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1988 jo*kwv f ta&;awmfyu kH kd _yefvnfo; kH oyf_cif; Auy (A[d) k (1 - 8 - 2013)

(1) 88 ta&;awmfykH aiG&wkwi kd a f wmhrnf? ,ck jyefvnfo;kH oyfjcif;onf vmvwW@H aom vlxt k a&;awmfykH twGi;f aqmif&efEi S hf a&Smif&efukd (Auy taejzif) h wifjyvda k oma=umifh jzpfonf? (2) ta&;awmfyw kH i kd ;f onf tajctaet&yf&yf &ifr h n S a hf erS jzpfay:avh&o dS nf? tajctae&ifr h n S o fh vm;/ r&ifr h n S o hf vm;qdw k mudk tuJjzwfz@kd ta=umif;tcsuf (2) ck &So d nf? (wpf) tkyp f ;kd oltm%m&rsm;u yHp k a H [mif;twdi k ;f tkyp f ;kd &ef (vH;k 0) rjzpfEi kd a f wmhonft h cg (ESp) f tkyp f ;kd cH jynfov l x l u k tm%ma[mif;. tkyp f ;kd r_ukd qufvuf+y;D onf;rcHEi kd a f wmhwt hJ cg T (2) csuf jynfp h& kH ygrnf? (3) 1988 u tkyp f ;kd olbufu=kd unfy h g? 1962 up+yD; 1974 - 75 - 76 wd@k txd olw@kd . tkyp f ;kd r_ukd t=urf; ywrf;enf;jzifh xdef;odrf;cJhonf? qdk&S,fvpfrd_if; wdkufcJhonf? wpHkw&matmifjrifcJhonf? tul; tajymif;umv rd@k onf;cH=uzd@k ajymonf? 'gvnf; wpHw k &matmifjrifco hJ nf? od@k aomf aemufawmh yGiu hf sonf? (u) jynfov l x l b k ufu =unfv h #if 1962 uwnf;u wwyfcsi;f xGu+f yD; pD;csi;f xd;k onf? aoG;acsmif;pD;r# ESy d u f y G c fc H& hJ onf? wwyf csi;f xGu+f yD; pD;csi;f xd;k wdi k ;f ESy d u f y G c f& H wmeJ@ ed*;kH csKyfonf? (ausmif;om;wyf/ ausmif;om;eJ@ ynmwwfvi l ,frsm;wyf/ tvkyo f rm;wyf/ r@aetv,ftvwftv$meJ@ ausmif;om;pkaygi;f wyfw@kd pD;csi;f xd;k cJo h nf?) Edi ki fa H &;0g&ifr h sm;ESihf awmifov l ,form;rsm;u yG=J unfy h &dowfvkd jzpfaecJo h nf? Ttajctaeudk Auy u oH;k oyf+yD; 1980 wGif vrf;pOfajymif;onf?1300 jynft h a&;awmfykH wyfom;a[mif;}uD;rsm; udk v_@H aqmf onf? pnf;H;k onf? 2

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vGwv f yfa&;twGuf wdu k y f0 JG ifcp hJ Ofu rdrw d @kd ar#mr fe S ;f cJw h meJ@ tck jzpfaewmudk Edi _ ;f ,SOjf yonf? Adv k a f e0if; ppftm%m&Sip f epfukd rwdu k z f suE fi kd v f #if rdrw d @kd wm0efrausao;/ rdrw d @kd raocifrm S Adv k a f e0if; ppftm%m&Sip f epfukd wdu k z f suz f @kd vH;k yef;=upd@k [k aqmf=oonf? 1300 jynf. h a&$&wkEp Sw f i G f ppftm%m&Sip f epfwu kd z f sua f &; ta&;awmfyw kH ck jzpfay:vmatmif 0di k ;f 0ef;u;yrf;=uzd@k wdu k w f e G ;f onf? tm;vH;k avmufu oabmwl=uonf? wcsKd @u wufwufuuwH@k jyefonf? wcsKd @u omrefyJ wH@k jyefonf? OD;Ekuawmh ol@x;kH pHtwdi k ;f ta&;uHvmv#if armifEu k kd a&S@q;kH u awG@ap&rnf [k E_wjf zifh jyef=um;onf? OD;ausm+f idr;f u 'Dwcgawmh ocifAode;f wifw@kd e@J oabmxm;csi;f udu k n f o D nf[k ol@twGi;f ydi k ;f rSm ajymwmudk wqifp h um;=um;&onf? yrnw awGu bmrS rwH@k jyef? Adv k a f tmif}uD;uawmh Adv k a f e0if;qDom G ;+yD; t}uHay;wm vkyo f nf [k od&onf? aemufawmh Adv k a f tmif}uD; tdwz f i Ga hf y;pmrsm; ay:vmonf? (c) tkyp f ;kd olbufu=kd unfv h #if olw@kd avSm& f if;epfae+y D qdw k m odvmonf? bmwckrS ratmifjrifbJ us;_H aewmudk jrifvmonf? t}uD;qH;k +rD&i S f *syefuvnf; zG@H z;r_tedrq hf ;kH Edi ki f H (LDC) av#mufrS au;+rD 0efxy k 0 f efy;kd u oufomrnf[k t}uHay;onf? LDC av#muf&onf? od@k aomf LDC jzpfv@kd au;0efxy k 0 f efy;kd avsm h o kH m &So d nf? jynfwi G ;f pD;yGm;a&;eJ@ aiGa=u;bm tusyt f wnf;u &S+d rJ/ 'kua Q y;qJ jzpfonf? xkwx f m;wJa h iGawG w&m;r0if a=unm&jyefonf? Tod@k jzifh Adv k a f e0if;. jyifoifjh yif&rSmyJqa kd ompum; xGuv f monf? ol@rm S tdra f wmfyg i,fu|ea f wGyJ tm;ud;k p&m &So d nf? (a'guw f marmifarmif&@J pmtkyf zwf=unfy h g?) 1988 rwfv/ ZGev f u udpa P wG ra&;awmhyg? =o*kwfva&mufawmh tajctae&ifhrSnfhcJh+yD? 'ga=umifh jynfvHk;u|wftHkur_}uD; ay:awmhonf? vlxv k w l ef;pm;/ vl@tv$mpHk ygvmonf? awmifov l ,form;awG ygvm wmu tc&musonf? e,fr@awGu v_y& f m S ;r_wi kd ;f rSm awmifov l ,form;awG ygvmcJ+h yD?

(4) Tae&mwGif Auy . tjrifukd ajymygrnf? wwyfcsi;f xGuw f u kd w f mawG r&Sv d #if 88 =o*kwt f a&;awmfy kH r&SE di kd y f g? rkcsEi kd r f nfw h u kd y fu JG r kd S wdu k r f nfqv kd #if b,fawmhrS ta&;awmfy}kH uD; jzpfrvmEdi ky f g?

