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CHALLENGES IN WIND ENERGY DISTRIBUTED POWER SYSTEMS
Ramesh Singh
1
, Dr.Vishal Verma
2
, Dr.R.K.Jatley
3
1 & 3. IEC College of Engineering, Greater Noida.2. DCE Rohini.
Abstract: -
The growing development of wind farms on a global scale in Distributed  power systems brings with it a necessity to address the quality issues in respect of the power introduced into the electric network. Squirrel cage induction generators, because of their advantages in costs and robustness have traditionally been used inwind turbines. However, one disadvantage of induction machines is that they consume reactive power, which influences the grid integration of the wind turbines in normal  operations as well as in the event of faults in the power grid which causes voltage drops at the wind turbine terminal. In this paper we are dealing with some of the conventional methods to overcome these problems. A new method using multiple phases and high frequency has been proposed too.
Introduction: - While most consumers worry about the reliability of the electric grid,some power users have discovered a way to insulate themselves from the possibility of rolling blackouts. The secret is
 Distributed Power System
(DPS).
DPS is no longer justfor large manufacturing facilities using generators for backup power. It is well said that‘
if fully implemented, distributed power would provide low-cost, uninterrupted power.’
DPS is modular electric generation or storage located near its point of use. It ensureselectricity during system outages and allows customers to save money by switching todistributed generation during high-cost peak periods. DPS also provides stand-alonepower generation for remote or isolated applications, and allows customers to increaseefficiency and lower greenhouse gas emissions by using the excess heat generated byconverting fuel into electricity. Homes and commercial buildings can generate electricityby a host of small systems such as micro-turbines, solar cells, wind turbines, dieselgenerators and fuel cells. These resources can either be connected to the nation's electricgrid or operate independently. The ones connected to the grid are usually joined at thedistribution system. Unlike large, central-station power plants, distributed power systemsnormally range from less than a kilowatt to tens of megawatts in size. Because the powerplants are closer to the consumer, the chances of outages are decreased. The DPS can alsobetter address increasing concerns regarding fault tolerance, improved reliability andredundancy without adding significant cost. If fully integrated, customers would have anuninterrupted power source, which would bring down costs. People could buy and sellexcess power back to the utility in real time, the excess power would then add to thepower grid's capacity. The biggest roadblock DPS face is that every state and utility hasdifferent technical interconnection requirements. Simplifying these requirements wouldhelp minimize engineering and design costs, streamline the installation and operation of distributed systems and increase safety by promoting the use of simpler, more reliable,protective relaying systems.
 INDIAN SCENARIO
The four barriers that prevent India from reaching energy independence today are:1. Coal resources are finite also burning coal is bad for the environment.2. Demand for imported petroleum is growing fast, and costs are unpredictable.
 
3. Domestic nuclear fuel production is low, and investment to build power plants, is notforthcoming.4. Large dam projects are targets for various interest groups but they pose unknownseismic hazards. Dam projects suffer from major delays, cost overruns, and fallen short of power targets.
TECHNOLOGIES USED IN INDIA
Now we consider the 5 technologies that are being adopted and refined rapidly in theindustrialized world, and are used in India in some measure:
1. Photo-Voltaic Generation
In the 1990s, India tried solar cells in streetlights and other devices. Thesesuffered from the very high cost of silicon wafers, and the effects of dust,ultraviolet radiation and monsoon molds. The practical efficiency of solar cells isaround 15 percent, though cells used in spacecraft solar panels have demonstratedefficiency over 45%, and the theoretical limit is nearly 60%. High-efficiency cellsdegrade rapidly.
 2. Solar Thermal 
 Solar ovens achieve very high temperatures and heating rates. Home solar waterheaters are a natural extension of using the sun to dry grain and hay. These plantsalso suffer from the disadvantages of high cost and uncertainty due to whether.
 3. Biogas and Bio-diesel 
Gobar Gas plants were introduced around 1970s to generate combustible gasesfrom decomposing waste vegetation. Due to lack of transmission grids these wererestricted to rural (farm) areas only.
 5. Micro-hydel 
Micro-hydroelectric plants are installed along with small dams on very smallrivers. These have low output, high noise and the power generation is localized.
6.
Wind Energy
 
