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Gravitational Wave Astronomy: Data Analysis L.

Alicia M. Sintes Universitat de les Illes Balears GWA School, Rhodes University, 2013

ContentL.1
Introduc0on:
Gravita0onalWaves Interferometers:ini0alandadvanced TypesofSearches

Gravita0onalwavedata Signalprocessingbasics PSDes0ma0on

GWA School, January 2013, A.M. Sintes

GeneralRela0vity:atheoristsParadise,butan experimentalistsHell
C. Misner, K. S. Thorne and J.A Wheeler, Gravitation p. 1131 (1973)

Nothingexempliesthisstatementlike gravita0onalwaves Convincingobserva0onalevidencefortheir existencenotavailableun0l~70yearsaSer ini0alpredic0on(BinaryPulsar) ASermanyyears,directdetec0ons0lleludes us Withluck,wemayhaveadirectdetec0onby the100thanniversaryoftheirpredic0on

AIP Emilio Segr Visual Archives

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Gravitational Waves
According to Einstein's theory of general relativity, gravity is not
a force but is related to the curvature of spacetime. Gravitational waves are ripples in the fabric of space-time: perturbations of the space-time metric produced by rapid changes in shape and orientation of massive objects, more precisely, produced by a time-changing mass quadrupole. They are produced by the acceleration of large amounts of matter and violent phenomena such as collisions of black holes, supernova explosions, in particular, had to arise in the most violent event occurred in the Universe: the first moments of the Big Bang Gravitational waves travel at the speed of light, carrying information about its origins.

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AnewwindowontheUniverse
ThehistoryofAstronomy: newbandsoftheEMspectrum openedmajordiscoveries! GWsarentjustanewband,theyre anewspectrum,withverydierent andcomplementaryproper0estoEM waves. Vibra0onsofspace0me,notinspace 0me Emiaedbycoherentmo0onofhuge massesmovingatnearlightspeed; notvibra0onsofelectronsinatoms Cantbeabsorbed,scaaered,or shielded. GWastronomyisatotallynew,unique windowontheuniverse

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Gravitational wave properties


Gravitational Waves will give a non electromagnetic view of the universe, and open a new spectrum for observation. This will be complementary information, as different from what we know as hearing is from seeing. The strength of a gravitational wave is given by the strain h(t) = change in length / length Detectors are sensitive to the amplitude instead of intensity: range is proportional to the sensitivity number of events to the sensitivity Like light, Gravitational Waves interact with matter (but very weakly) and they have two polarizations "+" and "x

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HowSmallistheStretchingandSqueezing?
Comparedtotheeasewithwhich electromagne0csignalsaredetected,the detec0onofgravita0onalradia0onis technologicallystaggering. Theeectofagravita0onalwaveisto changethedistancebetweenfreelyfalling testmasses.
+ polarization
Time

x polarization

The amount of stretching and squeezing of space which is predicted to occur near the Earth due to events such as the coalescence of a pair of neutron stars within about 100 million light-years from Earth is about one part in 1022.

Observing this fantastically tiny effect is equivalent to detecting the motion of Saturn if it were to move closer to the sun by the diameter of a single hydrogen atom!
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Frequencyrange

Electromagne0cwaves ~16ordersofmagnitude.Fromultralowradiowavefrequencytogammarays. Gravita0onalwavescouldinprincipleexistatanyfrequency.However,verylowfrequencywaves wouldbeimpossibletodetectandthereisnocrediblesourcefordetectablewavesofveryhigh frequency. GWsthatcouldbeplausiblydetectedrangefrom109Hzupto1011Hz. Thefrequencyofthewavedependsontheobject'smassanditscompactness:


8 Heavierobjectsemitatlowerfrequencies,(200M=1ms=10Hz). Morecompactobjectsemitathigherfrequencies
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WhatcanweexpecttolearnfromGW observa0ons?
Theirdetec0onwouldgiveusinsight Tests of Relativity intofundamentalphysicsand Confirm speed of gravitational waves, astronomy! constrain graviton mass
Measure polarization and test general relativity Two body dynamics (spin-orbit, spin-spin couplings) Non-linear gravity Uniqueness theorems on BH space-times Relativistic instabilities

Astrophysics
Historyofstarforma0on,popula0onsof blackholesandneutronstars Physicsatnucleardensi0es(neutronstar equa0onofstateandstructure) DarkmaaerinHalosMACHOobjects Astrophysicalstochas0cbackgrounds Discoveryofnewastronomicalobjects andphenomena

Cosmology
Cosmological parameters and their variation with red-shift Dark energy equation of state and nature Origin of the Universe and connection between quantum theory and general relativity.