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ordi k ;f udk vlxu k zefw;D onfqw kd mrSm vG,v f , G z f efw;D vd@k r&yg? H;_ yGt J vDvu D kd jzwfoef;+yD; bmawGuwif jyif&rvJqw kd mudk ed*;kH csKyfcsuv f y k +f yD; &Sm}uH&wmcsn;f jzpfonf? rkcsEi kd r f nfw h u kd y f JG (&mE_e;f jynfE hi kd w f w hJ u kd y f) JG udk b,for l v S nf; uwif+yD; rwGuc f suE fi kd y f g? (5) 88 =o*kwv f ta&;awmfykH tjrwfe@J tH;_ udk pm&if;csKyfaomf tjrwf 'Dru kd a&pDygwr D sm; ay:vmonf? a,bk,s'r Du kd a&pDawmfve S a f &; vufeufui kd w f u kd y fv JG rf;pOf ay:vmonf? jynfov l x l t k wGi;f 'Dru kd a&pDtawG;tac: oGwo f i G ;f ay;Edi ko f nf? tH;_ ppftm%m&Sip f epfukd tpwH;k atmif rokwo f ifEi kd c f? hJ ,cktxd &Sio f efqJ jzpfonf? awmfve Sa f &; aumifp D e0wetz ppfaumifpr D sm; ae&mwGif umvHk aumifpu D 2008 tajccHOya' t& qufvuf wnf&a dS eonf? yjyifajymif;vJa&;rdi _ ;f rdoa l wG rsm;aeonf? 1974 tajccHOya' wke;f u 74 - 75 - 76 ckEp S r f sm;wGif csuc f si;f tefwE k i kd c fa hJ omfvnf; tckawmh 2008 tajccHOya' udk (cif;csufjzifh) vufcHae=u+yD? 2015 - 2020 udk ar#ma f e=u+yD? (Tod@k jzpfvm&onfrm S Edi ki fw H umhtajctae ajymif;vJv@kd vnf; jzpfygonf? 'Dae&mrSm 'Dup d P a&;zd@k r&nf&, G y f g?) bma=umif h ;_H ovJ? Edi ki fa H &;acgi;f aqmifol r}uH@ci kd v f @kd (od@k r[kw) f r&Sv d @kd jzpfonf? atmify& JG v#if rdbawG rsm;wwfonf? rdbawGrm S uvnf; bHv k y k i f ef;pOfr&S? d rnD!w G =f u? _;H yGq J v kd #if rdbrJh jzpfwwfonf? rnfou l rS wm0efr,l? (6) Auy . ud, k u hf , kd u f , kd a f 0zefa&;? twufa&mufumrS vSn;f pnf;uH;k jywf+yD; Auy aemufvefusonf? Auy ud, k w f i kd . f tjypf jzpfonf? jyifyudk v$r J cs? Adv k a f tmif}uD;/ Adv k c f if!e G @f w@kd tljrL;=uonf? Adv k c f if!e G @f u pmtkye fx D w k +f yD; Adv k a f tmif}uD;u NLD udk uGejf rLepfp; D ae+y/D xkwy f pf&rnf[k vkyo f nf? wdu k q f i kd r f _ r[kwy f g? olw@kd 2 OD;aygi;f +y;D avmfppf[eftultnDeJ@ Auy zcGJa&; vkyfcJhpOfu tpDtrHjzpfonf? (avmfppf[efudk qd& k , S v f pfppfty k p f u k arG;jrLcJw h m jzpfonf?) 4

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(7) bmha=umifjh yefvnfo;kH oyfovJ? ppftm%m&Sip f epf &Sa d eor# vlxt k kH ur_e@J ta&;awmfykH ay:aerSmjzpfonf? b,fawmh/ b,fvkd ay:rnf qdw k mudu k m; rajymwwfyg? cef@re S ;f wGuc f su=f unf& h v#if 2015 aemufyi kd ;f usrS wwyfcsi;f xGuw f u kd w f hJ pD;csi;f xd;k wdu k y fa JG wG ay:rnfxifonf? awmifolv,form;wdkufyGJawG ay:rnf[k wGufonf? tckawmh olwdk@vnf; pkpkpnf;pnf; v_y& f m S ;wmawG awG@&vd@k jzpfonf? e0wetz u ausmif;awGukd jzef@cy JG pfvu kd v f @kd ausmif;om; udk tawmfpp k nf;&OD;rnf jzpfonf? awmfve Sa f &;tawG;tac:u 'Da&edrhf jzpfaeonf? "e&Siv f pfb&,f0g' tawG;tac:u a&yef; pm;aeonf? 'ga=umifh =umvdrr hf nf? od@k aomf jyefvnfo;kH oyfxm;wm rrSm;yg? uwifjyifqifrxm;v#if 1988 =o*kwv f wke;f uvdk jzpfvr dr hf nf? txl;ojzifh bHE ki kd i fa H &;vkyi f ef;pOf r&Sv d #if rdbawGrsm;+y;D OD;eif;yJa h xmif jzpfvr dr hf nf? 1946 pufwifbmtHkur_rSm EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifr_&Sdonf? 'ga=umifh Edkifonf? tJ'Dvdkjzpfzdk@ trsm;}uD;vky=f u&rnf? yjyifajymif;vJa&;rdi _ ;f &Sa d eor# rSeu f efwa hJ cgi;f aqmifr_ rwnfaqmufEi kd y f g? ppftm%m&Sip f epfukd rJqEN eJ@ wpwpyjyifajymif;vJ,v l @kd r&Edi ky f g? rSeu f efwt hJ awG;tac:udk vlx}k uD;u vufca H tmif tawmf=um=umvky& f vdrr hf nf[k Auy u ajrmfjrifygonf? Auy (A[d) k (1 - 8 - 2013)

ordi k; f udk vlxu k zefw; D onfqw kd mrSm vG,v f , G z f efw; D vd@k r&yg? H; _ yGt J vDvu D kd jzwfoef;+yD; bmawGudwif jyif&rvJqw kd mudk ed*; kH csKyfcsufvy k +f yD; &Sm}uH&wmcsnf; jzpfonf?
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tcgtcGih f aumif;qdw k m Auy &Jht_rif (1 - 7 - 2013)

(1) tiftm;pkaqmif;/ a&&Snjf rKyfE/HS tcgtcGia hf umif;uda k pmif h qdw k hJ rl [m U/G ygw& D @J a,bk,srl jzpfygw,f? tJ'x D u J tcgtcGia hf umif;qdw k m bmvJ? b,fawmh tJ'D tcgtcGia hf umif; ay:rSmvJ? 'Dup d e P @J ywfoufwhJ tjrifukd wifjyygr,f? (2) tcgtcGia hf umif;qdw k m (1946) pufwifbmvu tajctaersKd ; (1988) =o*kwv f u tajctaersKd ;uda k jymwm jzpfygw,f?

tusO;f csKH ;+yD;ajym&if tkyp f ;kd olawGbufu yHp k a H [mif;eJ@ qufvufty k p f ;kd vd@k rjzpfawmhwt hJ cg? tkyp f ;kd cHawGbufu qufvuf+yD; onf;rcHEi kd a f wmhwt hJ cgukd qdv k y kd gw,f?

yd+k yD;&Si;f atmif ajym&&if (1988) rwfvu =o*kwv f txd tajctaersKd ;yg? tJ'w D e k ;f u 1962/ 1974 - 75 - 76 wke;f uvdk r[kwa f wmhb;l ? ausmif;om;awG/ wufuolawG/ tvkyf orm;awG/ wwfoy d nm&Sia f wG&@J woD;wjcm;tHk ur_rsKd ; r[kwa f wmhb;l ? jynfv;kH u|wf vlxv k w l ef;pm;/ vl@tv$mawGtm;vH;k tqifoifjh zpfae=u+y? D a'guw f marmifarmifu toHww d t f rsm;pk}u;D qdw k m ajymawmh tdr& f i Sr f awGuyg vrf;ay:xGuv f mw,f?

