Food Safety Issues in the 109
th
Congress
Summary
Foodborne illness is a serious public health problem. The Centers for DiseaseControl and Prevention (CDC) estimate that each year in the United States, 76million people get sick, 325,000 are hospitalized, and 5,000 die from food-relatedillnesses. There are many who maintain that these estimates understate the problembecause many people do not seek medical help for foodborne illness and so thoseepisodes of illness are not included in official counts. Most consumers look to thegovernment to regulate and protect the food supply, and industry is interested inproducing foods that are safe at a reasonable price. Consequently, Congress has aninterest in oversight and legislation in this area.Several federal agencies, along with cooperating agencies in the states, areresponsible for assuring the safety, wholesomeness, and proper labeling of all foods.The responsibilities under the current federal system are divided among twodepartments and one independent agency. The U.S. Department of Agriculture(USDA) regulates meat, poultry, and certain egg products while the Food and DrugAdministration (FDA), in the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS),sets and enforces standards for safety of all other domestic and imported foods. TheFDA is also responsible for ensuring that all animal drugs and feeds are safe, labeledproperly, and produce no human health hazard when used in food-producing animals.The CDC, also part of DHHS, tracks foodborne illness outbreaks. The EnvironmentalProtection Agency (EPA) sets legal limits (tolerances) on the amounts of pesticideresidues allowed in or on food.Production of food is often a multistage process involving many differentvendors and producers. Congress maintains close oversight over federal food safetyactivities, which consist of inspecting, testing, research, and monitoring the foodsupply. In response to limited federal funding, FDA and USDA adopted an approachto food safety known as the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP)system. It requires food companies to identify where hazards could enter food duringits preparation for market and to take steps to lower the risk of contamination.Fears of terrorist attacks spawned legislation that has been assisting the federalgovernment in protecting the food supply. The Public Health Security andBioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act of 2002 (P.L. 107-188) requires FDAto register food processors, inspect their records, and detain adulterated food. It alsorequires that FDA issue regulations to ensure the safety of imported foods. Inaddition, the Act authorizes appropriations for USDA, to be used for enhanced borderinspection of food imports of plant and animal origin, lab biosecurity upgrades, andincreased research.Food safety issues implicate food security, “mad cow” threats to the foodsupply, new enforcement authorities for FDA and USDA, and methylmercury in fish.Some Members of Congress continue to be interested in the regulation of bioengineered foods, the growing public health problem of antimicrobial resistance,the safety of fresh produce, egg safety, and reorganizing the federal food safetystructure. This report will be updated regularly.
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