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TheGlobalGWDetectorNetwork intheRecentPast
LIGO Hanford GEO600

TAMA, CLIO 4 km +2 km 4 km 600 m 3 km 300 m 100 m

LIGO Livingston

Bars VIRGO

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GW interferometer Layout
Detecting a gravitational wave requires the construction of an L-shaped antenna
approximately aligned with the polarization of the wave so that it is capable of detecting the squeezing of space along one arm of the antenna and the simultaneous stretching of space along the other arm.

L2 L1
Ones Gravitatries

Laser light, which has a very accurately known wavelength, is the ruler that is used to measure the incredibly tiny squeezing and stretching that occurs. 11

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Fundamental Noise Sources

Strain sensitivity <3x10-23 1/Hz1/2 at 200 Hz Displacement Noise


Seismic motion, Thermal Noise, Radiation Pressure Photon Shot Noise, Residual Gas

Sensing Noise
Big challenge: reduce all other (non-fundamental, or technical) noise sources to insignificance

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GWSourcesinGroundBasedDetectors

Supernovae, BH/NS formation Wobbling NS Spinning NS in X-ray binaries

Young NS

Stochastic background
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BH and NS Binaries

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LISAGWsources
Galaxy mergers

MassiveBlackHoleBinary(BHB) inspiralandmerger Sample:last40daysof 106Matz=1,S/N=2500 UltracompactGalac0cbinaries Samples:1kpc,S/N=6210 ExtremeMassRa0oInspiral (EMRI): Samples:last5yearsof1M into106M,z=0.2,S/N=30 Cosmologicalbackgrounds, superstringbursts?

Galactic Binaries

Capture orbits

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Timeline of GW searches to 2011


1989 LIGO Proposal submitted to NSF 1995 Construction started 1999 Inauguration

Advanced LIGO construction funded


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Data analysis ongoing

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LIGOGEOVirgoNetwork
Took data at/near design sensitivity 2005-11. LIGOs maximum range for binary neutron star coalescences: 40 Mpc. Expected detection rates < 1 yr-1. LIGO, Virgo currently being upgraded x 10 range BNS rates 0.4-400 yr-1.
LIGO Livingston LIGO Hanford

Abadie et al., arXiv:1003.2480

GEO Virgo

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GWDetectors:20092010
LIGOsmaximumrange forbinary coalescences:
neutronstarneutron star:40Mpc neutronstarblack hole:90Mpc Virgo:abouthalfthat
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19

amplitude spectral density (Hz1/2 )

Virgo VSR3 2010-10-07 Virgo VSR2 2009-11-01 LIGO Livingston 2010-05-31 LIGO Hanford 2010-05-15
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10

10

21

Expecteddetec0on rates<1yr1.
Abadie et al., arXiv:1111.7314 Abadie et al., arXiv:1003.2480

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22

10

23

10

10 frequency [Hz]

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GWDetectorsc.2020
LIGOsmaximum sensi0veranges:
NSNS:450Mpc NSBH:930Mpc
LIGO (2010)

Expecteddetec0on rates:
NSBH:0.2300yr1
Abadie et al., arXiv:1003.2480

Advanced Virgo Advanced LIGO

NSNS:0.4400yr1

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ScienceRuns: Past,Present&Future
Now

05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
LIGO

GEO

S4

S5
Virgo
VSR1

AstroWatch

S6

S6e

Advanced LIGO GEO-HF

S7

VSR2 VSR3 VSR4

Advanced Virgo

VSR5

??
S8
VSR6

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SourcesforGroundBasedDetectors
From Schutz & Sathyaprakash, Living Reviews in Relativity
-1/2

10

-21

Signal strenghts and Noise spectral density (Hz

10K pc

BB H
9

10

=1 6 0

0M pc
6

iL In

IG

O GO

= 10

10

-22

NS

BN

Ad
S2 0M pc

I vL

10

8
Crab 7 =10

LMXBs

BB H
-24

z=

1.4

0 8 10K

10

BN

Sz =1

BN

.7

Sz

10

-25

10

10

NS

10

=1

=0 1 M pc .3

10

f-mode

pc

E T
10
4

z=

S3

00 Mp c

-8

10

-23

BB

BN

E~10 MO

= 10
1 1

BB

z= 0.3

10 k

Sco-X1

pc

Frequency (Hz)


Advanced LIGO reach (example): h sensitivity will improve by 10, with improved bandwidth NS-NS x10 better amplitude sensitivity x1000 rate=(reach)3 1 day of Advanced LIGO 1 year of Initial LIGO !