(3) tcgtcGia hf umif;udk apmifz h @kd qw kd muvnf; +idra f e+yD;apmifz h @kd r[kwy f gb;l ? wufupGm v_y& f m S ;&if;apmifz h @kd jzpfygw,f? awmfve Sw f /hJ wd;k wufwhJ tawG;tac:udk vlx}k uD;twGi;f 0g'jzef@wm/ vH@_ aqmfwm/ pnf;H;k wm vky& f if; apmifz h @kd yg? 6

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(1962) u (1977) xd rqv qd& k , S v f pfri _d ;f rdaeolawG tjrifre S & f vmw,f? azsmif;zs em;cs - vufawG@e@J jy+yD; apmifz h @kd yg? (tJ'w D e k ;f u qd& k , S v f pfri _d ;f rdoa l wG renf;ygb;l ? yrnw wtkyv f ;kH / Auy +cc He ko f w l Av H ;kH omru tvkyo f rm;/ v,form;/ ausmif;om;eJ@ tEkynm&Sif wcsKd @yg rdi _ ;f rd cJ=h uygw,f?) tckvnf; 2008 tajccHOya' udk 0if - jyif csio f a l wG &Sy d gw,f? yjyifajymif;vJa&;rdi _ ;f rdae=uygw,f? yjyifajymif;vJa&;rdi _ ;f u rsua f rSmufEi kd i fw H umhtajctaea=umifv h nf;wa=umif; ygaew,f? tar&dueforRw bk&fS (ti,f) vufxufwe k ;f u rif;wd@k ukd zwfcsr,f? NLD tpd;k &eJ@ tpm;xd;k r,f vd@k }udr;f 0g;aeawmh Adv k o f ef;a&$w@kd u e,fcs@J vufopfqef@usia f &; - udv k e kd 0 D g'vufopf qef@usia f &; ajymcJ& h wmyJ? tckawmh orRwtdb k m;rm;u r*Fvmygjrefrm vd@k yJ ajymaewmyg? Armjynfuv kd nf; taemufty kp f0 k ifawG acsmif;aygua f tmif vmae=uw,f? OD; (Adv k ) f ode;f pdet f pd;k &udk aumif;cs;D ay;ae=uw,f? 2015 a&G;aumufy JG ar#mw f a hJ &m*gvnf; jynfwi G ;f rSm xaew,f? orRw jzpfcsiw f ,f qdo k a l wGuvnf; tar&dum;udx k u G +f yD; ajymae=uw,f? 'Dru kd a&pDom;i,f arG;zGm;zd@k rD;aecef;0ifaewJh OD; (Adv k ) f ode;f pde f aoG;vef@om G ;atmif rvkyr fa d pzd@k (aemufa=umif; jyefrvSna hf pzd@k ) yJ NLD acgi;f aqmifawGu tmHp ku kd a f e=uw,f? [dw k e k ;f u yrnw awG/ +cHce k o f l awG qd& k , S v f pfri _d ;f rdovdk yjyifajymif;vJa&; rdi _ ;f rdae =uw,f? (4) b,ftcse d x f d apmifr h vJ? Auy &J@ rSe;f qcsuu f 2015 vGeu f mvxdawmh tenf;qH;k apmif& h r,fv@kd wGuy f gw,f? qd& k, S v f pfri _d ;f rdaeolwcsKd @ (1977) ae0if; ygww D i G ;f tm%modr;f awmhrS rdi _ ;f rdwb hJ 0u vGww f ,f? trsm;pk}uD;u *syef@au;vnfyif;txda&mufum LDC jzpfawmhr/S aiGpuULawG w&m;r0if xyf+yD; a=unm&awmhrS vGww f myg? ae0if;rSm tdra f wmfyg i,fu|e f awGuy kd J tm;ud;k p&m usea f wmhwt hJ cg 1974 tajccHOya' xJu yk'r f wckukd yjyifz@kd pum;pawmhrS trsm;pk}uD; qd& k , S v f pfri _d ;f rdwb hJ 0u vGw=f uwm jzpfygw,f? (5) wufupGmv_y& f m S ;&if;apmifa h &; qdw k mu

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jynfo@l 'r Du kd a&pDvw l ef;pm;/ vl@tv$mrsm;jzpfwhJ tvkyo f rm;/ v,form;/ ausmif;om;vli,f rsm;eJ@ ynmwwftvwfwef;pm;tv$mrsm;/ wdi k ;f cspjf ynfcspt f rsKd ;om;"e&Sir f sm;udk OD;wnf+yD; vwfwavm vkyi f ef;wm0efrsm; wifjyjcif;/ aqG;aEG;jcif;/ wEdi kw f ydi k f wdu k y f0 JG if+yD; apmifz h @kd yg? rdi _ ;f rdaeolrsm;udk &Si;f jy - azsmif;zs - em;cs&if; apmif& h rSmyg? (6) ed*;kH csKyftm;jzifh wifjyvdw k mu Auy u 0g&if h rw&m;oif;yg? avmavmq,f vdv k m;wmu (1988) aemufyi kd ;f rSm rw&m; oif; a=unmcH&wJh ygwr D sm;/ tiftm;pkrsm; w&m;0iftoif;rsm; jzpfapcsiy f gw,f? Auy u w&m;0iftoif;tzG@J jzpfcsia f yr,fh rvG,r f e S ;f odygw,f? wnf&a dS eqJ Oya'rsm;/ enf;Oya'rsm; &Sa d eor# rjzpfEi kd y f gb;l ? 'ga=umifv h nf; Auy &J@ oabmxm;tjrifrsm;udk tckvkd wifjyaejcif; jzpfygw,f? aemifrm S vnf; tcgtm;avsmp f m G wifjyaerSm jzpfyga=umif;?

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tajymif;tvJ qdkwmeJ@ywfouf+yD; Auy &J@ tjrifeJ@oabmxm; (ar - 2013)

