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Shifting Graphs
 
The graphs of many functions are transformationsof the graphs of very basic functions.The graph of 
 y
= – 
 x
2
 
is the
reflection
of the graph of 
 y = x
2
in the
 x
-axis.
Example
:The graph of 
 y = x
2
 
+
3is the graph of 
 y = x
2
 
shifted
upward three units
.This is a vertical
shift
.
 x y
-444-4-88
 y =
 – 
 x
2
 y = x
2
+ 3
 y = x
2
 
f 
 
(
 x
)
f 
 
(
 x
) +
c
+
cf 
 
(
 x
)
 – 
 
c-c
If 
c
is a positive real number, the graph of 
 f 
 
(
 x
) +
c
 is the graph of 
 y
=
 f 
 
(
 x
)
shiftedupward
 
c
units.
Vertical
 
Shifts
If 
c
is a positive real number, the graph of 
 f 
 
(
 x
) – 
c
 is the graph of 
 y
=
 f 
(
 x
)
shifteddownward
 
c
units.
 x y
of 00

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