Chanhu-daro inscriptions (Selected rebus Meluhha readings)

Chanhu-daro40A

6306

Chanhu-daro40B

bhaa six (G.) Rebus: bhaa furnace (Santali)

ayo fish (Mu.) Rebus: aya (alloyed) metal (G.) kolmo three Rebus: kolami smithy, forge (Telugu)

m five (count). Rebus 1: Md. moen massages, mixes . (CDIAL 9890)

Pa. mdan -- f. blending (?)(CDIAL 10356). Rebus 2: maua booth, shed me body ' (Mu.) Rebus: me iron (Ho.) kolom sprout Rebus: kolami smithy, forge (Telugu) ) Pa. kuila bent, n. bend Rebus: kuila, katthl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin) [cf. ra-ka, brass (Skt.) (CDIAL 3230)

koa in arithmetic, one (Santali); rebus: ko. artisans workshop (Kuwi)

ayo fish (Mu.); rebus: aya (alloyed) metal (G.) Fish + corner, aya koa, metal turned, i.e., forged.

Fish + scales aya s (amu) metllic stalks of stone ore. s, cognate with ac iron (Tocharian) may be a determinative of iron as the metal. Hence, the ligatured glyph may connote iron or stony metal.
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dula pair (Kashmiri) Rebus: dul cast (metal). )) Pa. kuila bent, n. bend Rebus: kuila, katthl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin) [cf. ra-ka, brass (Skt.) (CDIAL 3230). Thus, the pair of oval glyphs read: dul kuila bronze cast metal. dula pair Rebus: dul cast (metal) kanka rim (of jar, ka) (Santali) kra m. ear, handle of a vessel RV., Glyph: ka kanka, ka karaka rim of jar (Santali. Sanskrit). Rebus: furnace account (scribe). khanaka m. one who digs , digger , excavator Rebus karaka scribe, accountant Pict-40 Ox-antelope with a long tail; a trough in front. koiyum heifer(G.) koe heifer (Telugu) bullcalf. Rebus: (G.) sangaa lathe (G.) Rebus: jaga entrusment articles. Glyph: loa = a species of fig tree, ficus glomerata, the fruit of ficus glomerata (Santali) Rebus: lo iron (Assamese, Bengali); loa iron (Gypsy) lauha = made of copper or iron (Gr.Sr.); metal, iron (Skt.) kanka rim (of jar, ka) (Santali) kra m. ear, handle of a vessel RV., Glyph: ka kanka, ka karaka rim of jar (Santali. Sanskrit). Rebus: furnace account (scribe). khanaka m. one who digs , digger , excavator Rebus karaka scribe, accountant 6121

[kha] m A young bull, a

[ kaa ] f A fold or pen. (Marathi) ko workshop

Chanhudaro Seal obverse and reverse. The oval sign of this Jhukar culture seal is comparable to other inscriptions. Fig. 1 and 1a of Plate L. After Mackay, 1943 Glyph shown together with stong of scorpion on Urseal 1. Rebus: [kha] ingot,

wedge; A mass of metal (unwrought or of old metal melted down)(Maratthi) khof alloy (Lahnda) Hence [khasa] a (
2

&

from

) Alloyed--a

metal. (Marathi) Bshk. kho embers , Phal. kho ashes, burning coal ; L. kho alloyed , aw. kho forged ; P. kho m. base, alloy M.kho alloyed , (CDIAL 3931) Kor. (O.) Glyph: tagaru ram (Tulu) Rebus: tagarm tin (Kota). damgar merchant (Akkadian) Another antelope is looking back. Hieroglyph of looking back connoting an artisan. Thus the seal shows that the holder of the seal is a artisan and trader in tin ingots: [krammaru] krammaru. [Tel.] v. n. To turn, return, go back. or revoke, annul, rescind. or .

krammarinsu. V. a. To turn, send back, recall. To

. Same as

krammara. Adv. Again.