(1) tajymif;tvJ eJ@ywfouf+yD; tjriftrsKd ;rsKd ;&S=d uonf? b,ftawG;tac:/ b,f&yfwnfcsuu f ae=unf+h yD; pOf;pm;ovJ qdw k may:rSm rlwnfygonf? rwlEi kd y f g? - Auy uawmh vrf;jyajryHkatmifjrif+yD;vdk@ 2008 tajccHOya'' vrf;a=umif;twdkif; ppftm%m&Sip f epfu a&S@o@kd csw D ufwmvd@k jrifygonf? - Edi ki fw H umhtajctae tajymif;tvJe@J tnD xde;f !+d yD; vkya f ewm[k oH;k oyfygonf? (2) Edi ki fw H umhtajctae tajymif;tvJq& kd mwGif urBmt h iftm;}uD;Edi ki fr H sm;. Armjynfqi kd & f may:vpD tajymif; tvJua kd jymwm jzpfygonf? txl;ojzifh ppfat;vGeu f mvwGif yifbufuif;Adv k }f uD; jzpfom G ;onfh tar&duef. Armjynfqi kd & f may:vpD tajymif;tvJukd &nf!e ;f ygonf? - orRwbk&fS (ti,f) vufxufu uGeq f maA;wpfvufopf (neo - con) ay:vpDjzpfonfh rif;wd@k tpd;k &udk zwfcsr,f? wd@k uufwt hJ pd;k &udk wifr,f [k twdtvif;ajymonfa h y:vpD jzpfonf? 'ga=umifh e0w - etz wd@k u a=umufuefuefonf? e,fcs@J vufopf - udv k e kd D vufopf [k wpmpm au;a=umf+yD; wkwf - k&m S ; (aemuf) tdE, dN wd@k ukd uyfonf? xdi k ;f (,d;k ',m;) udy k if uyfonf? (uyfawmhvnf; olw@kd tuufaqmifay;&onf? b,fwi kd ;f jynfu bm&oGm;ovJqw kd mawG tck wpwp ay:vmae+yD? wkwu f trsm;pk&onf? &rSmayg? h olu ADwt kd m%meJ@ ukvor*~vkH cHa&;aumifp D rSm umuG,a f y;Edi ko f l jzpfonf?) - orRwtdb k m;rm; wufvmawmh vpfb&,fvufopf (neo-lib) ay:vpD usifhoHk;onf? tajymif;tvJ u tJ'r D m S ponf? tajymif;tvJ &J@ Zmpfjrpfu tar&duef&@J ay:vpDtajymif;tvJ jzpfonf? (3) tar&duefu ajymif;rnfqa kd wmh NLD u vdu k a f vsmnDaxG&a dS tmif ajymif;ay;&onf? }u@H zG@H tpd;k & OD;ode;f pdef uvnf; ajymif;ay;&onf? tJ'Dvdk ajymif;atmifvnf; tar&duefeJ@ol@taemuf*dk%f;om;rsm;u 0dkif;+yD;em;cs =uonf? - NLD ajymif;&wmu }uH@zG@H tpd;k & OD;ode;f pdef ajymif;&wmxuf cufonf? NLD rSmu vl tajymif;tvJ rvkyb f J ay:vpD ajymif;&wmjzpfonf? }u@H zG@H tpd;k & OD;ode;f pdeu f awmh vltajymif;tvJvy k +f y;D ajymif;wm jzpfonf? etz OD;oef;a&$u um;vdya f emuf0ifom G ;onf? }uH@zG@H tpd;k &/ v$wa f wmfe@J ppfwyfw@kd rm S vlopfawGwifxm; +yD;+yD? 'ga=umifv h , G o f nf? - NLD rSmu a':atmifqef;pk=unf&@J t&Se d =f oZma=umifh +idra f tmifxe d ;f Edi kw f m jzpfonf? aemufta&;}uD;wm wcku 'Dvr kd S rajymif;vJ&if NLD ajrv#Kd ;&vdrr hf nf? ajrv#Kd ;zd@k u NLD ygw0 D ifawGtwGuf rjzpfEi kd ? f 'Dawmh zsuo f r d ;f cH&zd@k yJ &So d nf? tzsuc fw H meJ@pm&if ay:vpDtajymif;tvJ vkya f y;&wmu oufomao;w,fq+kd yD; ajymif;=uwm jzpfonf? 9

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(4) 2012 - 2013 umvydi k ;f rSmawmh tar&duefe@J o@l *% kd ;f om;rsm;u tajymif;tvJvy k jf ywJh yk*Kd~ vf (2) OD;udk qkcs =uonf? orRwawG/ 0ef}uD;csKyfawG O'[dk Armjynf vm=uonf? ydww f mawG zGia hf y;=uonf? ud, k w f i kd u f bdi k f usaecse d q f a kd wmh aiGv;kH aiG&if;awG ray;Edi k? f *k%x f ;l aqmifq k awGyJ ay;Edi ko f nf? a':atmifqef;pk=unf uawmh wyH}uD;&+yD;jzpfonf? olu urBmvSno hf nf? rGe* f ;kd vD;,m;uda k wmif ta&mufom G ;onf? wzufu jyefaygi;f xkyy f JG Zmwf&e dS jf riha f ecse d r f m S 2015 a&G;aumufy JG twGuf NLD a&m/ }uH@zG@H yg jyif=uonf? orRwjzpfcsiw f ,fv@kd ajymolu a':pkwa,mufwnf;yJ &Sa d o;onf? }uH@zG@H u bmrS rajymao;? }uH@zG@H rSmu orRwjzpfcsio f r l sm;onf }uH@zG@H twGi;f tpktzG@J awG v_yv f y _ & f m S ;&Sm;&So d nf? a':pk orRwjzpfz@kd qv kd #if 2008 tajccHOya' udk jyif&rnf? }uH@zG@H acgi;f aqmifwcsKd @u jyifray;[k ajymonf? enf;enf;jyifay;csio f l &So d nf? tajccHOya'jyifEi kd & f ifawmh orRwjzpfEi kd w f mayg h [k rwifrusajymol &So d nf? ppfwyfuawmh bmrSrajymao;? umcsKyf wifwhJ 'korRwudk orRwjzpfapcsiv f r d r hf nf? }uH@zG@H oif;uGv J kd jzpfaeolwOD;uawmh umcsKyf &J@ tcGit hf m%mudy k g uef@owfcsiw f hJ avoHypfonf? }uH@zG@H acgi;f aqmifpu k wnDwnf;awmh avoHrxGu? f v$wa f wmfOuUXuawmh trwfawGukd rJq, G & f mrSmoH;k zd@k usyf 10 ode;f pD vmbfx;kd vdkufonf? }uH@zG@H acgi;f aqmifawG tm;vH;k u 2008 tajccHOya' jyifz@kd rvG,b f ;l qdw k mudk od=uygonf? (olw@kd a&;xm;wmyJ olw@kd o=d uwmayg? h) a':pkuawmh b,fvw kd u G +f yD; tajccHOya'udk 2015 rwdi kr f D jyifEi kd r f ,fxifovJ rodyg? tar&duef&@J zdtm;eJ@ vkyE f i kd r f ,fxifovm; rodyg? - orRwbk&fS (ti,f) &J@ ay:vpDrsKd ; tdb k m;rm; vkyv f r d r hf ,f xifygovm;? - vkyv f @kd aum Armppftm%m&Sit f y k p f u k emcHr,f xifygovm;? Auy uawmh rxifyg? f @kd - tcktajymif;tvJu NLD udk 2008 tajccHOya' atmuf wGe;f yd@k wmjzpfv@kd OD;ode;f pdew vufcHaewm jzpfonf? OD;oef;a&$ vufcHaewm jzpfonf? 2008 tajccHOya' jyifzdk@ tar&duefuwGe;f &if taotvJcc kv H r d r hf nf? - e,fcs@J vufopf udv k e kd v D ufopf au;a=umfoa H wGyJ jyef=um;&vdrr hf nf? - Armjynf&@J yx0Dtaetxm; u ppftm%m&Sip f epf twGuf cHuwkw}f uD; jzpfaeonf? tD&wfe@J rwlyg? Edi ki f }H uD;awGukd uyfEi kd o f nf? (5) Auy oabmxm;? - 2015 a&G;aumufyGJ u 2008 tajccHOya' (7) ESpfajrmufatmifyGJ qifE$Jwmvdk@yJ ,lqonf? - 1974 tajccHOya' wke;f u 1974 - 75 - 76 v_y& f m S ;r_rsm;jzifh uqdc k& H onf? 'gawmifrS (14) ESp& f r dS S wdu k z f suE f i kd c fo hJ nf? tckyt kH wdi k ;f qdv k #if 2008 tajccHOya' oufq;kd &Sna fv awmhrnf? - 2008 tajccHOya' udk wdu k z f suE f i kd r f S 'Dru kd a&pDtjynft h 0&rnf[k ,H=k unfonf? b,favmuf=umygap wdu k z f suz f @kd tm;xkwr f nf? - jynfo@l 'r D u kd a&pDyef;wdi ko f @kd ZGe J @J csw D ufrnf? rsKd ;qufe@J cs+D yD; csw D ufrnf?

