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t*FvdyfvlrsKd;pma&;q&m AG  D-tufpf-y&Dcsuf 
(V.S. Pritchett)
u vD,d kawmfvfpwG  dKif;ta=umif;a&;om;cJ  h&mwGif/ ol.0wˆKrsm;u&k&Sm;Ed kifiH. tcuftcJrsm;ta=umif;yH kazmfa&;om;cJ  h+yD;/ Tod k @azmfjyzl;aom&k&Sm;vlrsKd; [lI olrSvG  JI tjcm;olrsm;&S  dtH  hrxif[ka&;om;csD;usL;cJ  hygonf? awmfpwG  dKif;.0wˆKwckcsif;u vltrsm;qufqHa&;ESif  h  rdwfaqGtaygif;toif;qufqHa&;udpPrsm;ud kazmfjycJ  h+yD;/ trsKd;tpm;tm;jzif  hvnf; xl;xl;jcm;jcm; uG  Jjym; pH kvifvSygonf? xd k @tjyiftrsKd;om;a&;vuQ%mxl;xl;jcm;jcm;ay:vGifvSygonf? Tpmtkyfrsm;u usaemfwd k @ud ktawG @t=uHKay;ygonf? rdrdwd k @taejzif  hTpmtkyftwGufjyifqif&m/ a&;om;&m/ jyefvnfwnf;jzwf&mudpPrsm; wGifrsm;pGm taxmuftuljzpfapcJ  hygonf? rdrdwd k @tcuftcJr&S  datmifjzpfapcJ  h&+yD;/ Tod k @tcGif  htvrf;xl; twGuf  0rf;ajrmufyDwdjzpf&ygonf? rdrdwd k @onfrdwfaqGvkyfazmfud kifzufrsm;.ycH k;rsm;ay:wGif&yfcJ  h=u&ygonf? Tpmtkyfxkwfa0csdefY wcsdefwnf;xkwfvkyfEd kifcJ  haom&kyfjrifoH=um; Zmwfvrf;wG  JtwGufzefwD;ay;cJ  haom rdwfaqGrsm;/ Tpmtkyfa&;om;&mwGifokawoevkyfief;rsm;Y yg0ifaqmif&Gufay;&efawmif;qd kcJ  h=uolrsm;/ tcef;rsm;cGJ&m/ tjcm;vd ktyfcsufrsm;jznf  hpGuf=u&mY ulnDcJ  h=uolrsm;a=umif  hom ,ckvd kjzpfajrmufvmcJ  h&jcif; jzpfygonf? xd kolrsm; .0d kif;0ef;yH  hyd k;r_rsm; r&&Sdygu/ Tvkyfief;taumiftxnfay:&eftwGuf+yD;ajrmufjynf  hpH kEd kifvdrf  hrnfr[kwfyg? pwda,mhuf 
(Steve York)
u “yd kI}uD;rm;aom tiftm;tpGrf;wck”&kyfjrifoH=um;rSwfwrf;Zmwfvrf;wGJtwGuf  a&;om;xkwfa0Ed kifcJ  hygonf? tvm;wlyif(1999) ckESpfY Zmwfvrf;wckpm rSwfwrf;zvifwckud kxkwfvkyfEd kifcJ  h=uygonf? yg0ifcJ  h=uaomwufºuGv_yf&Sm;oltrsm;udkar;jref;&mY ol.xJxJ0if0if&S  dvSaom tifwm AsL;rsm;/ rsufjrifoufaorsm;ud k  ar;jref;csufrsm;/ ponfwd k @u TpmtkyfygyÉdyuQ(8) cktwGufa&;om;&mY txl;ud k;um;azmfjy&aom tcsufrsm;jzpfygonf? ol.pGrf;aqmifcsufomryg0ifygu Tpmtkyftaejzif  hord kif; qd kif&mpmayrsm;twGuf  topfjznf  hpnf;r_ud kvkyfEd kifvdrf  hrnfr[kwfyg? pwda,mhuf. t=urf;rzufyÉdyuQrsm; tay:aphpyfu|rf;usifr_rSm/ Tbmom&yfud ktjcm;aqmif&Gufavhvm=uol&kyf&Siform;rsm;xufpmv#ifolrwlatmif  xl;xl;uJuJcsD;usL;zG,f&mjzpfygonf? euf&d  _if;+yD;/ yrm%t&vnf; tus,ftjyef @Ed kifvSygonf? olavhvmawG @&S  dcJ  haom &pforftedrf  htjrif  h/ twuftusESif  hzG  J @pnf;xm;yH krSm Ttcef;qufZmwfvrf;wG  Jrsm;twGufyd kI&kyfºuGapygonf? *|efeoefrd k*g;vf
