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Malta College of Arts & Science & Technology

BTEC National Diploma Level 3 2008/2009


Unit 33: Building Services Science

02/09/2009

Assignment A

Title:

Heat Transfer

Task 1- P33.1a- Identify the fundamental priciples of energy conversion and heat transfer as applied to building services engineering applications.
1. Identify the fundamental principles of energy conversion and heat transfer as applied to building services engineering applications. Illustrate these methods of heat transfer by reference to pratical applications in their own field of building services engineering.

Many different heating methods have been devised for heating buildings. They have their own characteristics and most methods have at least one objectionable aspect for example high cost of fuel, expensive equipment or inefficient heating characteristics. These heating methods can have one of the following criteria: The heat conveying medium: - this is the substances that carries the heat from its point of origin to the area being heated. Basically mediums for conveying mediums are; air, water, steam and electricity. The fuel used: - wood, coal, oil and gas have been used as fuels for producing heat. Each of these heating fuels has their own characteristics. They depends upon such variables as availability, efficiency of the heating equipment and cost. The nature of the heat: - it is applied inherent to the heat system for example, the heat may be of the exhaust steam variety or it may consist of exhaust gases from internal combustion engines. The efficiency of the method: - the energy cost, conveying medium employed, and type of heating unit are the main important things that can varies their efficiency. A large number of energy conversion processes take place in nature. Man is capable of performing a number of additional energy conversion processes by means of various devices invented during the history of man. Such devices may be classified on what type of construction used, on chemical principles and also on the forms of energy appearing before and after the action of the device. There are number of energy forms. These are: -

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Malta College of Arts & Science & Technology


BTEC National Diploma Level 3 2008/2009
Unit 33: Building Services Science

02/09/2009

Chemical energy that consists of food and fuels like coal, oil and gas. The energy of food is released by chemical reactions in our bodies. In the other way fuels release their energy when they are burnt in an engine or other device. Potential energy is another type of energy which is stored in a system by reason of its position or its condition. Kinetic energy is the energy possessed by a mass, by reason of its motion. Kinetic and potential energy are types of mechanical energy There are other types of other forms of energy. These include: electrical energy, heat energy, sound energy, light energy, magnetic energy and nuclear energy. In several cases more than one energy form will emerge as a result of the action of the device. Many devices also perform a number of energy conversion steps, rather single motion. A power plant, for example, may perform the conversion process chain between energy forms, in these case chemical to heat then to mechanical which produce us electrical. Rotational transformations are also possible, such as turbine that is a rotary engine that extracts energy from a fluid or air flow and converts it into useful work. Turbine collects the potential energy from water that is under ground then it rotates the motion of water so then it changes into kinetic energy of turbine which then it will generates to gives us electrical energy from generator. This is a process in which the only change is that heat is transferred from a lower to a higher temperature. Such transfer can be established if at the same time some high-quality energy is reduced for example heat pump (which is a converter of electrical into heat energy). We have various types of heat transfer applications that we use in our building services engineering. Radiators and convertors are the principal means of heat emission in most buildings. Some alternatives or radiators include exposed pipes and radiant panels that are use generally in warehousing, workshops and factories and this because the appearance of these buildings is not important. Panels of pipe work in the floor screed can be also used to create invisible heating, but they will have a slow thermal response as the heat energy is absorbed by the floor structure. Radiators have only 40% of the heat transferred by radiation, while the other 60% is merged into a small amount conducted through the radiator brackets into the wall. There are three forms of radiators: hospital, column and panel. Hospital radiators are smooth, easy to clean surface which is an important specification in a hygienic environmental. Column radiators vary in the number of
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Karl Attard Class: - NDBS2