10

wdkif;jynfa&S@a&; Auy tawG;

(1) ajray:Ed k i f i H a &;tif t m;pk r sm; 2015 a&G ; aumuf y G J u d k a r#mf + yD ; v_ y f & S m ;ae=uonf ? t"duyifbufjzpf=uonfh NLD eJ@ }uH@zGH@ygwDu a&G;aumufyGJtwGuf tv_yf&Sm;qHk;jzpfonf? }uH@zGH@ygwDu ydk+yD;v_yf&Sm;wmawG@onf? NLD rSmu orRwjzpfcsifol wOD;wnf;&Sdonf? }uH@zGH@ ygwr Dm S u orRwae&m rSe;f Edi ko f l rsm;onf? tcktxd ra&G;cs,& f ao;? 'ga=umifh ydv k y _& f m S ;jcif; jzpfonf? }uH@zG@H ygwr Dm S u tkyp fa k wG rsm;onf? wa,mufwayguf ajym=uwmvnf; rsm;onf? tajccHOya'udk jyif&rnf[k olw@kd uyJ p+yD;ajymonf? NLD u rajymbJaeonf? ud, k w hf u G u f e d ;f eJ@u, kd f jzpfvr d r hf nf? NLD OuUXu rD;aoonf? }uH@zGH@ u tJ'Dvdk r[kwf? ppfwyf (wyfrawmf) u orRwavmif; wifci G& hf w dS mudk jyif&rnf[k ajymol&o dS nf? wcsKd @u ppfwyfukd ta&;ay:tm%mtyf+yD; a&G;aumufyJG usif;yay;apvdkonf? (1960 wkef;u ppfwyf}uD;r;usif;ywJh a&G;aumufyGJrsdK;) [dkwkef;u OD;Eku tajccHOya'udk ukvm;zefx;kd +yD; vky& f onf? tck tJ'v D v kd y k p f &m rvdy k g? tajccHOya'. tcef; (11) twdi k ;f vkyv f u dk v f @kd &onf? &cdi ku f pvdu k w f t hJ "duk%;f u rdwv D mul;onf? tck &efue k w f i kd ;f twGi;f xd a&mufae+yD? t"duk%;f ref;vdu k a f e+yD? tJ'Dvdkjzpfatmifvnf; }uH@zGH@ tkyfpkwcku vkyfaeyHk&onf? ta&;ay:tajctae wjynfv;kH rSm a=unm&wmtxd jzpfapcsiy f & kH onf? ppfwyfrm S uvnf; eHygw0 f rf; yDyjD yifjyif r&Sa d o;? eHygw0 f rf; (+idr;f ) Adv k o f ef;a&$ wifcw hJ hJ ppfua J wGcsn;f jzpfaeonf? Adv k o f ef;a&$aov#if Adv k r f if;atmifvi _d f eHygw0 f rf; wef;+yD;jzpfz@kd raocsmyg? e0w umvwkef;u Adkvfoef;a&$eJ@ ,SOfEdkifolawG rsm;ovdk Adkvfrif;atmifvd_ifeJ@ ,SOfEdkifolawG rsm;aeonf? &G,w f a l wGu& kd i S ;f ypf+y;D i,foa l wGukd jri w hf ifwhJ oef;a&$vy ke f nf;rsKd ; vky& f vdrr fh nf? e0w rS etz od@k tul;tajymif;rsKd ;vky& f vdrr hf nf[k wGuo f nf? ppfwyfrm S eHygw0 f rf; jzpfz@kd Adv k a f e0if;vkyc fy hJ r kH sKd ; Adv k o f ef;a&$ vky& f onf? Adv k r f if;atmifvi _d f vnf; vky& f vdrr hf nf? (2) Armjynfta&;rSm yg0ifywfoufaewJh tiftm;}uD;EdkifiHawGu xdyfoD;awGtm;vHk;avmuf Armjynfukd vm=uonf? tdro f mvd@k {nfv h mwmvd@k xifv#if rSm;vdrr hf nf? t*Fvy d u f v kd e kd b D 0wke;f uyifv#if tusKd ;wlcsi;f yl;wGz J @kd csea f u&Sw d v f mzl;onf? t*Fvy d f*syefe@J ppfjzpfawmh KMT wyfawG 0ifvmzl;onf? tckvw G v f yfwhJ Armjynfrm S yd+k yD;vm=uvdrr hf nf? orRwawG/ 0ef}u;D csKyfawG vmae=u+y? D urBmt h cif;tusi;f opf New World Order (NWO) twGuf vGefyGJjyif;xefcsdefjzpfvdk@ vm=uwmjzpfonf? aemifrSmvnf; ydk+yD;vm=uvdrfhrnf? Armjynfu tvSnu hf sOuUXvkyv f #if yd+k yD;vm=uvdrr hf nf? (3) Auy uawmh tdrfwGif;a&;om,mzdk@ t"du[k ,lqonf? tdrfwGif;a&; rom,mv#if tdro f monf[k rqkE di kd y f g? tdra f y:rSm {nfo h nfawGtcsi;f csi;f &efjzpf=urSmudy k J awG;ylonf? tmz&du qd k ;kd xifonf? qif}u;D awG rdwv f u kd & f if awmaus+y;D &efjzpf&if awmyef;w,f qdv k m; tJ'v D jkd zpfrm S yJ pdk;onf? jynfwi G ;f om,mzd@k qv kd #if (3) ck rjzpfrae&S& d rnf[k Auy ,lqonf? (u) jynfwi G ;f +idr;f csr;f a&; tppftrSe f &S& d rnf? (c) jynfwi G ;f wnf+idrr f _ tppftrSe f &S& d rnf? (*) jynfo@l tcGit hf a&; tjynft h 0 &S& d rnf? (tppftrSe f wd@k tjynft0 wd@k ukd txl;y+yD;xm;&wmu twkta,mif awG [efjy awG awG@G &aygi;f rsm;vd@k jzpfygonf?)

