONES y CONECTORES LGICOS

Se pueden combinar dos o ms afirmaciones o clusulas dentro de un enunciado mayor a travs de conjunciones, o bien combinar afirmaciones expresadas en diferentes enunciados o partes del texto a travs de conectores. Los conectores y conjunciones lgicas cumplen la funcin de unir o combinar ideas dentro de un enunciado o afirmaciones de diferentes enunciados o partes del texto, como prrafos. Es fundamental que te familiarices con ellos a fin de que comprendas las relaciones lgicas entre las ideas del texto, a la vez que las jerarquizas. Segn el tipo de combinacin, reciben diferentes nombres. El siguiente cuadro clasifica, explica y ejemplifica las conjunciones/conectores y sus usos: ADICIN SIMPLE EJEMPLOS

CONJUNCIN CONECTOR Also,

SIGNIFICADO

You can pay your fees by credit card. You can also Expresan una simple adicin. write a check. Tienen el mismo significado de also y too (tambin, adems)

in addition

Ming has to register for classes today. In addition, he has to pay his course fees.

furthermore

This plant requires sun all day. Furthermore, it needs rich soil. As your mayor, I promise to make this city safe for all. Moreover, I will create more jobs. ADICIN ENFTICA EJEMPLOS

moreover

CONJUNCIN CONECTOR what is more (ms an, y lo que ms) as well (incluso) besides (this) (adems de esto)

SIGNIFICADO

We have succeeded in cleaning up the river. What is Presentan province.

una

idea

que

more, we have made it the cleanest in the entire enfatiza algn aspecto de lo que se ha dicho anteriormente. Su significado es similar a: No Ricardo won the award for athletic achievement. He solo eso (lo que acabo de received academic honors as well. mencionar) sino tambin esto (lo que voy a decir a My brother goes to school full time. Besides this, he continuacin) Not only ... but manages to work twenty hours a week. also ADICIN INTENSIFICADORA EJEMPLOS

CONJUNCIN CONECTOR in fact

SIGNIFICADO

Spokane has a lot of rain lately. In fact, it has been Muestran raining all week.

que

la la

idea

a idea

continuacin fuertemente

apoyar

as a matter of fact

You can take the rest of the pie with you. As a matter mencionada anteriormente. of fact, I wish you would since I am on a diet. (de hecho) Gretchen has never cared for the color magenta.

actually

Conjunciones y Conectores Lgicos

Actually, its one of her least favorite colors. DE EJEMPLIFICACIN EJEMPLOS

CONJUNCIN CONECTOR for example for instance

SIGNIFICADO

Reactions to bee stings can be severe. For example, a Presentan ejemplos de lo que person could experience breathing difficulty. for instance, rugby. se ha mencionado un antes. o Some sports involve considerable body contact. Take, Presentan miembro

instancia tpica de un grupo.

especially

Violence in movies seems to be increasing. Action films Presentan especially appear to be getting more violent. grupo.

un

miembro

instancia importante de un

in particular

Learning the use for article use in English can be difficult. In particular, the use of articles with generic nouns may be confusing.

to illustrate

The steps to save your computer files are quite simple. Presentan ejemplos extensos To illustrate, we will save the file you have just que consisten en una narracin created. o un proceso.

as an example

Many great composers have had their share of misery. As an example, consider the life of Mozart.

CONJUNCIN CONECTOR namely (es decir) specifically

(para ser especfico)

DE IDENTIFICACIN EJEMPLOS

SIGNIFICADO

There is a very important issue before us; namely, we Identifican algo, sea que se need to decide how to reduce the budget by one fourth. haya mencionado o implicado anteriormente. Presentan una I have a question about connectors; specifically, when elaboracin ms especfica do you use in fact? o detallada.

CONJUNCIN CONECTOR that is (es decir) in other words

(en otras palabras)

DE ACLARACIN EJEMPLOS

SIGNIFICADO

The garlic should be minced; that is, you should chop it Sealan que algo va a ser into very small pieces. expresado nuevamente de otra manera You cant go on with this hectic life style. In other aclarado. words, you need to learn to relax. o que va a ser

Introduccin a la Lectura Comprensiva de Ingls Acadmico para Medicina Veterinaria

CONJUNCIN CONECTOR similarly (similarmente)

DE SIMILITUD EJEMPLOS

SIGNIFICADO

The lungs of vertebrates absorb oxygen from the air. Sealan que dos o ms ideas o Similarly, gills, the respiratory organs of many aquatic situaciones son similares. animals, take in oxygen from water.

likewise (del mismo modo)

