_____________________________________ Chemical study on estrogens 3
Contents
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Preface 5Summary 61 Introduction 12
1.1 Backgrounds 121.2 Objectives 121.3 Limitations 13
2 Physical chemical properties 14
2.1 Identification 142.1.1 Oestradiols 152.1.2 Oestrone 162.1.3 Ethinyl-oestradiol 162.2 Physico-chemical characterisation 172.2.1 Oestradiols 172.2.2 Oestrone 182.2.3 Ethinyloestradiol 182.3 References 19
3 PRODUCTION AND USE 20
3.1 Uses 203.1.1 Natural estrogens 203.1.2 Synthetic estrogens 203.1.3 Veterinary use 213.2 Major producers 213.3 Production processes 223.3.1 Synthesis of 17ß-Oestradiol and oestrone 223.3.2 Synthesis of ethinyloestradiol 233.3.3 Wastewater treatment 243.4 Demands and developments 253.5 Conclusions and recommendations 253.6 References 25
4 Emissions to aquatic environment 29
4.1 Emission routes 274.2 Emission of natural hormones of human and animal origin 284.2.1 Cattle 284.2.2 Pigs 304.2.3 Chickens 324.2.4 Horses 334.2.5 Total animal emission through excretion 334.2.6 Humans 344.3 Leaching of estrogens to surface water 364.4 Conclusion 374.5 References 38
5 Behaviour in the aquatic environment 40
5.1 Introduction 405.2 Solubility and volatilisation 405.3 Sorption 41
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