11

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(1) ygw& D @J oufwrf; 74 ESpjf ynfw h u hJ mvrSm ygw& D @J ordi k ;f wav#muf t}uD;qH;k tusyt f wnf;jzpfwhJ 1989 tjzpftysu f rS &&Sw d hJ oifcef;pmudk wifjyygr,f/ oifcef;pmxkwf,l&mrSm rdrd&J@ twGif;ydkif; ta=umif;udk t"duxm;ygr,f? jyifyta=umif;udk vdt k yfoavmufyJ azmfjyygr,f? (2) 1989 tjzpftysu f &J@ tp[m 1967 jzpfw,f? - 1967 rSm ygwD (A[d) k u rSm;,Gi;f wJh taxGaxG vrf;pOfukd csrw S u f sio hf ;kH aecse d f jzpfw,f? - rSm;,Gif;wJhvrf;pOfudk usifhoHk;aepOfrSmyJ ygwO D uUX usq;kH cJw h ,f? - wdu k w f u kd q f i kd q f i kd y f J 1967 ckEp S r f m S Adv k f ae0if;ppftm%m&Sit f pd;k &u wkwq f ef@usia f &; vkya f wmh wkwjf ynfrm S ,Ofaus;r_awmfve Sa f &; a&cse d jf rifa h ecse d e f @J xdyw f u kd w f ;kd rdw,f? - Adkvfae0if;u tar&dueforRweJ@ awG@qHk aqG;aEG;+y;D jyefvmcse dr fm S wkwq f ef@usia f &;udk vkyfwmqdkawmh tif'dkeD;&Sm;ql[mwdkvrf;udk ae0if;vdkufwmyJvdk@ (wkwf) u ,lqp&m jzpfw,f? - yifv,fjcm;aewJh tif'e kd ;D &Sm;udk wkwu f '%fcwfz@kd rjzpfayr,fh Armjynfukd '%fcwf zdk@u +cHpnf;dk;yJ jcm;aewmjzpfvdk@ odyfvG,f w,f? +y;D awmhvnf; wjcm; (vG,) f wJh ta=umif; tcsua f wGvnf; &Sa d ew,f? tJ'gawGuawmh12 (u) (3) ESpo f ifwef; wuf+yD;awmh Armjynf jyef awmfve S a f &;vkyz f @kd pDru H e d ;f eJ@ wkwjf ynf xJ a&mufaewJh Auy au'gawG &Sa d ew,f? (olw@kd u rl}uD; 5 csua f =umifh ajccsKyfr+d yD; jynfawmfrjyefEi kd f jzpfaewmyg?) (c) wkwjf ynfxJ ajy;0ifa&muf&a dS ewJh Akv d f aemfqi kd ;f wyf &Sa d ew,f? (*) wkwfArme,fpyfwav#mufrSm tajccs ae=uwJ h wk w f j zL KMT awG & J @ ol v #d K uGe& f uf &Sa d ew,f? tJ'gukd qef@usiz f @kd wkwf uGejf rLepfawGu v#Kd @0u S z f @JG pnf;xm;wJh ud;k uef@/ 0/ tcg/ &Sr;f pwJh vufeufui kd f tzG@J uav;awG &Sdaew,f? tJ't D iftm;pkawGukd tajccH+yD; Adv k a f e0if;&J@ wkwu f e G jf rLepfqef@usia f &;vky& f yfukd '%fcwf vdu k w f mygy? J wkw& f a J bmfawGu Auy udk olw@kd va J$ y;cJw h hJ tpktzG@J aygi;f (13) zG@J &Sw d ,f vd@k ajymavh&w dS ,f? 'gre S w f ,f? Adv k a f emfqi kd ;f wyfz@JG ukd v$a J y;wmu (1963) uwnf;uyg? 1963 aphpyfaqG;aEG;yGJ atmifjrif&if Arm jynfwi G ;f jyefac:oGm;ygq+kd y;D v$a J y;wm jzpfw,f? usew f t hJ zG@J awGuawmh ae0if;udk '%fcwfcsif awmhrS 1968 eJ@aemufyi kd ;f rSm v$a J y;wmawGy? J (3) (1968) rSm ocifoef;xGe;f usq;kH w,f? vrf;pOfrm S ;udk tqH;k pGet f xd vkya f ecse d f usq;kH &wm jzpfw,f? ol@tae eJ@ trSm;udk jrifci G hf - jyifci G hf &roGm;bl;? ocifZif/ ocifcspf

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wd@k vnf; jyifEi kd w f t hJ ajctae r&Sb d ;l ? jynfwi G ;f rSmawmh vrf;pOfrm S ;udk jyifqifEi kd o f l b,for l S r&Sb d ;l ? wkwfjynfuGefjrLepfygwD (CPC) &J@ tul tnDu, kd +l yD; ocifAode;f wif/ ocifazwifw h @kd u vrf;pOf rSm;udk jyifEdkifrvm;qdkwmudk pl;prf;avhvm=unfhzdk@ &Sr;f jynfe,fygwa D umfrwDu aumfrwD0ifwOD;udk wkwf jynfxJ v$ww f ,f? (ocifoef;xGe;f usq;kH a=umif; ae0if; a=unmwJn h u qH;k jzwfwmjzpfw,f?) wkwfjynfxJa&mufrS od&wmu (CPB) &J@vrf;pOfrm S ;ae+yDqw kd mudk (CPC) uvnf; odw,f? wkwjf ynfrm S u awmfve S a f &;atmifjrif+yD;rS/ &efoa l wG r&Sr d S ,Ofaus;r_awmfve S a f &;vkyw f m jzpfw,f? (CPB) u &efo0 l i kd ;f 0di k ;f vnfaewJh yJc;l d;k rrSm vkya f ewmjzpfv@kd rSm;w,fqw kd mudk ajymw,f? 'gayrJh vkye f nf;vky[ f efukd owdy&r,f? A[du k rSm;aewmudk atmufajcu rwdu k f wwf&if ygwu D w JG wfw,f? A[dp k ifyifaxmifovdk jzpf vdrr hf ,f? vkyo f ifw h mu ta&S@ajrmufppfa'oudk A[du k vma&mufppfaq;zdk@ ocifZif/ ocifcspfwdk@qDoGm;+yD; wifjyoifw h ,f? vrf;pOfup d P udk wcGe;f rSr[zd@k vdw k ,f? ocifZif/ ocifcspw f @kd ta&S@ajrmufa&muf&if (CPC) u vrf;pOfup d P udk zGia hf qG;aEG;r,f? 'gu olw@kd t}uHay; csufyJ? ta&S@ajrmuf (NE) u ocifZif/ ocifcspw f @kd ukd yJc;l d;k ru ae ac:zd@k wyfr[mwck zG@J w,f? ocifZif/ ocifcspfwdk@u yJcl;dk;r atmifajr qdw k hJ ocifoef;xGe;f csrSwfcJhwJh qHk;jzwfcsuf y,fvSefygh rvm;? wjcm;aom awmfve SA f [d k awGuaum oabmwl=uygr h vm;? bmrS raocsmygb;l ? tJ'v D e kd @J yJ 1975 rwfvrSm ocifZif/ ocifcspf wd@k usq;kH w,f? yJc;l d;k r wckv;kH yw,f? rSww f rf;wif&rSmu 1975 rwfv[m Auy &J@ ud, k t hf m; udk,fudk; tajccHa'oawGtm;vHk; usq;kH &wJE h p S f jzpfw,f? 74 - 75 - 76 rSm ppftm%m&Sif pepfukd tefww k hJ &Jabmfrsm;&J@ wdu k f yGr J sm;udk Auy A[dt k aeeJ@ xda&muf wJh tm;ay;axmufcr H _ rvkyE fi kd c fb hJ ;l ? fi kd c fi G hf ta&S@ajrmuf (NE) rSmu vkyy r&Sb d ;l ? txufArmjynfrm S yJ A[du k &Sr;f jynfe,faumfrwDukd vkyc fi Ga hf y; xm;wm jzpfw,f? tJ'DvkyfydkifcGifh t&yJ toHvi $ hf u kH vkyc f& hJ wmyJ? (3) 75 A[d k u jynfwi G ;f rSm tajccHpcef;rsm; jyefvnf xlaxmifz@kd 7510 pDru H e d ;f (1975 atmufwb kd mrSm csrSwfwJh pDrHudef;) udk vkyfcJhw,f? (1970 vGefESpf uwnf;u armfpw D e k ;f / csKd tifvi kd ;f wd@k u CPC taeeJ@ t&ifuvdk axmufyt hH ultnDay;Edi ka f wmhrm S r[kwb f ;l ? urBmu h v k or*~xJ a&mufawmhr,f? rl (5) csuu f kd jyef vnfxe d ;f odr;f &awmhr,f? 'ga=umifh ud, k t hf m;ud, k u f ;kd vky=f uzd@k aqmf=ocJw h ,f? vdt k yfwhJ t}u^ H m%frsm;vnf; ay;cJhw,f? Adkvfae0if;eJ@ ocifAodef;wifwdk@ awG@qHkzdk@ =um;u0if+yD; atmifo, G v f y ka f y;cJw h ,f? (CPC &J@ acgi;f aqmifrsm; (armf/ [G/ wde@f ) wd@k u tJ'v D y kd J tcse d r f D t}uH ay;ulnDcJh=uwmcsnf;yJ?) 7510 pDrHudef; taumiftxnfazmfwm ratmifjrifyg? 'gayrJh Auy (A[d) k u wpHw k &matmifjrif w,fv@kd yJ ed*;kH csKyfcw hJ ,f? atmufajcu wyfr/ wyfr[m/ wyf&if;awGuawmh wrsdK;ed*Hk;csKyf=uw,f? olwdk@u vufawG@ vkyc f =hJ uolawGyg? A[d& k @J trde@f ukd olw@kd emcH+yD; vkyfcJhw,f? 'gayrJh pum;vnf; rayguf? Armjynf&J@ Edi ki fa H &;udv k nf; rod? ([du k a'ocHawGu rdrw d @kd xuf yd+k y;D em;vnf=uw,f? 'ga=umifh olw@kd ukd aemifrm S 'Dwm0ef