(Jonathan Mogul)
rSm usaemfwd k @.tqif  hjrif  hokawoerSL;ESif  hwnf;jzwfoljzpfygonf? rdcsD*ef wuUod kvfrSord kif;t"dujzif  hyg&*lbG  J @&vmoljzpf+yD;/ ol. ynm&yfyd kif;qd kif&maqmif&GufcsuftwGufaus;Zl;rsm; pGm&S  da=umif; azmfjy&ygvdrf  hrnf? olu udef*%ef;qd kif&mtcsuftvufrsm;ud k tao;pdwf&SmazGpkaqmif;cJ  h+yD;/ yxrrl=urf;Zwfausm&d k;ud kcsEd kifcJ  hygonf? Tvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;rSaeI tcef;rsm;jzpfvm+yD;/ &k&Sm;/ tdEN  d,/ yd kvef/ tar&duefawmifyd kif;/ awmiftmz&du/ ta&S @Oa&my/ oD&dvuFmpaom yÉdyuQtcef;rsm;twGufpDpOfa&;om;cJ  hygonf? olu t,fvfqmaA'd  d k;ESif  hqd kifaom Zmwfa=umif;ud kjyefvnfjyifqifjznf  hpGufcJ  hygonf? zdvpfyd kifESif  hcsDvD  Ed kifiHqd kif&mudpPrsm;twGufvd ktyfaomokawoeudpPrsm; xyfrHaqmif&GufcJ  hygonf? aemufqH k;ed*H k;csKyfoHk;oyf  csufrsm;xkwf&mY ulnDcJ  hygonf? rdrdwd k@Zmwfvrf;rsm;twGufausm&dk;xkwfE_wfqifjcifxm;onf  hoabmxm;ud k  tcef;trsm;tjym;Y &Sif;vif;wf  dusr_jzpfapatmifjyefvnfppfaq;cJ  hygonf? xd k @tjyiford kif;qd kif&m/ yx0Dyd kif; qd kif&m/ jzpfay:wdk;wufr_rsm;ud ktm&H kxm;=unf  hwwfonf  hol. tavhtxa=umif  hrdrdwd k @.tuJjzwfr_udpPrsm; ud k  pepfwus&S  dapcJ  hygonf? *sufzfa[eef 
(Jeff Heynan)
u a*smhcsfawmif;wuUod kvf/ Ed kifiH&yfjcm;0efxrf;rsm;ausmif;rStqif  hjrif  hausmif; om;wOD;jzpfygonf? olu *smrefESif  h'wfcsfbmomud kyg u|rf;usifyd kifEd kifoljzpf+yD;/ wG  Jzufwnf;jzwfolwOD;jzpfyg onf? 'kwd,urB mppftwGif; ckcHr_wckjzpfonf  h&l;urf  hzfudpPY olu yxrrl=urf;ud ka&;om;ay;cJ  hygonf? ol. pepfwus&S  dvSaomokawoeðyr_rsm;/ tus,ftjyef @aomrl&if; ae&m&if;jrpfrsm;rS&SmazGjznf  hqD;ay;cJ  hr_a=umif  h/ aemufqH k; yef;rsm;ud kvSya0qmpGmzl;yGif  hapaom&vm'fjzpfapatmifulnDay;cJ  hygonf? xdk @tjyifpmtkyf&nf!$ef;csufrsm; jyefvnfppfaq;/ jyifqif&efESif  haemufqufwG  Jt!$ef;0vdaqmif&Gufjcif;udpPrsm;Y ulnDay;cJhyg onf? um;vfyd kaq;
(Carl Posey)
u tm*sifwD;em;ESif  hcsDvDEd kifiH&S  dyÉdyuQrsm;ud k a&;om;&mY ulnDwnf;jzwfay;oljzpfygonf? Tpmrlrsm;twGufyxrrl=urf;ud ka&;om;ðypkay;cJ  hygonf? olu tcef;rsm;cG  J&mY jyefvnfIpepf wusjzpfap&ef/ ulnDcJhygonf? xd k @tjyif&k&Sm;/ tdEN  d,/ yd kvef/ awmiftmz&du/ w&kyf/ ta&S @Oa&my/ rGef*d kvD;,m;
 Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)
i
 
Ed kifiHrsm;ta=umif;a&;om;&mY pmoufouf/ tcsuftvufoufoufjzif  hrGrf;=uyfraeyJ/ vlom;qefaom taiG @toufrsm; yg&avatmif/ qG  Jaqmifr_aumif;I ouf0ifv_yf&Sm;ae&avatmifulnDwnf;jzwfay;cJ  holjzpfygonf? *&ufrd kufu,fvD'pf 
(Greg Michaelidis)
rSm tifwDzm'gyÉdyuQESif  hbwfpfcf/ jrefrm/ qmAD;,m;Ed kifiHrsm; ta=umif;Y yxrrl=urf;ud ka&;om;ay;cJ  hygonf? olvnf; yl;wG  Jwnf;jzwfolt,f'DwmwOD;jzpfygonf? T ta=umif;t&mrsm;tay:  awG @qH kar;jref;cef;rsm;ESif  hwpd kufrwfrwfvd kufxm;aom tjcm;olrsm;r&Ed kifonf  h&Sm;yg;vSaomtcsuftvufrsm;rSm tzd k;rjzwfEd kifzG,fjzpfygonf? rd kufu,faumfe,fvD 
(Michael Connelly)
rSm zdvpfyd kifjynfol @tm%mv_yf&Sm;r_pmrlud k  yxrrl=urf;pwifa&;om;ay;aom yl;wG  Jwnf;jzwfolt,f'Dwm wOD;jzpfygonf? Tod k @rsm;jym; ¹yGwfodyfaeaomyÉdyuQrsm;=um;Y txift&Sm;jzpf&avatmif/ ulnDae&mcsay; Ed kifcJ  hygonf? w&kyfEd kifiHESif  hrGef*d kvD;,m;Ed kifiHrsm;ta=umif;twGufud krlarm&pf&dkqmbD 
(Morris Rossabi)
.tultnDud k&cJ  honfrSm rsm;pGmaus;Zl;wifzG,fjzpfygonf? olonfTEd kifiH. ta&S @zsm;qd kif&mavhvma&;bmom&yfrsm;wGifueOD;avhvmcJ  hol  xif&Sm;onf  hynm&SifwOD; jzpfygonf? olu TyÉdyuQESpfcktwGufyxrrl=urf;udka&;om;ay; cJ  hygonf? Ttjzpftysufrsm;ESif  hu|rf;0ifvSaomol.t&nftcsif;/ rGef*d kvD;,m;&S  dvlrsm;ESif  hodu|rf;r_u T pmtkyfyg yÉdyuQrsm;Y rGef*d kvD;,m;ta=umif;ud k ouf0ifatmiftopfxnf  hoGif;apEd kifcJhygonf? xd k @tjyifrD&D,efZifrmrif;
(Miriam Zimmerman)
ud kvnf; aus;Zl;pum;qd k&efcsefxm;IrjzpfEdkifyg? olu rdrdwd k @. okawoeqd kif&m"gwfyH krsm;ud kpkaqmif;ay;cJ  h+yD;/ Tpmtkyftaumiftxnfay:&eftqif  hwd kif;Y yl;aygif; aqmif&GufcJ  h&olwOD; jzpfygonf? z,fvDpD,m 0pf'frif;
(Felicia Widmann)
u "gwfyH kydkif;qd kif&mudpPrsm;wGif  yl;aygif;aqmif&GufolwOD; jzpfygonf? olu awmifyH k&myH kjzpfaeaom"gwfyH krsm;xJrSrarmEd kifryef;Ed kifa&G;xkwf&Sm azGay;cJ  holwOD; jzpfygonf? tapmyd kif;umvrsm;wGif"gwfyH krsm;ud kpwifa&G;cs,fay;cJ  haom ,efurf  hzf 
(Jan Camp)
 ud kvnf; txl;aus;Zl;wifygonf? xd k @tjyif[Dom&yfcsf 
(Heather Rush)
ESif  hrufo,l;&pfcswfqif 
(MatthewRichardson)
