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1.2
Contoh
Graf menunjukkan garis lurus apabila y2 melawan
menghubungkan y2 dengan x .
y2
(2, 8)
(0, 3)
Penyelesaian
Daripada graf, pintasan-y2, c = 3
Kecerunan,
m=
y 2 y1
x 2 x1
8 3
2 0
5
2
Soalan
y2 =
5
x+3
2
No.
1
Rajah
Soalan
yx
(5, 4)
(2, 2)
x2
Rajah 1
y
x
(2, 7)
y
melawan
x
1
. Bentukkan persamaan garis lurus yang
x2
1
y
menghubungkan
dengan 2 .
x
x
(1, 5)
1
x2
Rajah 2
log2 y
(3,
5
)
2
(2, 1)
x2
Rajah 3
xy
(2, 6)
(6, 2)
x
Rajah 4
1
y
(3, 4)
diperolehi
dengan
memplotkan
1
y
(4, 2)
melawan
1
. Cari hubungan antara x dengan y.
x
1
x
Rajah 5
y
x
y
x
1
. Cari hubungan antara y dengan x.
x2
(1, 5)
melawan
(9,3)
1 7
,
)
9 3
1
x2
Rajah 6
x+y
(5, 2)
x2
Rajah 7
8.
Jadual 1 menunjukkan berat beban, w, yang diangkat oleh sebuah bicu skru
dengan daya F.
w (N)
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
F (N)
21.2
25.8
31.0
38.0
44.0
49.8
56.2
62.3
Jadual 1
(a)
(b)
9.
P
100
110
120
130
140
150
590
850
1100
1330
1580
1800
Jadual 2
Dua pembolehubah P dan Q dihubungkan oleh persamaan Q = hP + k dengan h
dan k sebagai pemalar. Nilai P dan Q yang diperolehi daripada suatu eksperimen
diberi dalam Jadual 2.
(a)
(b)
10.
F (N)
l (cm)
12.9
13.4
14.2
14.5
14.8
Jadual 3
Jadual 3 menunjukkan nilai sepadan bagi panjang suatu spring l cm dengan beban
F N, yang dikenakan pada spring itu.
(a)
Plotkan graf l melawan F dan lukis satu garis lurus penyuaian terbaik.
(b)
Jawapan
1.
y=
2 2
2
x +x+
3
3
6.
y = 2x +
2.
y=
2
+ 3x
x
7.
y=
3.
log2 y =
8.
F = 0.06w + 14
9.
Q = 24P 1800
4.
y = 2 x +14
10.
l = 0.54F + 11.8
5.
1
2
= +10
y
x
3 2
x +4
2
PENGAMIRAN
2.1
3
x
1 2
3
x x+
4
4
Contoh
Jawapan
Kamirkan 2 terhadap x.
2dx = 2 x + c
Soalan
1.
Kamirkan 0 terhadap x.
_______________________________________________________________________
_
2.
Kamirkan 1 terhadap x.
_______________________________________________________________________
_
3.
Kamirkan 4 terhadap x.
_______________________________________________________________________
_
4.
Kamirkan -1 terhadap x.
_______________________________________________________________________
_
5.
Kamirkan -2 terhadap x.
_______________________________________________________________________
_
6.
Kamirkan 10 terhadap x.
_______________________________________________________________________
_
7.
Kamirkan
1
terhadap x.
2
_______________________________________________________________________
_
8.
Kamirkan
3
terhadap x.
7
_______________________________________________________________________
_
9.
Kamirkan 1
1
terhadap x.
4
_______________________________________________________________________
_
10.
Kamirkan
12
terhadap x.
7
_______________________________________________________________________
_
Jawapan
1.
2.
x+c
3.
4x + c
4.
-x + c
5.
-2x + c
6.
10x + c
7.
1
x +c
2
8.
3
7
x +c
1
5
x + c atau x + c
4
4
9.
10.
12
x +c
7
2.2
Menentukan kamiran ax n .
Contoh
Jawapan
Kamirkan 2x terhadap x.
2 xdx =
=
2 x 1+1
+c
1 +1
2x 2
+c
2
= x2 + c
Soalan
1.
Cari
dx
_______________________________________________________________________
_
2.
Cari
5 x
dx .
_______________________________________________________________________
_
3.
Cari
5 x
dx .
_______________________________________________________________________
_
4.
Cari
3x
dx .
_______________________________________________________________________
_
5.