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13

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rsKd ; ray;yge@J / vufeuftydu k kd xrf;oGm;+yD; [dr k m S &Sw d hJ a'ocH ajymufusm;awGukd vufeufay;+yD; jyefvmzd@k yJ wm0efay;yg? olw@kd b,fuv kd w $ v f w $ f oGm;r,f? +yD;&if jyefvmr,f? [dr km S tajccs+yD; aezd@k uawmh rjzpfEi kd b f ;l vd@k wifjy=uw,f? aemufawmh A[dp k pfaumfr&Siu f oHvi Gf taemufzufu;l +yD; ppfqifa&;vkyc fi kd ;f awmh olw@kd wnD w!Gww f nf; trde@f remcHbJ oydwa f rSmuf=uw,f? oHvi Gt f a&S@jcrf;e,fpyf olw@kd &@J a'orSm vky& f r,fh ppfqifa&;qd& k if cdi k ;f csi& f mcdi k ;f olw@kd taocH+yD; vkyf r,f? A[dt k rde@f emcHr,f? oHvi Gt f aemufjcrf;uda k wmh roGm;Edkifbl;qdk+yD; ajym=uw,f? trdef@remcHvdk@qdk+yD; ta&;,l&ifvnf; cHr,fv@kd ajym=uw,f? (1989 rSm cGx J u G =f uwJh olawGu olw@kd wawG ygyJ?) (4) ppfat;acwf ukeq f ;kH wm/ qdA k, D uf,e l, D u H sq;kH wm/ d mawGukd ppfat;vGeu f mvtwGuf CPC u xde;f !w qifajcay;&if udk,fhudk,fudk,f a0zefwm r[kwfbl;? qifajcay;+yD; a&SmifwmyJ? 1989 tjzpftysu& f @J Zmpfjrpf udk eufeufi d_ ;f di _ ;f wl;azmf&rSmyg? qH;k H;_ r_e@J uH&if jyifyta=umif;udk tjypfyHkcs+yD; udk,fvGwfkef;wm[m uGejf rLepfawG&@J vy k [ f ef r[kwb f ;l ? 'Dvy k e f nf;[m rSeu f efwhJ oifcef; pm &aprSm r[kwb f ;l ? rSefuefwJh oifcef;pmudk rxkwf Edi k& f if 'DtrSm;rsKd ; xyf+yD;usL;vGer f d vdrfhr,f? rSeu f efwo hJ ifcef;pm &zd@k q& kd if rdrt d wGi;f ydi k ;f ta=umif;udk &J&0 J Hh0Hh&Sm&ygr,f? ta&S@ajrmufa'o[m ud, k t hf m; ud, k u f ;kd xlaxmifcw hJ a hJ 'o r[kwc f hJ J y;wJh ygb;l ? CPC u Auy od@k v$a tiftm;awG[m ud, k t hf m; r[kwf ygbl;? Auy &J@tiftm;u rl}uD; 5 csuf ajccsKyfra d ewJh jynfawmfrjyefEi kd f wJh tiftm;om jzpfw,f? Auy A[dk (ay:vpfAsLda k wG) [m 14 ud k , f h t m;ud k , f u d k ; tajccH a 'o awGukd rjzpfrae xlaxmifr,fqw kd h J oEMX d mef rjyif;jyygb;l ? yuGo J m G ;wJh ud, k t hf m;ud, k u f ;kd a'ou vm=uwJh a'ocHau'gawGudk cdkif/ r@e,f pnf;Hk;a&; aumfrwDawG zGJ@ay;+yD; 7510 pDru H e d ;f udk vkyc fi kd ;f &rSmyg? tJ'w D e k ;f u a'opHu k au'gawG &Sy dg ao;w,f? t&G,fuvnf; t&G,f D kd aumif;awGyg? 'gayrJh CPC udk rSc wJ/h e,fpyfrm S yJ uyfaecsiw f hJ tawG; tac: pGJuyfae=uw,f? csKyfvdkuf &ifawmh b,fo@l rc DS r kd vJqw kd hJ jy\em rSm (A[d) k ud, k w f i kd u f rSm;wmyg? vlxu k kd rSc Dr kd S awmfve S p f pfyGJ qif E$E Ji kd w f ,fqw kd hJ tajccHru l kd um,uH ajrmuf pGe@f y,fwmyg? CPC tay: tvGet f u|H rSc Da kd ewJt h rSm; usL;vGef wmyg? rSc Do kd & l @J oc k udk cHpm;aecsif wmyg? (5) CPC u Armjynfqdkif&may:vpD tajymif;tvJ vkya f wmhr,fq& kd if Auy (A[d) k udk uwif+yD; today; avh &Sw d mcsn;f yJ? olw@kd va J$ y;xm;wJh tzG@J awG cGx J u G =f u awmhr,fqdkawmhvnf; uwiftoday;cJhwmyJ? Auy (A[dk) u olwdk@udkac:,laqG;aEG;zdk@ t}uHvnf; ay;cJh wmyJ? 'gayrJh (A[d) k u (aemifrm S ) cGx J u G =f ur,fh wyfrr;/ wyfr[mr;awG&@J oEMX d mefpmwrf; vdr f udk ,H=k unfae w,f? olw@kd wawGu ygwA D [de k @J twl &yfwnfr,f? ygwD (A[d) k eJ@ A[dp k pfaumfr&Si& f @J trde@f ukd waoGrwdr;f emcH r,fqdkwJh oEMdXmefpmwrf; (tvdrf) udk wifjyw,f? A[dku ,Hkpm;rdw,f? 'ga=umifhyJ cGJxGufolawG[m wefjyefawmfvSefa&;orm;awGyJ - olwdk@udk acsr_ef; ypf=u qdkwJhtrdef@udk A[dkaumfrwDOuUX/ A[dkppf aumfr&Sif OuUXu vufrw S x f ;kd +y;D uvmyfpnf;awGtxd (wdu k f u kd ) f trde@f xw k jf yefvu kd w f ,f? vufawG@uawmh Auy (A[dk) yJ acsr_ef;cH vdu k & f wmyJ? A[da k cgi;f aqmifawGxu J wa,mufcse+f yD; tm;vH;k tem;,l vdu k =f u&w,f? wa,muf c sef w muvnf ; wygwD v H k ; ajrv#Kd ;zd@k (U/G vkyz f @kd ) om jzpfw,f?