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Benetsofaglobalnetwork
LIGO Hanford Improvedskycoverage Virgo

LIGO Livingston

Nulls of the antenna pattern vary between observatories

LIGO/Virgo

Average response to signals with random linear 21 polarization in Earth fixed coordinates

Less likely that event occurs in a null of the detector network

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Benetsofaglobalnetwork
Improveddutycycle
Increased signal to noise ratio
Coherently sum signals from multiple detectors

Improved detection confidence


Multi-detector coincidence greatly reduces false rate Coherent consistency tests can differentiate between gravitational-wave signals and instrumental anomalies

Less likely that event occurs when no detectors are looking

Permits improved directional searches


Gamma ray burst progenitors Supernovae

Improved source reconstruction


Inverse problem requires 3 non-aligned detectors Provides sky position and both polarizations of waveform Permits comparison with theory This is where the science is!

Cumulative observation time of the LIGO/Virgo network since 2007 May 18

Shared best practices


Learn from each others approaches

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WhyGWdataanalysisischallenging?
Allskysensi0vity Quadrupolarantennapaaern mul0pledetectorstodeterminedirec0ontosource Widefrequencybandsensi0vity Largedatarates Hundredsofinstrumentalandenvironmentalchannels upto10MBpersecondfromeachdetector Loweventrates Largenumberofparametersandtemplatestosearchover

Long duration
Matched filter
Crab pulsar (NASA, Chandra Observatory)

Short duration

?
Sources and methods

Template-less methods

NASA, WMAP

NASA, HEASARC

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Challenges&Payos
Manymajorchallengesbeforeweentertheeraofgravita0onalwaveastronomy

Building and installing advanced detector hardware Commissioning detectors; achieving desired sensitivity Understanding the detectors and the data they produce Searching the data for gravitational wave signals Using GW observations in astronomy, cosmology, relativity

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PossibleAdvancedLIGOTimeline
2015 2018 will be the very early years of GW astronomy

strain noise (Hz-1/2)

circa 2015 NSNSrange:60Mpc

Notanocial planforthe Advanced LIGO evolu;on.

frequency (Hz) circa 2016-17 NSNSrange:140Mpc


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circa 2018-19 NSNSrange:200Mpc


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TheGlobalNetworkc.2020
LIGO-H (USA) KAGRA (Japan) LIGOIndia News:TheLSC&LIGOLabhaveendorsedtransferringoneof thethreeAdvancedLIGOinstrumentstoIndia!
NeedsformalapprovalfromNSF(US)&formalannouncement offunding(India).
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LIGO-L (USA)

Virgo (Italy)

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EinsteinTelescope:Conceptualdesign
Einstein Telescope is a future third generation gravitational wave detector (beyond aLIGO, aVirgo, KAGRA, IndIGO) Conceptual design study funded by EU, recently concluded
Available at: http://www.et-gw.eu/etdsdocument

Multiple interferometers, 10 km arm length, arranged in triangular configuration Underground Assuming technologies one should be able to achieve in 10-15 years ET is one of ASPERAs "Magnificent Seven" astroparticle physics large projects.
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Pulsar0mingarray
Apulsar0mingarrayisasetofmillisecondpulsarsthatcanbeusedtodetectand analyzegravita0onalwavesinthefrequencyrangeof109to106Hz. Theexpectedastrophysicalsourcesaremassiveblackholebinariesinthecentersof merginggalaxies,wheretensofmillionsofsolarmassesareinorbitwithaperiod betweenmonthsandafewyears. Globallytherearethreeac0vepulsar0mingarray projects. TheParkesPulsarTimingArray(64m)collec0ng datasinceMarch2005. TheEuropeanPulsarTimingArrayusesdata fromthelargesttelescopesinEurope: Eelsberg(100m) Westerbork(96m) Nancay(92m) Lovell(76m) Sardinia(64m) TheNortAmenricanNanohertzGravita0onal WaveObservatoryusesdatacollectedbythe AreciboandGreenBankRadiotelescopes. Thesethreeprojectshavebeguncollabora0ngunder the0tleoftheInterna0onalPulsarTimingArray project. 29
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LIGOLengthSensingandControl

