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Alicia M. Sintes Universitat de les Illes Balears GWA School, Rhodes University, 2013
ContentL.1
Introduc0on:
Gravita0onalWaves Interferometers:ini0alandadvanced TypesofSearches
GeneralRela0vity:atheoristsParadise,butan experimentalistsHell
C. Misner, K. S. Thorne and J.A Wheeler, Gravitation p. 1131 (1973)
Gravitational Waves
According to Einstein's theory of general relativity, gravity is not
a force but is related to the curvature of spacetime. Gravitational waves are ripples in the fabric of space-time: perturbations of the space-time metric produced by rapid changes in shape and orientation of massive objects, more precisely, produced by a time-changing mass quadrupole. They are produced by the acceleration of large amounts of matter and violent phenomena such as collisions of black holes, supernova explosions, in particular, had to arise in the most violent event occurred in the Universe: the first moments of the Big Bang Gravitational waves travel at the speed of light, carrying information about its origins.
AnewwindowontheUniverse
ThehistoryofAstronomy: newbandsoftheEMspectrum openedmajordiscoveries! GWsarentjustanewband,theyre anewspectrum,withverydierent andcomplementaryproper0estoEM waves. Vibra0onsofspace0me,notinspace 0me Emiaedbycoherentmo0onofhuge massesmovingatnearlightspeed; notvibra0onsofelectronsinatoms Cantbeabsorbed,scaaered,or shielded. GWastronomyisatotallynew,unique windowontheuniverse
HowSmallistheStretchingandSqueezing?
Comparedtotheeasewithwhich electromagne0csignalsaredetected,the detec0onofgravita0onalradia0onis technologicallystaggering. Theeectofagravita0onalwaveisto changethedistancebetweenfreelyfalling testmasses.
+ polarization
Time
x polarization
The amount of stretching and squeezing of space which is predicted to occur near the Earth due to events such as the coalescence of a pair of neutron stars within about 100 million light-years from Earth is about one part in 1022.
Observing this fantastically tiny effect is equivalent to detecting the motion of Saturn if it were to move closer to the sun by the diameter of a single hydrogen atom!
GWA School, January 2013, A.M. Sintes
Frequencyrange
WhatcanweexpecttolearnfromGW observa0ons?
Theirdetec0onwouldgiveusinsight Tests of Relativity intofundamentalphysicsand Confirm speed of gravitational waves, astronomy! constrain graviton mass
Measure polarization and test general relativity Two body dynamics (spin-orbit, spin-spin couplings) Non-linear gravity Uniqueness theorems on BH space-times Relativistic instabilities
Astrophysics
Historyofstarforma0on,popula0onsof blackholesandneutronstars Physicsatnucleardensi0es(neutronstar equa0onofstateandstructure) DarkmaaerinHalosMACHOobjects Astrophysicalstochas0cbackgrounds Discoveryofnewastronomicalobjects andphenomena
Cosmology
Cosmological parameters and their variation with red-shift Dark energy equation of state and nature Origin of the Universe and connection between quantum theory and general relativity.
TheGlobalGWDetectorNetwork intheRecentPast
LIGO Hanford GEO600
LIGO Livingston
Bars VIRGO
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GW interferometer Layout
Detecting a gravitational wave requires the construction of an L-shaped antenna
approximately aligned with the polarization of the wave so that it is capable of detecting the squeezing of space along one arm of the antenna and the simultaneous stretching of space along the other arm.
L2 L1
Ones Gravitatries
Laser light, which has a very accurately known wavelength, is the ruler that is used to measure the incredibly tiny squeezing and stretching that occurs. 11
Sensing Noise
Big challenge: reduce all other (non-fundamental, or technical) noise sources to insignificance
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GWSourcesinGroundBasedDetectors
Young NS
Stochastic background
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BH and NS Binaries
LISAGWsources
Galaxy mergers
MassiveBlackHoleBinary(BHB) inspiralandmerger Sample:last40daysof 106Matz=1,S/N=2500 UltracompactGalac0cbinaries Samples:1kpc,S/N=6210 ExtremeMassRa0oInspiral (EMRI): Samples:last5yearsof1M into106M,z=0.2,S/N=30 Cosmologicalbackgrounds, superstringbursts?
Galactic Binaries
Capture orbits
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LIGOGEOVirgoNetwork
Took data at/near design sensitivity 2005-11. LIGOs maximum range for binary neutron star coalescences: 40 Mpc. Expected detection rates < 1 yr-1. LIGO, Virgo currently being upgraded x 10 range BNS rates 0.4-400 yr-1.
