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Graphing Techniques:
Transformations
 
Transformations
 
Transformations
 
Transformations
 
Transformations
 
Transformations
 
TransformationsTransformations
We will be looking at functions from our library of functions and seeing how variousmodifications to the functions transformthem.
 
 
   V   E   R   T   I   C   A   L   S   H   I   F   T   S
Above is the graph of 
 
( )
2
 x x f  
=
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5−4−3−2−11234
xy
What would
f 
(
 x 
) + 1 look like? (This would mean taking allthe function values and adding 1 to them).
 
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5−4−3−2−11234
xy
( )
11
2
+=+
x x f  
 
What would
f 
(
 x 
) - 3 look like? (This would mean taking allthe function values and subtracting 3 from them).
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5−4−3−2−11234
xy
( )
 
33
2
−=−
x x f  
( )
2
 x x f  
=
As you can see,a number added or subtracted froma function willcause a verticalshift in thefunction.
 
 
   V   E   R   T   I   C   A   L   S   H   I   F   T   S
Above is the graph of 
 
( )
x x f  
=
What would
f 
(
 x 
) + 2 look like?
( )
22
+=+
x x f  
So the graph
f 
(
 x 
) +
k,
where
k 
is any realnumber is thegraph of 
f 
(
 x 
)but verticallyshifted by
k.
If 
k i 
s positive itwill shift up. If 
k 
is negative itwill shift down
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5−4−3−2−11234
xy
 
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5−4−3−2−11234
xy
 
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5−4−3−2−11234
xy
( )
44
−=−
x x f 
( )
x x f  
=
What would
f 
(
 x 
) - 4 look like?
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