Complex Variables

De Moivre = x + iy = ei = cos + i sin 1 z = = x iy = ei = cos i sin z + 2k + 2k ei n = cos + i sin n n z Trigonometric z = sin = z = cos = tan = 1 ei ei 1 z = 2i 2i z i i e +e 1 1 = z+ 2 2 z sin cos

Powers (cos + i sin )n = cos n + i sin n (cos + i sin )n = cos n i sin 2 cos n = z n + z n 2i sin n = z n z n Hyperbolic e e 2 e + e cosh = 2 sinh tanh = cosh sinh =

Complex Equivalences cos iz sin iz = i sinh z sinh iz Hyperbolic Identities cosh(a + b) = cosh a cosh b + sinh a sinh b cosh z = cosh x cos y + i sinh x sin y = i sin z cosh iz cosh x = k = cosh z = cos z x = ln(k k 2 1), where(k > 1)

Complex Roots = z
1 n 1

Roots of Unity = r (cos + i sin ) = r e + 2k + 2k cos + i sin n n

1 n 1 n 1 n in

= rn

1 = cos 2k + i sin 2k = ei2k 2i 1, , 2 , . . . , n1 with = exp n

Author: Martin Blais, 2009. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution - Non-Commercial - Share-Alike license.