Malta College of Arts & Science & Technology


BTEC National Diploma Level 3 2008/2009
Unit 33: Building Services Science

02/09/2009

columns. The greater number of columns the grater the heat emitting surface. Cast iron panels are more sophisticated and are generally find in every modern house. This because these are much slimmer and easier to accommodate and the reason is the cast iron panels have been superseded by pressed profiled steel welded panels. Finned backing is used to increase also the heating surface and contribute to a higher converted output. Convertors have a steel casing containing a finned heat exchanger. 90% of the heat emission is converted and its may be enhanced but this happen only if a thermostatically controlled fan is also located in the casing. They are more effective than radiators for heating large rooms, and in this situation their extra bulk can be accommodated. Fan convectors may have the heater at high level with a variable speed fan. The fan may also be used to create air circulation. A variation may be used as a warm air curtain across doorways and shop entrances. The job of a refrigeration plant is to cool articles or substances down to, and maintain them at a temperature lower than the ambient temperature. Refrigeration can be defined as a process that removes heat. The oldest and most well-known among refrigerants are ice, water, and air. In the beginning, the sole purpose was to conserve food. A device described as a "refrigerator" maintains a temperature a few degrees above the freezing point of water; a similar device which maintains a temperature below the freezing point of water is called a "freezer." Freezer units are used in households and in industry and commerce. Most freezers operate around 0 F (-18 C). Domestic freezers can be included as a separate compartment in a refrigerator, or can be a separate appliance. Domestic freezers are generally upright units resembling refrigerators, or chests resembling upright units lay on their backs. Many upright modern freezers come with an ice dispenser built into their door.
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Malta College of Arts & Science & Technology


BTEC National Diploma Level 3 2008/2009
Unit 33: Building Services Science

02/09/2009

Task 2- M33.1a- Produce clear and accurate answers to a range of problems associated with heat transfer as applied to building services engineering applications.
2. a) A wooden door 2m*0.9 and 35mm thick has inside temperature of 20 and an outside temperature of 10 . If the thermal conductivity of wood is 0.14WmK calculate: The rate of heat flow through the door; The quantity of heat lost through the door in 1 hour

Rate of heat flow: = The quantity of heat lost: -

b) Calculate: The thermal conductance of 50mm expanded polystyrene (k=0.034W) The resistivity of 50mm expanded polystyrene The thermal resistance of 50mm expanded polystyrene Thermal conductivity: -

Resistivity: -

Thermal resistance: -

c) A 280mm solid brick wall of thermal conductivity 0.84W/mK is plastered internally with 15mm of thermal conductivity 0.5W/mK. A 5mm layer of cork thermal conductivity 0.05W/Mk is fixed to the plaster. The external temperature of the brick is 10 and the internal surface of the cork is 18 . Find: -

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Malta College of Arts & Science & Technology


BTEC National Diploma Level 3 2008/2009
Unit 33: Building Services Science

02/09/2009

The thermal resistance of the wall The rate of heat transfer through unit area of the wall The heat loss in 8hours for a wall area of 12 Thermal resistance (Brick Wall): -

Thermal resistance (Plaster): -

Thermal resistance (Cork): -

Resistance of wall=

Rate of Heat Transfer: -

Heat Loss: -

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Malta College of Arts & Science & Technology


BTEC National Diploma Level 3 2008/2009
Unit 33: Building Services Science

02/09/2009

Task 3- D33.1a- Evaluate how factors affecting heat transfer influence building services
3. Evaluate how the facotrs affecting heat tranfer influence building services design. The evaluation should be more than illustrations of where different heat transfer mechanisims can be used. It must also evaluate how heat transfer mechanisms influence design and performance of installations and equipment. Classifications of heating systems are based on the heat-conveying method used. These classifications include the vast majority of heating systems used today. The heating system depends on a number of different factors, including: Building use: - varies from different ventilating system from building used for commercial or industrial purposes. Size of building: - is another major factor that must be considered in heating system. For example, a large building will have much more problems in how to manage the heat transfer in his building. He wants to use different types of equipment to reduce cost and have a good quality of comfort in his building. Geographical location: - a new building should be located so that the large windows in the main rooms face south to receive the maximum sunlight during the winter months. If possible the building should be built in location that offers some natural protection from prevailing winter winds. Tight, well insulated construction should be incorporated in the design of the building from the beginning. Heating system used: - today, with air conditioning so widely used, and also solar heating equipments will help us to control our heating system and reduce our costs. Heat is transferred in three different types of methods. These are radiation, conduction and convection. These three methods vary and are used in any buildings either in residential or industrial. Radiation refers to the throwing out of heat in rays. These rays proceed in straight lines, and the intensity of the heat radiated from any one source becomes less as the distance from the source increases. The amount of heat loss from a body within a room or building through radiation depends upon the temperature of the floor, ceiling, and walls. The colder these surfaces are the faster and greater will be the heat loss from human body standing within the
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Malta College of Arts & Science & Technology


BTEC National Diploma Level 3 2008/2009
Unit 33: Building Services Science

02/09/2009

enclosure. If the wall, ceiling, and floor surfaces are warmer than the human body within the enclosure they form, heat will be radiated from these surfaces to the body. In this case a person may complain that the room is too hot. Conduction is the transfer of heat through substances, for instance, from a boiler plate to another substance in contact with it. Conductivity is a relative value of a material, compared with a standard, in affording a passage through itself or over its surface for heat. The various materials used to insulate buildings are poor conductors. Any substance that is a good conductor of electricity is also a good conductor of heat.