. krm back(Kho.)(CDIAL 3145)

Kho. Krm back NTS ii 262 with (?) (CDIAL 3145)[Cf. Ir. *kamaka or *kamraka -- back in Shgh. m back , Sar. om EVSh 26] (CDIAL 2776) cf. Sang. kamak back , Shgh. om (< *kamak G.M.) back of an animal , Yghn. Kama neck (CDIAL 14356). Kr, kr neck (Kashmiri) Kal. G neck ; Kho. Go front of neck, throat . Gala m. throat, neck MBh. (CDIAL 4070) Rebus: karmra smith, artisan (Skt.) kamar smith (Santali) Chanhudaro. Seal impression. Fig. 35 of Plate LII. After Mackay, 1943. 6235 tagaraka tabernae montana (Skt.) Rebus: tagara tin (Ka.) kanka rim (of jar, ka) (Santali) kra m. ear, handle of a vessel RV., Glyph: ka kanka, ka karaka rim of jar (Santali. Sanskrit). Rebus: furnace account (scribe). khanaka m. one who digs , digger , excavator Rebus karaka scribe, accountant

Chanhudaro17a

6122
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koiyum heifer(G.) koe heifer (Telugu) Rebus:

[kha] m A young bull, a bullcalf.

[ kaa ] f A fold or pen. (Marathi) ko workshop (G.)

kanka rim (of jar, ka) (Santali) kra m. ear, handle of a vessel RV., Glyph: ka kanka, ka karaka rim of jar (Santali. Sanskrit). Rebus: furnace account (scribe). khanaka m. one who digs , digger , excavator Rebus karaka scribe, accountant me body ' (Mu.) Rebus: me iron (Ho.) One horned body. me body ' (Mu.) Rebus: me iron (Ho.) kou horn Rebus: ko workshop. Thus, ko me iron workshop. Glyph shown as an ingot. Rebus: [kha] ingot, wedge; A mass of metal

(unwrought or of old metal melted down)(Maratthi) khof alloy (Lahnda) Hence [khasa] a ( & from ) Alloyed--a metal. (Marathi) Bshk. kho

embers , Phal. kho ashes, burning coal ; L. kho alloyed , aw. kho forged ; P. kho m. base, alloy M.kho alloyed , (CDIAL 3931) Kor. (O.)

Chanhudaro2

6128 [kha] m A young

koiyum heifer(G.) koe heifer (Telugu) bull, a bullcalf. Rebus: workshop (G.) sangaa lathe (G.) Rebus: jaga entrusment articles. ranku liquid measure. Rebus: ranku tin (Cassiterite) tagaraka tabernae montana (Skt.) Rebus: tagara tin (Ka.)

[ kaa ] f A fold or pen. (Marathi) ko

kanka rim (of jar, ka) (Santali) kra m. ear, handle of a vessel RV., Glyph: ka kanka, ka karaka rim of jar (Santali. Sanskrit). Rebus: furnace account (scribe). khanaka m. one who digs , digger , excavator Rebus karaka scribe, accountant

Chanhudaro15a

6213

koa in arithmetic, one (Santali); rebus: ko. artisans workshop (Kuwi) Ka. guu, gui eyeball, egg; guasu anything round; gui a circle, halo. Tu. kuu
testicles of dogs, cats, etc. Te. g(r)uu eyeball, egg; guusu a circle, round; goa cylindrical stone; gui halo round the sun or moon. Kol. gu (pl. gul) testicle.

Nk. (Ch.) gu (pl. -l) egg; kanta gua eyeball; ?gaa stone, pestle made of
stone. Go. (Ko.) gui variety of small bead (Voc. 1114). Kona guu eyeball, egg, testicle (< Te.); guru, (Sova dial.) gurzupupil, eyeball. Kuwi (Su.) guu egg (< Te.). Cf. 1695 Ta. kuu. / Cf. Skt. guik-, gua- globe, ball, pill gu1 m. globe, ball MBh., guik -- f. kernel VarBrS., gula -- m. glans penis , l -- f. pill lex., lik -- f. globule Kd. [Cf. gla -- 1, *ga -- ] Pa. gua -- cluster in ml -- g, guik -- f. little ball ; Pk. gui -- f. pellet , gulia -- m., i -- f. ball ; A. guri minute particle , gur, gul sinker on fishing net or line ; B. gu globe, mouthful ; Or. gu, gu pill , goi pebble , gu round clod ; Mth. guri bead ; H. guriy f. glass bead , gul m. ball, bullet , gull m. small pellet ; Si. guiya pill, ball, lump . (CDIAL 4181) Rebus: Ko. guy temple Te. koika hamlet; gui temple; guise hut, cottage, hovel. Kol. (SR) gu temple. Pa. gui temple, village resthouse. Ga. (Oll.) gui temple. Go.(Ko.) gui, (Mu.) gui, (S. Ko.) gui temple; gu (Ph.) temple, (Tr.) (DEDR 1655) See Turner, CDIAL, no. 3232, ku-, no. 3493, ka-, no. 3233, kuumba-, for most of the Skt. Forms. Glyph: taai mechanism made of split bamboo for scaring away parrots from grain fields (Ta.); tae a thick bamboo or an areca-palm stem, split in two (Ka.) (DEDR
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3042)Rebus: toxin, to.xn goldsmith (To.); ta gold- or silver-smith (Ta.); taaravu gold- or silver-smith (Te.); *haakra brass-worker (Skt.)(CDIAL 5493). kmsako, kmsiyo = a large sized comb (G.) Rebus: kasa= bronze (Te.) kas1 m. metal cup AV., m.n. bell -- metal N. kasr maker of brass pots ; A. khr worker in bell metal ; B. ksri pewterer, brazier, coppersmith , Or. Ksr; H. kasr m. maker of brass pots ; G.ksr, kas m. coppersmith ; M. ksr, ks m. worker in white metal , ksr m. contemptuous term for the same . (CDIAL 2989) Vikalpa: P. kagh m. large comb , rebus: kgar portable brazier (Kashmiri) kanka rim (of jar, ka) (Santali) kra m. ear, handle of a vessel RV., Glyph: ka kanka, ka karaka rim of jar (Santali. Sanskrit). Rebus: furnace account (scribe). khanaka m. one who digs , digger , excavator Rebus karaka scribe, accountant