LIGO Livingston LIGO Hanford
GEO Virgo
GWDetectors:20092010
LIGOsmaximumrange forbinary coalescences:
neutronstarneutron star:40Mpc neutronstarblack hole:90Mpc Virgo:abouthalfthat
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Virgo VSR3 2010-10-07 Virgo VSR2 2009-11-01 LIGO Livingston 2010-05-31 LIGO Hanford 2010-05-15
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10
10
21
Expecteddetec0on rates<1yr1.
Abadie et al., arXiv:1111.7314 Abadie et al., arXiv:1003.2480
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10
23
10
10 frequency [Hz]
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GWDetectorsc.2020
LIGOsmaximum sensi0veranges:
NSNS:450Mpc NSBH:930Mpc
LIGO (2010)
Expecteddetec0on rates:
NSBH:0.2300yr1
Abadie et al., arXiv:1003.2480
NSNS:0.4400yr1
ScienceRuns: Past,Present&Future
Now
05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
LIGO
GEO
S4
S5
Virgo
VSR1
AstroWatch
S6
S6e
S7
Advanced Virgo
VSR5
??
S8
VSR6
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SourcesforGroundBasedDetectors
From Schutz & Sathyaprakash, Living Reviews in Relativity
-1/2
10
-21
10K pc
BB H
9
10
=1 6 0
0M pc
6
iL In
IG
O GO
= 10
10
-22
NS
BN
Ad
S2 0M pc
I vL
10
8
Crab 7 =10
LMXBs
BB H
-24
z=
1.4
0 8 10K
10
BN
Sz =1
BN
.7
Sz
10
-25
10
10
NS
10
=1
=0 1 M pc .3
10
f-mode
pc
E T
10
4
z=
S3
00 Mp c
-8
10
-23
BB
BN
E~10 MO
= 10
1 1
BB
z= 0.3
10 k
Sco-X1
pc
Frequency (Hz)
Advanced LIGO reach (example): h sensitivity will improve by 10, with improved bandwidth NS-NS x10 better amplitude sensitivity
x1000 rate=(reach)3
1 day of Advanced LIGO
1 year of Initial LIGO !
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Benetsofaglobalnetwork
LIGO Hanford Improvedskycoverage Virgo
LIGO Livingston
LIGO/Virgo
Average response to signals with random linear 21 polarization in Earth fixed coordinates
Benetsofaglobalnetwork
Improveddutycycle
Increased signal to noise ratio
Coherently sum signals from multiple detectors
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WhyGWdataanalysisischallenging?
Allskysensi0vity Quadrupolarantennapaaern mul0pledetectorstodeterminedirec0ontosource Widefrequencybandsensi0vity Largedatarates Hundredsofinstrumentalandenvironmentalchannels upto10MBpersecondfromeachdetector Loweventrates Largenumberofparametersandtemplatestosearchover
Long duration
Matched filter
Crab pulsar (NASA, Chandra Observatory)
Short duration
?
Sources and methods
Template-less methods
NASA, WMAP
NASA, HEASARC
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GWA School, January 2013, A.M. Sintes
Challenges&Payos
Manymajorchallengesbeforeweentertheeraofgravita0onalwaveastronomy
Building and installing advanced detector hardware Commissioning detectors; achieving desired sensitivity Understanding the detectors and the data they produce Searching the data for gravitational wave signals Using GW observations in astronomy, cosmology, relativity
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PossibleAdvancedLIGOTimeline
2015 2018 will be the very early years of GW astronomy
TheGlobalNetworkc.2020
LIGO-H (USA) KAGRA (Japan) LIGOIndia News:TheLSC&LIGOLabhaveendorsedtransferringoneof thethreeAdvancedLIGOinstrumentstoIndia!
NeedsformalapprovalfromNSF(US)&formalannouncement offunding(India).
GWA School, January 2013, A.M. Sintes
LIGO-L (USA)
Virgo (Italy)
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EinsteinTelescope:Conceptualdesign
Einstein Telescope is a future third generation gravitational wave detector (beyond aLIGO, aVirgo, KAGRA, IndIGO) Conceptual design study funded by EU, recently concluded
Available at: http://www.et-gw.eu/etdsdocument
Multiple interferometers, 10 km arm length, arranged in triangular configuration Underground Assuming technologies one should be able to achieve in 10-15 years ET is one of ASPERAs "Magnificent Seven" astroparticle physics large projects.