If you study, you will probably do well in the exam. Likewise, if you write in a journal every day, you will probably become a better writer. Learning to play a musical instrument well requires

in the same way (del mismo modo)

practice. In the same way, learning to speak a second language fluently cannot be accomplished without practice. DE CONTRASTE EJEMPLOS

CONJUNCIN CONECTOR however (sin embargo) in contrast (en contraste)

SIGNIFICADO

In some creation myths, the sun exists before people Muestran que dos ideas se do. In other, however, people create the sun. contraponen, segunda idea o no que es la la

The characters in legends may be based on people who esperada en relacin con lo actually lived. In contrast, the characters in fables, expresado en la primera. often animals, are fictional. Otras conjunciones: although, (si bien, aunque) The proposed new hotel complex will benefit our city. even though, (si bien, On the other hand, it will create serious problems aunque), whereas with increased traffic. (mientras que)

on the other hand (por otro lado)

though (sin embargo)

no confundir con: through: (preposicin), thought pensamiento, de think (pens, pensado) a travs

This lake is not very good for fishing. Its great for swimming and water skiing, though.

in fact (de hecho)

Early civilizations thought the Herat was the center of Sealan sun. que

que se

la

idea

the Universe. In fact, the Earth revolves around the continuacin es contraria a algo mencion anteriormente.

however (sin embargo)

Some people think that whales are fish. However, these animals are actually mammals.

Conjunciones y Conectores Lgicos

CONJUNCIN CONECTOR even so (an as) however (sin embargo)

DE CONCESIN EJEMPLOS

SIGNIFICADO

New York has many urban problems. Even so, it still a Sealan una reserva acerca de great city. algo. La primera idea es cierta, pero la segunda o idea es debera

Most of my meal was excellent. The vegetables, tambin verdad however, were slightly overcooked. considerarse.

nevertheless
sin embargo)

Native Americans have often had difficulties preserving pass down old stories about their cultures to the new generations.

(no obstante, con todo, their traditions. Nevertheless, they had been able to

nonetheless
(no obstante, con todo, sin embargo)

I know mountain climbing can be dangerous. I would like to try it, nonetheless.

Chifumi has to get up at five to get to school on time. despite this (a pesar de sto) in spite of (a pesar de ) Despite this, she has never missed a class.

The day was cold and rainy. In spite of the inclement weather, we decided to take a hike.

on the other hand (por otro lado)

Learning a new language can be fun. On the other hand, it can be frustrating. DE RESULTADO O EFECTO EJEMPLOS

CONJUNCIN CONECTOR accordingly (as pues, consiguiente) as a result (como resultado)

as a result of (this)

SIGNIFICADO

Rain is an important theme in many African religions. Sealan que una idea es in por Accordingly, their rituals often focus on rain-making efecto o resultado de algo. Se and rain stopping. diferencian entre s principalmente por sus grados English spelling rules can be confusing. As a result, de formalidad. some have proposed simplified spelling. Some people suffer from acrophobia. As a result of this phobia, they avoid heights.

because of (this), (debido a (sto))

Canvas is strong material. Because of its strength, it is used for tents.

Introduccin a la Lectura Comprensiva de Ingls Acadmico para Medicina Veterinaria

due to (this) (debido a (sto)) consequently (en consecuencia) therefore (por lo tanto) thus
(as, de este modo)

A megaphone is a hollow cone. Due to its shape, it can amplify sound. John couldnt get to the library. Consequently, he wasnt able to finish his research. The plot of this book is not very original. The ending, therefore, is easy to predict. Spring water is filtered through permeable rock. Thus, it is usually fairly clean. Fluorocarbons have stable carbon-fluorine bonds;

hence (de aqu que)

hence they are inert and heat resistant. The ending of this book is easy to predict because the plot is not very original. DE PROPSITO EJEMPLOS

CONJUNCIN CONECTOR

SIGNIFICADO

in order to (do this) We will test your cholesterol levels tomorrow. In order Presentan el propsito de la (para sto) to check it, we must ask you not to eat anything for idea a continuacin. Tambin four hours. with this in mind
(con sto en mente)

expresan relacin causal.

Catherine needed to go to the market after work. With Otras conjunciones: so as to, this in mind, she took her grocery list with her. The candidate for mayor needed to increase her campaign funds. For this purpose, her manager scheduled several fund-raising dinners. (de manera tal que), in order that (para que)

for this purpose

(con este propsito)

Fuente: FRODESEN, J, EYRING, J: Grammar Dimensions 4, Heinle&Heinle, 2000, pg. 203-220. (adaptado, mi traduccin).

Conjunciones y Conectores Lgicos