Convection is the transfer of heat by the motion of the heated matter itself. It can take place only in liquids and gases. The figure above illustrates how radiation, conduction, and convection are often interrelated. Heat from the burning fuel passes to the metal of the heating surface by radiation, passes through the metal by conduction, and is transferred to the water by convection. Variation in the weight of the water will cause circulation due to temperature differences. The water next to the heating surface receives heat, expands, and immediately rises as a result of displacement by the colder and heavier water above. An uninsulated structure or one that is poorly insulated will suffer from heat gain in the summer and heat loss in the winter. Heat gain is experienced through ceilings but most commonly through walls, glass, and window and door cracks or as a result of air ventilation. These will effect expensive to arrange the damages done by these uninsulated materials. The provision for some form of barrier will reduce the rate of heat flow to an acceptable level therefore of prime importance. A good insulating material should be lightweight, contain numerous air pockets, and exhibit a high degree of resistance to heat transmission. They will react to heat flow, instead of disintegrated.
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Malta College of Arts & Science & Technology


BTEC National Diploma Level 3 2008/2009
Unit 33: Building Services Science

02/09/2009

Many of us have the mentality that the more insulation you use the better the insulating effect you will have, but unfortunately it does not apply. Twice as much insulation does not insulate twice as well. The first layer of insulation is the most effective, with successive layers decreasing in the effectiveness of heat flow. In heating application, the amount of heat supplied to a space at a constant temperature should be near or equal the amount of heat loss. In cooling applications, the amount oh heat removed from a space should be roughly equal to the amount of heat gained. A good insulation will hell such applications ton work with more effectiveness and greater efficiency. The roof or attic floor of any structural building can be insulated, as can walls of any structure, whether of stone, bricks or clapboard. The form of insulation applied depends on whether the structure is already built or is being constructed. Insulating materials are specifically designed to reduce the rate of heat transmission through ordinary construction materials to an acceptable level. Air spaces bounded by either ordinary buildings materials or aluminium foil, also provide some insulation, but not to the degree formerly thought possible. The most practical method of insulation is to fill the area in the walls with a material containing these air spaces. Several manufacturers produce insulating materials and variety of shapes and forms. Some of them are rigid insulation boards and also foam insulation. Rigid insulation board is a rigid insulating boards or panels, rigid boards, foam insulation boards, rigid foam insulations, slab insulation, or sheathing bards. Rigid insulation board is flammable and must be covered with a fire-resistant material for example gypsum wall board and is installed on the interior walls. They have a high Rvalue and can be used in areas where space is limited but it is also more expensive.
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Karl Attard Class: - NDBS2

Malta College of Arts & Science & Technology


BTEC National Diploma Level 3 2008/2009
Unit 33: Building Services Science

02/09/2009

Foam insulation is available in spray-in-place systems as well as rigid boards. Spray-inplace foams have a high insulating R-values. These foam insulations expand and set almost immediately after their application. They will shrink and settle in the wall cavities. We do not only use insulation in the walls to have a good humidity in our homes. There are such many types of equipment that by the years are increasing their mass production. Two of them that are the most commonly used nowadays are air conditioning system and solar heating systems. There are number of different types of heating, ventilating, and air conditioning equipment and systems available in installation in the home. The problem is choosing the most efficient one in terms of the installation and operating costs. Air conditioning systems provide heating, ventilating and cooling in the same time. These systems condition the air by controlling its temperature, cleanliness, moisture content and movement. This is the true statement of air conditioning, that unfortunately most of people thinks that air conditioning is just a cooling system but as we are going the se its not true. Ideally, air conditioning heats, cools, clean, circulates and controls the humidity at the same time, on a year-round basis. Temperature is controlled by cooling or heating Humidity is controlled by humidifying or dehumidifying Cleanliness is controlled by various different filters to keep contaminants and odours away Circulation is controlled by fans The operations of the main air processing unit are: Fresh air enters through a louvered inlet and mixes with the recirculated air. Only 25% is fresh air the remaining is a recirculated air. The air is then filtered to remove any suspended dust and dirt particles

