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Chapter 19Chapter 19Introduction toIntroduction toOrganic ChemistryOrganic Chemistry
 
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19.1 The beginnings of organic chemistry19.1 The beginnings of organic chemistry
large number of remarkably stable compoundsconsist of C, H, O and N
– 
organic compoundsno organic compounds had been synthesized frominorganic substance before the early 19th centurythevital-force theory
– 
organic substances couldoriginate only from living material1828 WöhlerHCNO + NH
3
╳
NH
4+
CNO
-
NH
2
O=C ureaNH
2
the sources of organic compounds are carbon-containing raw materials
– 
petroleum and naturalgas, coal, carbohydrates, fats, and oils
 
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19.2 The carbon atom19.2 The carbon atom
C electron structure 1
s
2
2
s
2
2
 p
4
two stable isotopes: C-12 and C-13a carbon atom usually forms four covalent bondswith tetrahedral geometryex. methane CH
4
carbon tetrachloride CCl
4
H Cl.. ..H:C:H Cl:C:Cl.. ..H Clone, two, or three pairs of electrons can be sharedbetween two C atoms, forming a single, double, ortriple bond . . . .·C
 — 
C· ·C=C· ·C
≡
C·. .through this bonding ability, long chains of Catoms form by liking one to another
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