Chanhudaro22a Glyph shown as an ingot. Rebus:

6115 [kha] ingot, wedge; A mass of metal

(unwrought or of old metal melted down)(Maratthi) khof alloy (Lahnda) Hence [khasa] a ( & from ) Alloyed--a metal. (Marathi) Bshk. kho

embers , Phal. kho ashes, burning coal ; L. kho alloyed , aw. kho forged ; P. kho m. base, alloy M.kho alloyed , (CDIAL 3931) Kor. (O.) Alternative: ( ) Pa. kuila bent, n. bend Rebus: kuila, katthl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin) [cf. ra-ka, brass (Skt.) (CDIAL 3230) dula pair (Kashmiri) Rebus: dul cast (metal). Thus, cast bronze.

kolom sprout; kolom = cutting, graft; to graft, engraft, prune; kolma hoo = a variety of
the paddy plant (Desi)(Santali.) kolmo rice plant (Mu.) Rebus: kolami furnace,smithy (Te.) Together, the glyph reads: Bronze furnace, smithy.
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Glyph: koi flag (Ta.)(DEDR 2049). Rebus: ko workshop (Kuwi) dula pair (Kashmiri) Rebus: dul cast (metal). kolom sprout; kolom = cutting, graft; to graft, engraft, prune; kolma hoo = a variety of the paddy plant (Desi)(Santali.) kolmo rice plant (Mu.) Rebus: kolami furnace,smithy (Te.) Thus together, the glyphs read: cast bronze furnace, smithy Ku. khu peg Rebus: kui furnace.

Chanhudaro23

6402

6131This is the only text on a large Chanhu-daro seal and occurs together with one-horned young bull glyph. Kur. ka a stool. Malt. kano stool, seat. (DEDR 1179) Rebus: ka = a furnace, altar (Santali.lex.) Mth.agar road , H. agar f., agr m., G. agar f. (CDIAL 5523) Rebus: damgar merchant (Akkadian) Thus, together the composite glyph reads: ka damgar merchant with furnace.

Chanhudaro21a

6209 Fish + scales aya s (amu) metllic stalks of stone ore. s,

cognate with ac iron (Tocharian) may be a determinative of iron as the metal. Hence, the ligatured glyph may connote iron or stony metal.

kanka rim (of jar, ka) (Santali) kra m. ear, handle of a vessel RV., Glyph: ka
kanka, ka karaka rim of jar (Santali. Sanskrit). Rebus: furnace account (scribe). khanaka m. one who digs , digger , excavator Rebus karaka scribe, accountant

kui water-carrier (woman) (Telugu); rebus: kuhi furnace, smelter (Santali)

Thus, together, the composite glyph reads: kui kanka furnace scribe.