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Gravita0onalWaveData
Data=Instantaneouses:mateofstrainforeachmomentin:me i.e.demodulatedchannelsensi0vetoarmlengthdierence Thatsnotthewholestorythereisthecalibra0onissue Digi:zeddiscrete:meseriesrecordedincomputerles (tj,xj) LIGOandGEOsamplingrate:16384Hzfs VIRGOsamplingrate:20000Hz SynchronizedwithGPS0mesignal Commonframeleformat(*.gwf) Manyauxiliarychannelsrecordedtoo Totaldatavolume:afewmegabytespersecondper interferometer

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RelevanceoftheSamplingRate
Is16384Hzahighenoughsamplingrate? TheSamplingTheorem:
Discretelysampleddatawithsamplingratefscancompletelyrepresenta con0nuoussignalwhichonlyhasfrequencycontentbelowtheNyquist frequency,fs/2

GWsignalsofinteresttogroundbaseddetectorstypicallystay belowafewkHz
e.g.binaryneutronstarinspiralreachesISCOat~1to1.5kHz Neutronstarfmodes:~3kHz Blackholequasinormalmodes:~1kHzfor10M $ SomecorecollapsesupernovasignalscouldgouptoseveralkHz

WhatifthesignalextendsaboveNyquistfrequency?
Higherfrequenciesarealiaseddowntolowerfrequencies
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Aliasing

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CharacterizingNoise
Noiseisrandom,butitsproper;escanbecharacterized

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PossibleProper0esofNoise

Color : Signal does not have equal power in any band of a given bandwidth.
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Frequencydomainrepresenta0onofa TimeSeries

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Fouriertransforms

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ParsevalstheoremandPowerSpectralDensity

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Convolu0ontheorem
A linear system (measuring device, filter, etc.) is anything that takes an input x and returns an output y in a linear fashion. Convolution is important since any linear system corresponds to the convolution of the system response with the input signal. The convolution of an input signal x and system response K is defined in the time domain by Convolution is symmetrici.e., x* K = K *x. The function K(t) is called the impulse response of the system, since it is the output of the system for a delta function input. Convolution has the effect of spreading or blurring sharp features in the signal x(t) over the width of K(t). The convolution theorem is Convolution in the time domain is simply multiplication of the Fourier transforms in the frequency domain. Conversely, convolution in the frequency domain is multiplication of the two time series in the time domain. K(f) is called the frequency response of the system. It is usually much easier to calculate directly than the impulse response K(t). The convolution theorem implies that the frequency response of a series of linear systems applied one after the other is simply the product of the frequency responses for the individual systems. NOTE: A signal of finite duration T can be thought of as being the product of a signal of infinite duration times a top-hat function of width T. Using the convolution theorem, it follows that the Fourier transform of this finite duration signal will be the convolution of a sinc function (which is the Fourier transform of the top-hat function) and the Fourier transform of the infinite duration signal. For example, the Fourier transform of a sinusoid restricted to a finite duration will consist of two sinc functions (and not Dirac delta functions) centered on the f0 and f0. 40 GWA School, January 2013, A.M. Sintes

Correla0ontheorem

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FrequencyDomainRepresenta0on ofaDiscrete,FiniteTimeSeries

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FrequencyDomainRepresenta0onof aDiscrete,FiniteTimeSeries

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Windowing
Multiplication of a signal x(t) by a top-hat function is an example of windowing. Windowing restricts the duration of a signal to a finite range. The top-hat function is also called a rectangular window because of its obvious rectangular shape. Tapered windows, which go smoothly to zero at both the beginning and end of the window, are useful because they help suppress leakage of power into neighboring frequency bins. This leakage is basically due to the sinc-function shape of the Fourier transform of the rectangular window, which has non-negligible support at high frequencies because of the rapid turn-on and turnoff of the rectangular window in the time domain. If the frequency of a periodic signal does not lie at the one of the discrete frequencies fk, convolution with the sinc function in the frequency domain will spread the power to neighboring frequency bins.

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Powerspectrumes0ma0on

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Estimating the PSD

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Estimating the PSD (cont.)

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S5 Amplitude Spectral density of LSC/Virgo


NS/NS inspiral (1.4 Mo) averaged range at SNR of 8 LIGO: 15 Mpc (4 km); 7 Mpc (2 km); VIRGO: 4 Mpc

GEO600

LIGO 48 Hanford / Livingston

48 VIRGO
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End L1

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