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Malta College of Arts & Science & Technology


BTEC National Diploma Level 3 2008/2009
Unit 33: Building Services Science

02/09/2009

In winter the air is pre-heated before it passing through a humidifier. A small spray is used to wash humidifier and is used to cool the air up to dew point temperature. In summer the air can be cooled by chilled water coil or a direct expansion coil. The latter is the evaporator coil in a refrigeration cycle. Condensation in air is then created which will saturate the level of air dehumidifies and reduces in temperature. Air washers have zigzag eliminator plates which remove drops of water and any dirt that may have escaped from filter. The final process is the heater is used to adjust the supply air temperature and relative humidity before delivery through a system of insulated ductwork. A typical central air conditioning system is a split system, with an outdoor air conditioning, or "compressor bearing unit" and an indoor coil, which is usually installed on top of the furnace in the home. By the help of electricity as its power source, the compressor pumps refrigerant through the system to gather heat and moisture from indoors and remove it from the home. Heat and moisture are removed from the home when warm air from inside the home is blown over the cooled indoor coil. The heat in the air transfers to the coil, thereby "cooling" the air. The heat that has transferred to the coil is then "pumped" to the exterior of the home, while the cooled air is pumped back inside, helping to maintain a comfortable indoor temperature. Central air conditioning can also be provided through a package unit or a heat pump. Such advantages of air condition are: Indoor comfort during warm weather - Central air conditioning helps keep your home cool and reduces humidity levels. Cleaner air - As your central air conditioning system draws air out of various rooms in the house through return air ducts, the air is pulled through an air filter, which removes airborne particles such as dust and lint. Sophisticated filters may remove microscopic pollutants, as well. The filtered air is then routed to air supply ductwork that carries it back to rooms.
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Malta College of Arts & Science & Technology


BTEC National Diploma Level 3 2008/2009
Unit 33: Building Services Science

02/09/2009

Quieter operation - Because the compressor bearing unit is located outside the home, the indoor noise level from its operation is much lower than that of a freestanding air conditioning unit. Equipment that nowadays is use commonly in building structures are the solar heating systems. Solar energy has the ability to produce hot water requirements. In many countries use the sole source of energy to produce hot water energy. Solar systems of all types respond to the environment and to certain characteristics of system components. For example, the location of a solar system, the heat load, and also if the temperature respond to the system of its load. Major characteristics of solar systems are the collector size, the collector tilt angle, the collector orientation, the collector flow rate, the storage size, the heat-exchanger size, the required delivery temperature, and also the connection between them. There are two generic types of solar heating systems, the direct and indirect. Direct systems are those in which the potable water is heated directly in the solar collector. Indirect systems are using a separate heat-transfer fluid in the solar-collector loop. The direct system requires a solar collector capable of controlling the water pressure. They are more commonly used for swimming pool. Indirect systems require an increased initial investment because of the heat exchanger, extra pump, and special collector fluid. However, indirect systems have increased reliability in freezing climates since the working fluid has a freezing point below the lowest ambient temperature expected. These are commonly used in residantal or industrial buildings. The indirect solar heating systems works in this way: 1. The sun's rays fall on the collector and are converted into heat. 2. The solar controller regulates the flow of heat to the heat exchanger in the water tank. 3. The pump in the solar unit pumps the solar heated water to the tank.
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Malta College of Arts & Science & Technology


BTEC National Diploma Level 3 2008/2009
Unit 33: Building Services Science

02/09/2009

4. The heated water is stored in the water tank to be used for showers, baths, washing machines, dishwashers etc. 5. A backup heater is used to support the system and ensure the supply of hot water during a period of poor weather. Solar heating offers several benefits. Solar heating systems have minimal, if any, fuel costs. Passive solar heating systems have very low operating and maintenance costs, although costs for active systems are somewhat higher. Solar heating systems produce virtually no air emissions or waste. They can be built quickly and in many sizes. They are also easily adapted to the needs of rural and developing communities and are wellsuited for communities with limited access to other energy resources. One limitation of solar heating is that the sun is not available at night and is less available on cloudy days. Solar heating systems either needs to store the heat they collect or use backup heating systems (e.g., a woodstove, an electric heating system, or a small oil furnace).

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