kut.i, kut.hi, kut.a, kut.ha a tree (Kaus'.); kud.a tree (Pkt.); kur.a_ tree; kar.ek tree, oak (Pas;.)(CDIAL 3228). kut.ha, kut.a (Ka.), kudal (Go.) kudar. (Go.) kut.ha_ra, kut.ha,

kut.aka = a tree (Skt.lex.) kut., kurun: = stump of a tree (Bond.a); khut. = id. (Or.) kut.amu = a tree (Te.lex.) Rebus: kut.hi a furnace for smelting iron ore to smelt iron; kolheko kut.hieda koles smelt iron (Santali) kut.hi, kut.i (Or.; Sad. kot.hi) (1) the smelting furnace of the blacksmith; kut.ire bica duljad.ko talkena, they were feeding the furnace with ore; (2) the name of e_kut.i has been given to the fire which, in lac factories, warms the water bath for softening the lac so that it can be spread into sheets; to make a smelting furnace; kut.hi-o of a smelting furnace, to be made; the smelting furnace of the blacksmith is made of mud, cone-shaped, 2 6 dia. At the base and 1 6 at the top. The hole in t he centre, into which the mixture of charcoal and iron ore is poured, is about 6 to 7 in dia. At the base it has two holes, a smaller one into which the nozzle of the bellow is inserted, as seen in fig. 1, and a larger one on the opposite side through which the molten iron flows out into a cavity (Mundari.lex.) kut.hi = a factory; lil kut.hi = an indigo factory (H.kot.hi)(Santali.lex.Bodding) kut.hi = an earthen furnace for smelting iron; make do., smelt iron; kolheko do kut.hi benaokate baliko dhukana, the Kolhes build an earthen furnace and smelt iron-ore, blowing the bellows; tehen:ko kut.hi yet kana, they are working (or building) the furnace to-day (H. kot.hi_) (Santali.lex. Bodding) kut.t.hita
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= hot, sweltering; molten (of tamba, cp. uttatta)(Pali.lex.) uttatta (ut + tapta) = heated, of metals: molten, refined; shining, splendid, pure (Pali.lex.) kut.t.akam, kut.t.ukam = cauldron (Ma.); kut.t.uva = big copper pot for heating water (Kod.)(DEDR 1668). gudga_ to blaze; gud.va flame (Man.d); gudva, gu_du_vwa, guduwa id. (Kuwi)(DEDR 1715). da_ntar-kut.ha = fireplace (Sv.); ko_ti wooden vessel for mixing yeast (Sh.); kot.ha_ house with mud roof and walls, granary (P.); kut.hi_ factory (A.); kot.ha_ brick-built house (B.); kut.hi_ bank, granary (B.); kot.ho jar in which indigo is stored, warehouse (G.); kot.hi_ lare earthen jar, factory (G.); kot.hi_ granary, factory (M.)(CDIAL 3546). kot.ho = a warehouse; a revenue office, in which dues are paid and collected; kot.hi_ a store-room; a factory (G.lex.) kod. = the place where artisans work (G.lex.) Rebus: kuhi a furnace for smelting iron ore to smelt iron; kolheko kut.hieda koles smelt iron (Santali) kuhi, kui (Or.; Sad. kohi) (1) the smelting furnace of the blacksmith; kut.ire bica duljad.ko talkena, they were feeding the furnace with ore; (2) the name of kui has been given to the fire which, in lac factories, warms the water bath for softening the lac so that it can be spread into sheets; to make a smelting furnace; kuhio of a smelting furnace, to be made; the smelting furnace of the blacksmith is made of mud, cone-shaped, 2 6 dia. At the base and 1 6 at the top. The hole in the centre, into which the mixture of charcoal and iron ore is poured, is about 6 to 7 in dia. At the base it has two holes, a smaller one into which the nozzle of the bellow is inserted, as seen in fig. 1, and a larger one on the opposite side through which the molten iron flows out into a cavity (Mundari.lex.) kuhi= a factory; lil kuhi= an indigo factory (H.kot.hi)(Santali.lex.Bodding) kuh = an earthen furnace for smelting iron; make do., smelt iron; kolheko do kut.hi benaokate baliko dhukana, the Kolhes build an earthen furnace and smelt iron-ore, blowing the bellows; tehen:ko kuhi yet kana, they are working (or building) the furnace to-day (H. koh) (Santali.lex. Bodding) kuhita = hot, sweltering; molten (of tamba, cp. uttatta)(Pali.lex.) uttatta (ut + tapta) = heated, of
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metals: molten, refined; shining, splendid, pure (Pali.lex.) kuakam, kuukam = cauldron (Ma.); kuuva = big copper pot for heating water (Kod.)(DEDR 1668). gudga_ to blaze; gud.va flame (Man.d); gudva, gu_du_vwa, guduwa id. (Kuwi)(DEDR 1715). dntar-kuha = fireplace (Sv.); kti wooden vessel for mixing yeast (Sh.); kot.ha_ house with mud roof and walls, granary (P.); kuth factory (A.); koh brick-built house (B.); kuh bank, granary (B.); koho jar in which indigo is stored, warehouse (G.); koh lare earthen jar, factory (G.); koh granary, factory (M.)(CDIAL 3546). koho = a warehouse; a revenue office, in which dues are paid and collected; koh a store-room; a factory (G.lex.) ko = the place where artisans work (G.lex.) Water-carrier glyph shown on Chanhujo-daro seal is depicted vividly as a hieroglyph on a Gadd seal (Ur.): Seal impression, Ur (Upenn; U.16747); [After Edith Porada, 1971, Remarks on seals found in the Gulf States. Artibus Asiae 33 (4): 331-7: pl.9, fig.5]; Parpola, 1994, p. 183; water carrier with a skin (or pot?) hung on each end of the yoke across his shoulders and another one below the crook of his left arm; the vessel on the right end of his yoke is over a receptacle for the water; a star on either side of the head (denoting supernatural?). The two celestial objects depicted on either side of the watercarriers head can be interpreted as a phonetic determinant: k planet. The whole object is enclosed by 'parenthesis' marks. The parenthesis is perhaps a way of splitting of the ellipse (Hunter, G.R., JRAS, 1932, 476). An unmistakable example of an 'hieroglyphic' seal. enclosure signs of the field: Rebus: kol = metal (Ta.) Two k planets; rebus: kuhi kol kin = two furnaces for metal vessels.