Now we focus on the sixth type of power generation – using wind. Wind is aclean, renewable energy technology that is becoming increasingly popular withutility customers and policy makers. People have harnessed the power of the windfor centuries for pumping water, grinding grain, and generating small amounts of electricity to light rural farmhouses. Though west is driving towards ever-largersize for the economies of scale, but Indian realities may offer a unique optimumsize based on small units.In the first half of the 20th century, windmills dotted the U.S. countryside.
 
Today, windpower is the fastest growing energy source in the world. By the end of 2000, world’s totalcapacity based on wind was about 17,000 MW, enough to generate about 34 billion kWha year of electricity. In response, utilities are developing new wind power plantsconsisting of many wind turbines. As additional wind power becomes available, moreelectricity customers are signing up to invest in clean, sustainable wind power. Asconcerns about global warming increase, utilities and their customers may support aneven more prominent role for wind in meeting the nation's needs for additional power
 
generation. Many states are implementing policies such as renewable portfolio standardsand net metering to hasten the development of their wind resources.
WORKING:
Today's wind turbines use much more efficient technology than windmills of the past.They have fewer blades, usually two or three, that are aerodynamically designed tocapture the most energy from the wind. When the wind blows, a pocket of low-pressureair forms on the downwind side of the blade pulling the blade toward it, causing lift. Thislift force causes the rotor to spin, which turns a generator that makes direct currentelectricity. Sophisticated power electronics convert the direct current electricity into thehigh quality, alternating current electricity transmitted through the power grid. As windspeeds increase, the amount of electricity generated increases exponentially. Becausefaster, less turbulent winds are found higher off the ground, new utility-scale windturbines are normally placed on towers at least a hundred feet tall. At high wind speeds, acontroller on the turbine shuts it down so turbine components won't be damaged by highwinds.
Advantages
Wind power is affordable. Its costs have decreased seven folds since 1980. New bladedesigns, which have increased wind turbine performance by 30% over the past decade,are helping make wind power one of the most cost-competitive renewable technologies.Researchers believe that additional technological improvements could cut prices forwind-generated electricity by another 30% to 50%. Wind power is versatile, adaptable,and readily available. New utility wind plants can be constructed in less than a year. Forstand-alone applications, wind turbines can be combined with photovoltaic panels,batteries, and diesel generators to ensure that electricity is available whenever it isneeded. Wind energy provides more jobs per rupee invested than any other energytechnology. Wind turbines add value to land without interfering with other uses such ascattle grazing or farming. Concerned Scientists have reported that a farmer hosting awind plant can expect increase in his return on the land by 30% to 100%. Homeownersand businesses in windy rural areas can use wind turbines to reduce their electric bills. Inmany countries, consumers who have grid-connected wind turbines, that produce moreelectricity than they need, can sell that extra electricity back to their utility company.Some countries offer tax incentives and other subsidies for wind energy. Wind powerplants offer advantages to utilities. They are reliable. Even if several turbines in a plantare down for maintenance, the flow of electricity into the grid continues uninterrupted solong as the wind is blowing. Wind power plants also produce clean energy. They produceno emissions and no hazardous wastes. Wind generation replaces fossil fuels, therebyreducing pollution, acid rain, and emissions of greenhouse gases. In developing countries,wind turbines can generate electricity for refrigeration, lighting, and an improved qualityof life to people in remote areas who have never had electricity. Wind energy also givesthem the chance to industrialize in an environmentally sound manner. Wind's manyadvantages have made it the fastest growing source of energy in the world since 1990.Dramatic improvements in wind technology have made wind power growing, on anaverage rate of 30% per year.
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