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word accessor method actual parameter address algorithm argument arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU)

ASCII binary bit boolean boolean expression boolean operator byte cache memory

cast class computer science constructor control unit encapsulation explicit parameter flops formal parameter gigatbyte I/0 buffer I/0 controller IDE implicit parameter initialize instance instance variable instantiation

instruction set kilobyte local variable logic gate loop machine language mass storage megabyte memory Memory Address Register (MAR) Memory Data Register (MDR) method mutator method object object reference

object-oriented programming parameter parameter passing primitive data type pseudocode Random Access Memory register scope software stored program concept syntax terabyte transistor truth table Von Neumann architecture white space

definition a method that accesses an object and returns some information about it without changing the object expression supplied for a formal parameter of a method by the caller unique identifier for each cell (fixed-size units or divisions of memory) an ambiguous, executable, and terminating specification of a way to solve a problem an actual parameter in a method call, or one of the values combined by an operator subsystem that performs such mathematical and logical operations as addition, subtraction and comparison for equality; normally and conceptually viewed as separate components, but in all modern machines, the ALU and control unit are fully integrated into single component called processor (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) most widely used code for representing characters internally in a computer system, international standard for representing textual information in majority of computers, uses 8 bits to represent each character (able to code 2^8=256 characters) base-2 positional numbering system not unlike the more familiar decimal, or base-10, system used in everyday life; value or worth of a digit depends not only on its absolute value but also on its specific position within a number binary digit; the smallest unit of information, having two possible values: 0 and 1. A data element consisting of n bits has 2n possible values. Two digits, 0 and 1 (contraction of two words binary digits) (boolean logic) branch of mathematics and symbolic logic, deals with rules for manipulating the two logical values of true and false (1 is true and 0 is false) expression that evaluates to either true or false logical connective (AND, OR, NOT) that connects or alters to produce a truth value of the overall new expression a number made up of eight bits. Essentially all currently manufactured computers use a byte as the smallest unit of storage in memory; 10^0 which is one character a special, high-memory unit where data from RAM memory is moved; usually 5-10 times faster but smaller; helps higher efficiency of computer

explicitly converting a value from one type to a different type. For example, the cast from a floating-point number x to an integer is expressed in Java by the cast notation (int) x a programmer-defined data type; type of an object; declares the methods that you can apply to its objects the study of algorithms including their formal and mathematical properties, their hardward realizations, their linguistic realizations and their applications a method that initializes a newly instantiated object has the task of 1. fetching from memory the next instruction to be executed, 2. decode it to determine what is to be done, 3. execute it by issuing the appropriate command to the ALU, memory or I/0 controllers the hiding of implementation details a parameter of a method other than the object on which the method is invoked (FLOPS) floating-point opeartions per second [measure of computer speed] a variable in a method definition; it is initialized with an actual parameter value when the method is called 10^9; a departmental library of a large personal library small amount of memory of I/O controller special-purpose computer whose responsibility is to handle the details of input/output and to compensate for any speed differences between I/O devices and other parts of computer integrated development environment, a programming environment that includes an editor, compiler and debugger the object object on which a method is invoked. For example, in the call x.f(y), the object x is the implicit parameter of the method f initialization, setting a variable to a well-defined value when it is created (of a class) an object whose type is that class. (method) a method with an implicit parameter; that is, a method that is invoked of an instance of a class a variable defined in a class for which every object of the class has its own value (of a class) construction of an object of that class

set of all operations that can be executed by a processor; what operations to include/exclude from instruction set is one of the most important and difficult decisions in design of new computer 10^3; one typed page a variable whose scope is a block an electronic device that operates on a collection of binary inputs to produce a binary output; ie. transforms set of (0,1) values into a single (0,1) output value according to a specific transformation rule (AND, NOT, OR) a sequence of instructions that is executed repeatedly instructions that can be decoded and executed by control unit of computer are represented in machine language (mass storage devices) role of nonvolatile storage, long-term, archival storage (or information could not saved when computer shutdown), put on disks and tapes; input/output (I/O) units are devices that allow a computer system to communicate and interact with the outside world as well as store information but only volatile storage, so information disappears when computer is turned off 10^5, two or three novels functional unit of a computer that stores and retrieves the instructions and the data being executed holds the address of the cell to be fetched or stored; must be able to hold any address and therefore, at least N bits wide where 2^N is address space of computer contains the data value being fetched or stored; since most computers have a cell size of 8 bits, and most data values occupy multiple cells, so size of MDR is usually multiple of 8 a sequence of statements that has a name, may have formal parameters, and may return a value. A method can be invoked any number of times, with different values for its parameters a method whose purpose is to modify the internal data of an object a value of a class type a value that denotes the location of an object in memory. In Java, a variable whose type is a class contains a reference to an object of that class

(object-oriented design) designing a program by discovering objects, their properties, and their relationships an item of information that is specified to a method when the method is called. For example, in the call System.out.println("Hello, World!"), the parameters are the implicit parameter System.out and the explicit parameter "Hello, World!". specifying expressions to be actual parameter values for a method when it is called (primitive type) in Java, a number type or boolean a high-level description of the actions of a program or algorithm, using a mixture of English and informal programming language syntax (RAM) electronic circuits in a computer that can store code and data of running programs, frequently used to refer to the memory unit storage cell that holds the operands of an arithmetic operation and that, when the operation is complete, holds its results the part of a program in which a variable is defined (system software) component that creates friendly, problemsolving environment; intermediary between the user and the hardware components of the Von Neumann machine; without it, then computers could only be used by really technical computer people one of the characteristics that the Von Neumann architecture is based of; it is in which instructions to be executed by the computer are represented as binary values and stored in memory rules that define how to form instructions in a particular programming language 10^12; the library of a major academic research university much like the light switch; solid-state device that has no mechanical or moving parts; switching of on and off is done electronically (not mechanically); fast and small; structure that lists the true and false values of inputs and expressions made up of memory, input/output, alu, control unit; basically does fetch, decode, execute any sequence of only space, tab, and newline characters

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