This is Sign 12

kui = a woman water-carrier (Te.) kui = to drink; drinking, beverage

(Ta.); drinking, water drunk after meals (Ma.); kud.t- to drink (To.); kui to drink; drinking
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(Ka.); kui to drink (Kod.); kui right, right hand (Te.); ku intoxicating liquor (Skt.)(DEDR 1654). kola, kolum = a jackal (G.) kolhuyo (Dh.Des.); kulho, kolhuo (Hem.Des.); kros.t.r. (Skt.) kul seren = the tigers son, a species of lizard (Santali) kolo, kolea_ jackal (Kon.lex.) Jackal: kur..i-nari jackal (Kur-r-a_. Tala. Ve_t.an-valam. 13)(Ta.); id. (Ma.)(Ta.lex.) kul tiger; kul dander den of tiger; an.d.kul to become tiger; hudur. to growl as tiger; maran. d.at.kap kul a big-headed tiger (Santali.lex.) ko_lupuli = a big, huge tiger, royal or Bengal tiger; ko_lu = big, great, huge (Te.lex.) kula tiger; syn. of maran: kula, burukula, kamsikula, the striped royal tiger; syn. of maran: kula, lar.okula, the brown royal tiger without stripes; syn. of hur.in: kula, soncita, leopard: sin:kula = the lion; kindorkula, kinduakula = the panther; tagukula (lit. the shaggy tiger), the hyena; d.urkula, a smaller feline animal, which when attacking a man bites him in the knee, probably a tiger-cat; kula-bin: collective noun for all dangerous animals; kulabin:-o to become infested by dangerous animals; kla (Khasi.Rongao) tiger (Mundari.lex.) kros.t.r. = jackal (RV.); kro_s.t.u = id. (Pa_.n.); kro_s.t.r. = crying (BhP.); kot.t.hu, kot.t.huka, kotthu, kotthuka = jacka (Pali); kot.t.hu (Pkt.); kot.a (Si.); kot.iya = leopard (Si.); ko_lhuya, kulha = jackal (Pkt.); kolha_, kola_ jackal; adj. crafty (H.); kohlu~, kohlu_ jackal (G.); kolha_, kola_ (M.)(CDIAL 3615). Fr. krus = cry, call; kro_sati cries out (RV)(CDIAL 3613). Kot.ho = a call, a messenger; kot.ha invitation; kot.han.u = to send for (S.)(CDIAL 3614). Kos to abuse, curse, blame (Gypsy); kosna_ to curse (H.); kosn.a_ (P.); akos to abuse (Gypsy); krosati cries out (RV)(CDIAL 3612). krosa shout (VS); kuru_ voice, word (Pas); kosa_ curse (H.)(CDIAL 3611). kul. = the tiger, filis tigris; kul en:ga = tigress; kul

seren the tigers song, a species of lizard (Santali)

