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AGlobalAnalysisofProblemsandSolutions
SHELLFISHREEFS
ATRISK 
Michael W. Beck, Robert D. Brumbaugh, Laura Airoldi,AlvarCarranza,LorenD.Coen,ChristineCrawford,OmarDefeo,Graham J. Edgar, Boze Hancock, Matthew Kay, Hunter Lenihan,Mark W. Luckenbach, Caitlyn L. Toropova, Guofan Zhang
 
Cover photo:Oyster reefs atVirginia Coastal Reserve.© Barry Truitt/TNC
CONTENTS
Acknowledgments........................................................................................................................
1
ExecutiveSummary....................................................................................................................
2
Introduction..................................................................................................................................
6
Methods....................................................................................................................................
10
Results........................................................................................................................................
14
ConditionofOysterReefsGloballyAcrossBaysandEcoregions............
14
RegionalSummariesoftheConditionofShellfishReefs ............................
15
OverviewofThreatsandCausesofDecline................................................................
28
RecommendationsforConservation,RestorationandManagement ................
30
Conclusions ............................................................................................................................
36
References ..............................................................................................................................
38
Appendix1 ..............................................................................................................................
42
Michael W. Beck
a
, Robert D. Brumbaugh
b
, Laura Airoldi
c
, Alvar Carranza
d
, Loren D. Coen
e
, Christine Crawford
f
,Omar Defeo
d
, Graham J. Edgar
f
, Boze Hancock
g
, Matthew Kay
h
, Hunter Lenihan
h
, Mark W. Luckenbach
i
,Caitlyn L. Toropova
a
, Guofan Zhang
 ja
The Nature Conservancy, Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060
b
The Nature Conservancy; PO Box 420237, Summerland Key, FL 33042
c
Dipartimento di Biologia Evoluzionistica Sperimentale, Università di Bologna, Via S. Alberto 163, I-48100 Ravenna, Italy
d
Marine Science Unit, Ecology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Montevideo, Uruguay
e
Sanibel-Captiva Conservation Foundation, 900A Tarpon Bay Road, Sanibel, FL 33957
f
Tasmanian Aquaculture and Fisheries Institute, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
g
The Nature Conservancy; University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI 028882
h
Bren School, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-5131
i
Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Wachapreague, VA 23480
 j
Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
 
1
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Many colleagues contributed to this assessment byprovidingaccesstodatasetsrangingfromlocaltoglobalscales, helping to find important and often obscurereferences, and offering recommendations based onpersonalandprofessionalexperiences.Apairofexpertworkshopswasconvenedatwhichparticipantsofferedanarrayofperspectivesfromscientificresearchinstitutions,managementagencies,conservationorganizations,andtheshellfish aquaculture industry. These workshops wereinstrumentalforcraftingrecommendationsinthisreportandinformingtheoutcomes.Some of the many people and participants who providedinformation and perspectives includedBillArnold,AnneBirch,RafaelCalderon, Ximing Guo, Li Li, Bill Eichbaum,Colin Brannen, John Caddy, Fei Xu, Aad Smaal, AntonellaFatone, Adriana Gracia, Alex Gamarra, Marcela Pascual,Marcelo Henriques, Melissa Holman, Luis Prado, LuisLeon, César Lodeiros, Michael Savarese, Margaret Spring,Greg Tolley and Aswani VoletyThe authors in particular thank Christine Shepard, ZachFerdaña, Jeff Vincent, Antonella Fatone, Ximing Guo, andBill Arnold for help with the data, figures and maps.We also thank our many colleagues in the field whohave already been working diligently to conserve andrestore shellfish habitats and ecosystems. We havelearnedsomuchfromthem.LynneHale,EricaRychwalski,and Emily Woglom have provided critical support andthinking at many times in the development of the reportand recommendations.Funding for this assessment was provided by TheKabcenell Family Foundation. Financial support throughtheNationalPartnershipbetweenTheNatureConservancyandNOAACommunity-basedRestorationProgramisalsogratefully acknowledged. Support was also provided bythe University of Bologna through project Adriabio.
© Barry Truitt/TNC
Citation
: Beck, M.B., R.D. Brumbaugh, L.Airoldi, A. Carranza, L.D. Coen, C. Crawford, O.Defeo, G.J. Edgar, B.Hancock,M. Kay, H. Lenihan, M.W. Luckenbach, C.L. Toropova, G. Zhang. 2009. Shellfish Reefs at Risk: A Global Analysis ofProblems and Solutions. The Nature Conservancy, Arlington VA. 52 pp.
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