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ALLAH’S CONSTITUTION:A
 POLITICAL
READING OF THE KORAN
Ramy Nima
 
For  B.M & F.P
 
Contents Page
A Note on the Text 3Foreword: Statement of the Issue Considered 4Introduction: The Socio-Historical Setting of the Koran 11Pre-Islamic social conditions 13Pre-Islamic religious conditions 17Chapter One: The Politics of Faith 21Revealing Faith: A Process in Reverse 22The Koran as the Word of God 27The Koran as
The
Holy Book 35The Koran as Allah’s Constitution 39Chapter Two: The Act of Submission 43The Estrangement of Power 44Personal Dependence and its Sublation 48Islam: The
 Deen
of Submission 52Chapter Three: Koranic Divine Law 55Divine Law and the Form of Domination 57Koranic Commandments and the Sharia 60The Sharia as Islam’s Legal System 62The Sharia and Social Control 67Chapter Four: Divine Power and Mohammad’s Apostleship 69The ‘Ideal’ Form of Divine Power 69The Personification of Divine Power 71Towards Theocratic Rule 72Chapter Five: The Koranic Concept of ‘Faith’ and the Right to Rule 74The Concept of 
 Iman
74The
 Mu’mineen
as a ‘Distinguished’ Group 77
 Iman
: the Illusion of Certitude 80
 Iman
and the Right to Rule 81Chapter Six: The Divine Gift of ‘Knowledge’ 84The Concepts of 
‘Ilm
and
‘Aql
85The Political Basis of 
‘Ilm
87
‘Ilm
as ‘Revealed Knowledge’ 89The ‘Will to Power’ and the Divine Gift of ‘Knowledge’ 90Subjective Synthesis of 
‘Ilm
and
 Iman
and the Justification of Authority 92Chapter Seven: Allah’s Chosen Servants: Successors as Rulers 93The Conception of ‘the Inheritance of the Land’ 94The Concept of 
Khalifa
96The Right of Succession 98The Making of a ‘Ruling Class’ 101Domination as Social Subjection and the Role of Allah’s ChosenServants104Chapter Eight:
 Jihad 
: A Divine Obligation 107
 Jihad 
and
Tawhid 
107
 
 2
 Jihad 
in the Way of God 109
 Jihad 
: a Test of Faith and a Determiner of Status 112
 Jihad 
: A Sure Way to Paradise 114
 Jihad 
and Islam’s Hegemony 116
 Jihad 
and the Notion of ‘Holy War’ 117
 Jihad 
as a Means of Social Control 119The Expansion of the
Umma
: Compulsion v. Conversion 121The Concept of 
Qital
125Fighting against
Fitnah
127
‘Fee Sabila Allah’
: The Koranic Justification of Violence 130
 Jihad 
against
Kufr 
132
 Jihad 
and the Acquisition of Wealth 135
 Jihad 
and Martyrdom 137
 Jihad 
: the Making of Arabic as the Language of Power 142
 Jihad 
: Defensive or Offensive? 145In conclusion 148Glossary 150
Copyright © Ramy Nima, 2007All rights reserved
 
 3
Note on the Text
 In the use of the text of 
 Al-Qur’an al-Kareem
or the
Holy Qur’an
, I have taken theliberty of citing the English translation of verses from a number of editionsinterchangeably without stipulating the particular translated edition used. Thefollowing translations of the Koran were used:
The Meaning of the Holy Quran
, by Yusuf Ali, revised by Ismail al Faruqi, AmanaPublications, Beltsville, Maryland, 1996.
The Noble Qur’an in the English Language: A Summarised Version of At-Tabari, Al-Qurtubi, and Ibn Kathir with Comments from Sahih al-Bukhari
, by Muhammad Taqial-Din al-Hilali and Muhammad Muhsin Khan, Darussalam Publ., Riyadh, 1996.
The Holy Qur’an
, by Muhammad Ali, Ahmadiyyah Anjuman Isha’at Islam LahoreInc. Columbus, 1991.
The Message of the Qur’an
, by Muhammad Asad, Andalus Press, Gibraltar, 1980.
 Holy Qur’an
, by M.H. Shakir, Dar-U-Sseqafe, Qum, Iran (n.d.).
The Holy Qur’an
, by S.V. Mir Ahmed Ali, the Sterling Printing and Publishing Co.,Karachi, 1964.
The Koran Interpreted 
, by A.J. Arberry, Oxford University Press, London, 1964.
The Qur’an, A New Translation
, by M.A. Abdel Haleem, Oxford University Press,New York, 2004.I have used all the above translations for cross-checking of the rendering of the Arabictext. I have quoted verses (or even sentences and parts of verses) from which ever of these translations I thought gave a closer rendering of the original Arabic, and wherethese translations seemed to me to be inappropriate, deficient, or incorrect eitherchanging the translator’s rendering or, more frequently, giving my own alternativerendering or explanation (interpretation) in parenthesis, as […]. Koranic terms areoften rendered by different English equivalents; Arabic words are constructed fromthree-letter roots to which prefixes, infixes, suffixes and vowels are added; thus intheir particular context and usage Koranic terms can lead to a wide range of meanings,resulting in translation difficulties in terms of English equivalents. In this essay I haveattempted to give the closest possible rendering by consulting a number of 
Qur’an
andArabic dictionaries. However, in order to avoid confusion, where necessary I havegiven the Koranic-Arabic transliteration of the term, word, or sentence in parenthesis,as […]. The following Arabic dictionaries were used for cross-reference purposes:Edward William Lane’s
 Arabic-English Lexicon
(originally in 8 vols., London, 1863-93, with Book I containing the Classical words, their derivatives and their usages)reproduced in 2 vols. by the Islamic Texts Society, UK, 1984.
 Lugh’at-ul-Quran, Dictionary of the Words and Concepts of the Quran
, (4 vols.),Tolu-e-Islam Trust, Lahore, 1941.John Penrice,
 A Dictionary and Glossary of the Quran
, Library of Islam, Des Plaines,Ill., 1988.Abdul M. Omar’s
The Dictionary of the Holy Qur’an: Arabic Words-English Meanings (with Notes)
, Noor Foundation-Int., India, 3
rd
ed., 2005.It remains to be said that in all works of translation, or even the use of existingtranslations for cross-reference and cross-checking purposes, the element of ‘interpretation’ is always present. This applies, of course, to the rendering and thechoice of English equivalents of Koranic ‘technical’ terms given in this essay which,no doubt, some may disagree with.
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