Rebus: kol metal (Ta.) kol = pan~calo_kam (five metals) (Ta.lex.) kol = pan~calo_kam (five metals); kol metal (Ta.lex.) pan~caloha = a metallic alloy containing five metals:
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copper, brass, tin, lead and iron (Skt.); an alternative list of five metals: gold, silver, copper, tin (lead), and iron (dha_tu; Na_na_rtharatna_kara. 82; Man:gara_jas Nighan.t.u. 498)(Ka.) kol, kolhe, the koles, an aboriginal tribe if iron smelters speaking a language akin to that of Santals (Santali) kol = kollan-, kamma_l.an- (blacksmith or smith in general)(Ta.lex.) kollar = those who guard the treasure (Ta.lex.) cf. golla (Telugu) khol, kholi_ = a metal covering; a loose covering of metal or cloth (G.) [The semant. expansions to kolla_puri or kolha_pur and also to 'kolla_ppan.t.i' a type of cart have to be investigated further]. kol working in iron, blacksmith (Ta.); kollan- blacksmith (Ta.); kollan blacksmith, artificer (Ma.)(DEDR 2133) Text 6118 erugu = to bow, to salute or make obeisance (Te.) er-agu = obeisance (Ka.), ir_ai (Ta.) er-agisu = to bow, to be bent; to make obeisance to; to crouch; to come down; to alight (Ka.lex.) cf. arghas = respectful reception of a guest (by the offering of rice, du_rva grass, flowers or often only of

water)(SBr.14)(Skt.lex.) erugu = to bow, to salute or make obeisance (Te.) Allographs (from epigraphs of Mohenjodaro): m0478Bt erga = act of clearing jungle (Kui) [Note image showing two men carrying uprooted trees]. eraka, hero = a messenger; a spy (G.lex.) he_raka = spy (Skt.); e_ra = to spy (Kui); er = to see (Malt.); he_ru = spy (Pkt.); he_riu = spy (Kl.); hero (G.); heru~ spying (G.); hern.e~ to spy (M.); herna_ (H.); herai (Oaw.)(CDIAL 14165). heriya_m = prying, peeping; heravum = to spy (G.lex.) ere = to see, behold; erye to peep, spy (Malt.); her to look at or for (Pkt.); er uk- to play 'peeping tom' (Ko.); e_ra spying, scouting (Kui); he_ri kiyali to see (Kuwi); e_rna_ (i_ryas) to see, look, lok for (Kur.)(DEDR 903).
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m0480At Sign 45

seems to be a kneeling

adorant offering a pot (Sign 328

Signs

45/46 seem to ligature the pictorial of a kneelingadorant with sign 328 Rebus: eraka, er-aka any metal infusion (Ka.Tu.) eruvai copper (Ta.); ere dark red (Ka.)(DEDR 446). erka = ekke (Tbh. of arka) aka (Tbh. of arka) copper (metal); crystal (Ka.lex.) Metal: akka, aka (Tadbhava of arka) metal; akka metal (Te.) arka = copper (Skt.) erka = ekke (Tbh. of arka) aka (Tbh. of arka) copper (metal); crystal (Ka.lex.) erako molten cast (Tu.lex.) agasa_le, agasa_li, agasa_lava_d.u = a goldsmith (Te.lex.) erakaddu = any cast thng; erake hoyi = to pour meltted metal into a mould, to cast (Ka.); cf. arika = rice beer (Santali.lex.) er-e = to pour any liquids; to pour (Ka.); ir-u (Ta.Ma.); ira- i_i (Ta.); er-e = to cast, as metal; to overflow, to cover with water, to bathe (Ka.); ere, ele = pouring; fitness for being poured(Ka.lex.) erako molten cast (Tu.lex.) eh-kam any weapon made of steel (Cu_t.a_.); eh-ku steel; eh-ku-pat.utal to melt, to soften (Cilap. 15, 210, Urai.)(Ta.lex.) eraka, era, era = syn. erka, copper, weapons (Ka.) erako_lu = the iron axle of a carriage (Ka.M.); cf. irasu (Ka.lex.) erako molten cast (Tu.lex.) eh-kam any weapon made of steel (Cu_t.a_.); eh-ku steel; eh-ku-pat.utal to melt, to soften (Cilap. 15, 210, Urai.)(Ta.lex.)

13