Cari
4 x
dx
_______________________________________________________________________
_
6.
Cari
2 x
dx .
_______________________________________________________________________
_
7.
Cari
5 x
dx .
_______________________________________________________________________
_
8.
Cari
12
x 2 dx .
_______________________________________________________________________
_
9.
Cari
5x
dx .
_______________________________________________________________________
_
10.
Cari
dx .
_______________________________________________________________________
_
Jawapan
1.
x3
+c
3
2.
5x 4
+c
4
3.
x6
+c
5
4.
3x 7
+c
7
5.
x4 + c
6.
3x 7
+c
14
7.
5
+c
x
8.
9.
2
+c
5x 2
10.
6
+c
5x 2
1
+c
x
2 x 2 -3x + 4 dx.
Jawapan
2 x 2 -3x + 4 dx
=
2 x 3 3x 2
+ 4x + c
3
2
Soalan
Kamirkan setiap yang berikut terhadap x
1.
(2 + x)dx
_______________________________________________________________________
_
2.
(5 + x
) dx
_______________________________________________________________________
_
3.
(3 x
) dx
_______________________________________________________________________
_
4.
( x
+ 3 x 2 2) dx
_______________________________________________________________________
_
5.
( x
2 x 3 +2) dx
_______________________________________________________________________
_
6.
( x
2
x ) dx
3
_______________________________________________________________________
_
7.
( 3 x
1
) dx
4x3
_______________________________________________________________________
_
8.
(3 x
6
) dx
x3
_______________________________________________________________________
_
9.
(2 + x
3
)dx
x4
_______________________________________________________________________
_
10.
(2 x
+x+
1
) dx
x2
_______________________________________________________________________
_
Jawapan
1
2
6.
1 4 1 2
x x +
4
3
2. 5x +
1 3
x +c
3
7.
1 4
1
x 2 +
6
8x
3. 3x -
1 4
x +c
4
8. 3x +
2
3
2 +
x x
4.
1 4
x + x3 2x + c
4
9. 2x -
1 1
+
+
x x3
5.
1 5
x
5
2
1. 2x + x + c
1 4
x + 2x + c
2
10.
c
c
2 3 1 2 1
x + x +c
3
2
x
3.1
Menentukan kamiran untuk ungkapan berbentuk (ax + b)n, n integer, n
(tanpa penggantian)
-1
[ f ( x)] n +1
+c
=
d
( n +1)
[ f ( x)]
dx
Contoh
Cari
kamiran
berikut
tanpa
menggunakan kaedah penggantian.
( x +1) dx
2
Jawapan
Andaikan f(x) = x + 1
[ x +1] 2 +1
+c
Maka (x +1) dx =
d
(2 +1)
( x +1)
dx
2
[ x +1] 2 +1
+c
( 2 +1)(1)
Cari
kamiran
(4 x +4)
dx
berikut
[ x +1] 3
+c
=
3
[ 4 x + 4] 2 +1
+c
2
(4 x +4) dx = (2 +1) d (4 x + 4)
dx
[ 4 x + 4] 1
+c
(1)(4)
1
= 4( 4 x + 4) + c
Soalan
Cari setiap kamiran yang berikut tanpa menggunakan kaedah penggantian.
1.
(3x +4) dx
6
_______________________________________________________________________
_
2.
(5 3 x)
dx
_______________________________________________________________________
_
3.
( 2 x +3)
dx
_______________________________________________________________________
_
4.
(4 x +3) 3 dx
_______________________________________________________________________
_
5.
(4 5 x)
dx
_______________________________________________________________________
_
6.
(6 x +1)
dx
_______________________________________________________________________
_
7.
(8 x +3)
dx
_______________________________________________________________________
_
8.
(4 2 x)
dx
_______________________________________________________________________
_
9.
(8 x +4) dx
5
_______________________________________________________________________
_
10.
(10 x 4)
dx
_______________________________________________________________________
_
JAWAPAN
(3 x + 4) 7
+c
21
6.
1
+c
18(6 x +1) 3
2.
(5 3 x ) 5
+c
15
7.
1
+c
48(8 x + 3) 6
3.
( 2 x + 3) 6
+c
12
8.
1
+c
4( 4 2 x) 2
9.
1
+c
32( 8 x + 4) 4
10.
1
+c
10( 10 x 4)
1.
4.
5.
(4 x + 3) 4
+c
16
(4 5 x) 4
+c
20