wd k @uvnf; ulnDcJ  h=uygonf? tDauGwd k&D,,f8&yfzpfXmerStJvufpfwdwfuvnf; owif;tcsufjyajryH kaumif;rsm;&&efulnDcJ  hygonf? xd k @tjyifrdrdwd k @taejzif  h&d k @pfar&Dtrfrm&l/ &d kqvifatb&m[rf/ A,fvm&Duefeif[ef/ b&pf*suf'l&efwd k @ud kvnf; aus;Zl;wifygonf? xd kolrsm;u pdwf&SnfZG  J&S  d&mjzif  hqufoG,fa&;udpPrsm;/ yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;udpPrsm; txajrmufatmifaqmif&Gufay;cJ  h=uygonf? csefeif; a0:vfumuvnf; tcsdefrDulnDr_rsm;aqmif&Gufay;EdkifcJ  h+yD;/ qef'D  *d&d k @zfu Tpmtkyfud kvlodrsm;atmifaqmif&Gufay;cJ  hygonf? xd k @twl0Dwm
(WETA)
&kyfjrifoH=um; Xme&S  d  qlqef&rf;bwfcfuvnf; yDbDtufpf&kyfjrifoH=um;XmeESif  h qufoG,fEd kifa&;ulnDay;cJ  hygonf? t,fvfbwftd kif;pwd kif; tifpwDusL;&Sif;rSb&kpf*sifuif 
(Bruce Jenken)
ud kvnf; txl;aus;Zl;wifygonf? aumfeJvfwuUod kvfrSqpf'eDwm&d k;vf'f 
(Sidney Tarrow)
/ pwef;zd k @'fwuUod kvfrSa'gufruft'rfu T pmtkyftay:  jznfhpGufay;cJ  haoma0zefcsufrsm;ESif  htjrifrsm;twGufvnf;aumif;/ tvGwfoabmaqG;aEG;ajym qd kr_rsm;twGuf  txl;aus;Zl;wif&ygonf? Ttcsufrsm;onftoH k;0ifvSaomtcsufrsm;jzpf+yD;/ rdrdwd k @twGufwefzd k;xm;p&m jzpfygonf? xd k@tjyif&kyfjrifoH=um;Zmwfvrf;wG  Jrsm;Y tifwmAsL;ar;jref;ay;cJ  haom wGrf0d'fvif*g
(Tom Weidlinger)
 ESif  hTpmtkyfwGifud k;um;xm;&aom ol.ar;jref;csufrsm;ESif  hygwfoufI aus;Zl; wifvSygonf? rdrdwd k @ud ktxl;ulnDcJ  haomolrSm *|efeDvD'Gef tufumrif 
(Jonnie Leedom-Ackerman)
jzpfygonf? ol. t=urf;rzufaomv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;twGif; umv=um&Snf&cJ  haomtawG @t=uHKrsm;/ ar#mfjrif,lqcsufrsm;u T pmtkyfa&;om;=u&mY rnfonf  h&nf&G,fcsufxm;aqmif&Gufrnf/ rnfonf  htcsufrsm;ud kjznf  hqD;=u&rnfud k  xif&Sm;&Sif;vif;pGmodEd kifatmifulnDay;ygrnf? xd k @tjyifrdrdwd k @,H k=unfr_ud kvnf; yd krd kcd kifrmvmapygonf? Tpm tkyfwGif;azmfjyxm;aom tcsuftvufrsm;ESif  htao;pdwfrSpI oufqd kifaeaomynm&yfyd kif;qd kif&macgif;aqmifr_twGuf  *sif;&Syf
(Gene Sharp)
ud kaus;Zl;wif&S  da=umif;azmfjy&efcsefvSyfxm;I rjzpfEd kifyg? olu Tt=urf;r zufa&;qd kif&mt,ltqrsm; yd krd kwd k;wufzG  H @òzd;apa&;twGufrsm;pGmaqmif&GufcJ  h+yD;/ ouf&S  dxif&Sm;&S  dae=uaom ynm&Sifrsm;teuf acwfopft=urf;rzufa&;v_yf&Sm;r_oabmw&m;b%fwd kufud kt&if;tjrpfrsm;jzif  htxl; zG  H @òzd;wdk;wufapoljzpfygonf?
 Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)
ii
 
 aemufqH k;taejzif  hpdef @rmwifyH kES  dyfwd kufrSt,f'Dwm um&if0lvfeD 
(Karen Wolny)
ud kvnf; txl;aus;Zl;wif&S  dygonf? ol. Tpmtkyfygta=umif;t&mrsm;tay:txl;pdwfxufoef0ifpm;r_/ Tpmtkyfygta=umif;t&mrsm; ud k  rnfod k @rnfyH ktav;ay;azmfjy&efESif  htusOf;csKH;azmfjyEd kif&efaxmufjyt=uHay;csufrsm;ud kvnf; txl;aus; Zl;wifygonf? rdrdwd k @.tjrifrsm;ud krnfod k @azmfjy&rnfud kvrf;awG @&S  dEd kifa&;twGufvrf;a=umif;ay;aomOD;aqmif  od k;ausmif;ozG,fðyolrSm olyifjzpfygonf? pmrlpmuspmersm; r&S  d&avatmifulnDwnf;jzwfay;cJ  h=uaom tvef  b&ufa&SmESif  h*seDzmqDrDwefwd k @ud kvnf; tzd k;rjzwfEd kifatmifaus;Zl;wif&S  dygonf? “ydkI}uD;rm;aom tiftm;tpGrf;wck”&kyfjrifoH=um;rSwfwrf;Zmwfvrf;wG  Jjzpfajrmufap&eftwGufnm%f  tvif;jyulnDcJ  h=uaom t,fvfbwftdef;pwdef; tifpwDusL;&Sif;rSqlqefESif  hy,f&Dvmem/ t,fvDZbufESif  h*|eftdyfcsf- Aefrmuifpwdef; o&D;/ atbDESifhtvefvJAD;/ ESif  htmomAdkif;eif;a';Apfazmifa';&Sif;wd k @ud ktxl; ulnDyH  hyd k;r_wd k @a=umifhom taumiftxnfay:vm&jcif;jzpfygonf? ueOD;okawoeðyvkyfief;rsm;ud ktar&duef+idrf;csrf;a&;tifpwDusL 
(U.S.Institute of Peace)
rSaxmufyH  hr_ay;cJ  hygonf? TtzG  J @tpnf;rsm;ESif  hvlyk*~  dKvfrsm;. pdwftm;xufoefulnDr_om r&&S  dcJ  hygu/ oef;aygif;rsm;pGmaomTpmtkyfrsm;ud kajrmuftar&duwd kufwGifaomfvnf;aumif;/ urB mhtES  H @tjym;wGifaomfvnf;aumif; jrif=u&zG,fr&S  dyg? TpmtkyfonfrsKd;quf(5) ck.Ed kifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;/ vlr_rwnfr+idrfjzpfr_rsm;/ ppfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ud kjzef @usuf  azmfjyxm;ygonf? ta=umif;t&mrsm;rSm urB mhwd kuf}uD; (5) ck&SdEd kifiHaygif; (24) ckwGifjzpfysufcJ  haomta=umif; t&mrsm; jzpfygonf? xd ktwGufa=umif  hrdrdwd k @okawoevkyfief;rsm;rSm tm;tifukefcrf;vkeD;yg;aqmif&GufcJ  h=u &ygonf? tcsuftvufrSm;,Gif;r_rsm;/ azmfjycsufrSm;,Gif;r_rsm;/ rSm;,Gif;t"dy` g,fzGifhr_rsm; &S  dEd kifygonf? rdrdwd k @ trSm;rsm;twGuf  rdrdwd k @wGifomvH k;0wm0ef&S  dygonf? rdrdwd k @.&nf&G,fcsufrSm }uD;jrwfaomt=urf;rzufv_yf&Sm;r_. vGefcJ  haomESpf(100) twGif; aqmif&GufatmifjrifcJ  haom rSefuefaom/ wu,f  htjzpfrSefrsm;ud kom azmfjyvd kjcif; jzpfygonf? xd kxufyd kIqd k&v#ifvGefcJ  haom&mpkESpftwGif; jynfolrsm;. olwd k@tm%mwd k;wufvmap a&;twGufv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ESif  h  wef;wlnDr#tcGif  hta&;rsm; &&S  da&;/ w&m;r#wr_ESif  h'Drd kua&pDtcGif  hta&;rsm;&&S  da&; twGuf  t=urf;rzufaomenf;ud koH k;I v_yf&Sm;aqmif&GufcJ  h=uyH krsm;ud k*k%fðyazmfjyvd kjcif;r#om jzpfygonf? tu,fITpmtkyfwGift&Snfwnfwef @Ed kifaom vlom;rsm;. wefzd k;xm;csufrsm;ud k zwf,l&&S  dcJ  hygu/ Tod k@ atmifjrif&&S  dr_rsm;onfrdrdwd k @tm;vH k;.tem*gwftwGufygtzdk;rjzwfEd kifaom ta=umif;rsm;jzpfaoma=umif  hjzpfygonf?
 Democratic Development Committee (NCGUB)
iii
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