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GWA School, January 2013, A.M. Sintes
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Pulsar0mingarray
Apulsar0mingarrayisasetofmillisecondpulsarsthatcanbeusedtodetectand analyzegravita0onalwavesinthefrequencyrangeof109to106Hz. Theexpectedastrophysicalsourcesaremassiveblackholebinariesinthecentersof merginggalaxies,wheretensofmillionsofsolarmassesareinorbitwithaperiod betweenmonthsandafewyears. Globallytherearethreeac0vepulsar0mingarray projects. TheParkesPulsarTimingArray(64m)collec0ng datasinceMarch2005. TheEuropeanPulsarTimingArrayusesdata fromthelargesttelescopesinEurope: Eelsberg(100m) Westerbork(96m) Nancay(92m) Lovell(76m) Sardinia(64m) TheNortAmenricanNanohertzGravita0onal WaveObservatoryusesdatacollectedbythe AreciboandGreenBankRadiotelescopes. Thesethreeprojectshavebeguncollabora0ngunder the0tleoftheInterna0onalPulsarTimingArray project. 29
GWA School, January 2013, A.M. Sintes
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LIGOLengthSensingandControl
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Gravita0onalWaveData
Data=Instantaneouses:mateofstrainforeachmomentin:me i.e.demodulatedchannelsensi0vetoarmlengthdierence Thatsnotthewholestorythereisthecalibra0onissue Digi:zeddiscrete:meseriesrecordedincomputerles (tj,xj) LIGOandGEOsamplingrate:16384Hzfs VIRGOsamplingrate:20000Hz SynchronizedwithGPS0mesignal Commonframeleformat(*.gwf) Manyauxiliarychannelsrecordedtoo Totaldatavolume:afewmegabytespersecondper interferometer
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RelevanceoftheSamplingRate
Is16384Hzahighenoughsamplingrate? TheSamplingTheorem:
Discretelysampleddatawithsamplingratefscancompletelyrepresenta con0nuoussignalwhichonlyhasfrequencycontentbelowtheNyquist frequency,fs/2
GWsignalsofinteresttogroundbaseddetectorstypicallystay belowafewkHz
e.g.binaryneutronstarinspiralreachesISCOat~1to1.5kHz Neutronstarfmodes:~3kHz Blackholequasinormalmodes:~1kHzfor10M $ SomecorecollapsesupernovasignalscouldgouptoseveralkHz
WhatifthesignalextendsaboveNyquistfrequency?
Higherfrequenciesarealiaseddowntolowerfrequencies
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GWA School, January 2013, A.M. Sintes
Aliasing
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CharacterizingNoise
Noiseisrandom,butitsproper;escanbecharacterized
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PossibleProper0esofNoise
Color : Signal does not have equal power in any band of a given bandwidth.
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GWA School, January 2013, A.M. Sintes
Frequencydomainrepresenta0onofa TimeSeries
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Fouriertransforms
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ParsevalstheoremandPowerSpectralDensity
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Convolu0ontheorem
A linear system (measuring device, filter, etc.) is anything that takes an input x and returns an output y in a linear fashion. Convolution is important since any linear system corresponds to the convolution of the system response with the input signal. The convolution of an input signal x and system response K is defined in the time domain by Convolution is symmetrici.e., x* K = K *x. The function K(t) is called the impulse response of the system, since it is the output of the system for a delta function input. Convolution has the effect of spreading or blurring sharp features in the signal x(t) over the width of K(t). The convolution theorem is Convolution in the time domain is simply multiplication of the Fourier transforms in the frequency domain. Conversely, convolution in the frequency domain is multiplication of the two time series in the time domain. K(f) is called the frequency response of the system. It is usually much easier to calculate directly than the impulse response K(t). The convolution theorem implies that the frequency response of a series of linear systems applied one after the other is simply the product of the frequency responses for the individual systems. NOTE: A signal of finite duration T can be thought of as being the product of a signal of infinite duration times a top-hat function of width T. Using the convolution theorem, it follows that the Fourier transform of this finite duration signal will be the convolution of a sinc function (which is the Fourier transform of the top-hat function) and the Fourier transform of the infinite duration signal. For example, the Fourier transform of a sinusoid restricted to a finite duration will consist of two sinc functions (and not Dirac delta functions) centered on the f0 and f0. 40 GWA School, January 2013, A.M. Sintes
Correla0ontheorem
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FrequencyDomainRepresenta0on ofaDiscrete,FiniteTimeSeries
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FrequencyDomainRepresenta0onof aDiscrete,FiniteTimeSeries
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Windowing
Multiplication of a signal x(t) by a top-hat function is an example of windowing. Windowing restricts the duration of a signal to a finite range. The top-hat function is also called a rectangular window because of its obvious rectangular shape. Tapered windows, which go smoothly to zero at both the beginning and end of the window, are useful because they help suppress leakage of power into neighboring frequency bins. This leakage is basically due to the sinc-function shape of the Fourier transform of the rectangular window, which has non-negligible support at high frequencies because of the rapid turn-on and turnoff of the rectangular window in the time domain. If the frequency of a periodic signal does not lie at the one of the discrete frequencies fk, convolution with the sinc function in the frequency domain will spread the power to neighboring frequency bins.
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Powerspectrumes0ma0on
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GEO600
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VIRGO
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