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ppfat;acwf ukefqHk;wm/ qdkAD,uf,leD,HusqHk;wm/ ppfat;vGefumvtwGuf CPC u xdef;!dwmawGudk qifajcay;&if udk,fhudk,fudk,f a0zefwm r[kwfbl;?
15

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tifwmeufpm!$e;f 1. http://www.turquoisehill.com/s/news_releases.asp?ReportID=375241 2. http://www.turquoisehill.com/i/pdf/Monywa_Fact_File_December_2012.pdf 3. http://www.turquoisehill.com/s/the_facts.asp?ReportID=375913

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4. http://www.minesandcommunities.org/article.php?a=11098 5. http://burma.irrawaddy.org/archives/7176 6. http://burma.irrawaddy.org/archives/7141 7. http://www2.irrawaddy.org/article.php?art_id=23206 8. http://burma.irrawaddy.org/archives/18805 9. http://www.defenceviewpoints.co.uk/articles-and-analysis/developmentsregardingthe-copper-reserve-fund-in-the-chilean-defence-funding-strategy 10. http://burma.irrawaddy.org/archives/18896 11. http://www.mizzimaburmese.com/news/inside-burma/10530-2012-12-04-13-01-50.html12. 12. http://www.mizzimaburmese.com/news/inside-burma/10559unfc-.html 13. http://www.mizzimaburmese.com/edop/songpa/11155-2013-03-19-10-27-01.html 14. http://www.guardian.co.uk/global-development/2012/oct/25/naturalresources-blessingcurse-developing-countries 15. http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/from-resource-curse-toblessingby-joseph-estiglitz 16. http://www.environmentalgraffiti.com/featured/most-incredible-earthscars/ 16808?image=11 17. http://www.environmentalgraffiti.com/featured/most-incredible-earthscars/ 16808?image=19 18. http://scienceblogs.com/worldsfair/2009/07/23/mass-destruction-theenvironme/

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34

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armfpw D @kd [m usee f ,fy,ftoD;oD;u tiftm;pkrsm;udk olw@kd e@J twl yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G v f m=uzd@k ru;pm;cJ=h uyg? tpd;k &tzG@J rm S useE f i kd i fa H &;tiftm;pkawG yg0ifvmzd@k ukd tav;rxm;cJb h ;l ? tajccHOya'a&;qGa J &;tzG@J xu J tpPvrf 0g'Dr[kwfol tm;vHk;eD;yg; EkwfxGufoGm;awmhvnf; rlqvifna D emifrsm;tzG@J [m 'gukd *krrlcb hJ ;l ? rlbm&uf udk zwfcswhJ tHk ur_umvtwGi;f u vlxk awmif;qdr k _ awGxy J gwhJ jynfe,fty k c f sKyfa&;r;awGukd orRwu cef@ tyfwm r[kwfbJ vlxku a&G;cs,fwifajrmufa&; qdw k mudv k nf; vspv f sL_+yD; ae&maumif;awG rSeo f r# rlqvifna D emifrsm;tzG@J uyJ tydi kp f ;D vm=uw,f? tD*spE fi kd i fr Hm S 1952 ckEp Su f wnf;u ppfwyf[m Edi ki fa H &;Zmwfca kH y:a&mufvmcJw h m jzpfygw,f? orRw Edi ki f H xlaxmif+yD;aemuf tkyc f sKyfcw hJ hJ orRw 3 OD;pvH;k [m wyfucsnf; jzpfw,f? tD*spfrSm EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra _ &;pwJh e,fy,ftoD;oD;rSm ppfwyfu yHp kt H rsKd ;rsKd ;eJ@ v$r;f rd;k aewm jzpfygw,f? tJ'v D kd =oZmt&Se dt f 0g}uD;wJh ppfwyfukd xde;f csKyfEi kd z f @kd orRwarmfpu D u;yrf;cJy h gw,f? ppfaumifpx D u J 0g&ift h zJ@G 0if 2 OD;udk tem;ay;+yD; ol@ tay: opPmcHr,fvdk@ ,lqwJhol 2 OD;eJ@ tpm;xdk;cJhyg ao;w,f? 'gayrJh 'Dxufy+kd yD; rvkyE fi kd y f g? ppfwyfuvnf; ol@=oZmatmuf a&mufrvmyg? (armfpDvufxufa&mufawmh 50 jzpfoGm;ygw,f?) wdkif;jynf&J@vdkaiGjyr_uvnf; }uD;w,f? tajccHpm; aomufue ka f ps;E_e;f awGuvnf; wuf+yD;&if;wuf jzpfae w,f? rlbm&ufuq kd ef@usiw f u kd y f0 JG if=upOfu aygir f @kH / vGwfvyfr_eJ@ w&m;r#wa&; vdk@ au;a=umfcJh=uwm jzpfygw,f? armfpu D vnf; pD;yGm;a&;udpa P wG udi kw f , G f &mrSm nHz h si;f vSw,fv@kd ta0zefc& H ygw,f? ol@vufxuf rSm pD;yGm;a&;tajctae[m ydq k ;kd vmw,f? pm;oH;k ukef awG[mvnf; aps;acgic fu kd v f mcJw h ,f? "mwfqa D vmifpm awG jywfawmufwm/ v#yp f pfr;D r=umc%jywfawmuf wmawG jzpfvmw,f? ("mwfqu D kd tpd;k &u t_;H cHa&mif; ay;aewm jzpfw,f?) Edi ki fw H umaiGa=u;&efya kH iGtzG@J (tdi kt f rftufz) f u acs;aiGuvnf; xH;k pHtwdi k ;f aq;cg;}uD;u wGy J gwmrd@k armfpDwdk@tpdk;&tzGJ@u vufrcHcJhygbl;? wzufrSmu aqmf'Dtma&AseJ@umwmEdkifiHwdk@u acs;aiG/ axmufyHh aiGawG&wma=umifr h @kd vnf; (tdi kt f rftufz) f acs;aiGukd vufrcHbJ jiif;y,fEi kd c fw hJ m jzpfygw,f?

'D=um;xJ 2012 ckEp S f Ed0 k ifbmrSm orRwarmfpD [m orRw&J@vy k y fi kd c fi Gt hf m%mawGukd wd;k cs@J ,w l hJ trde@f 'Du&Dwck xkwjf yefvu kd w f ,f? 'gu rausreyfjzpfaewJh vlx}k uD;udk yd+k yD;trsua f 'goxGua f pcJw h ,f? tm%m&Sif G ;zd@k vkyw f myJv@kd vlx}k uD;u ,lqoGm;=u topfay:aygufvmwJh zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHku pepfqD jyefom k @J uef@uu G y fa JG wG ay:xGuv f mw,f? armfpu D vnf; ppfwyf&J@ =oZmtm%mudk ruef@owfEdkifcJhyg? w,f? vlx& D rde@f ukd jyefy k o f r d ;f vdu k y f gw,f? (orRw&J@tm%mudkawmh rlbm&ufvufxufuxuf vnf; tJ't trsm;}uD; av#mc h scw hJ ,f? v$wa f wmf 2 &yfukd tm%m 'gt h jyif orRarmfp& D @J tpd;k &tzG@J [m usev f e l nf; ydkay;xm;w,f?) ppfwyftaeeJ@awmh t&ifrlbm&uf pkawG&@J tcGit hf a&;udv k nf; tumtuG,r f ay;Edi kb f ;l vd@k vufxufwe k ;f u &&Sc dw hJ hJ tcGit hf m%mawGtm;vH;k eD;yg; ta0zefc=H u&ygw,f? ol@vufxufrm S c&pf,eftenf; jyef&xm;ygw,f? orRw[m wyfrawmfumuG,fa&; pkawG[m ydkrdktwdkuftcdkufcH=u&wma=umifh tckvdk OD;pD;csKyf jzpfayr,fh wyfrawmfppfOD;pD;csKyfudkawmh a0zef=uwm jzpfygw,f? ppfAv kd c f sKyf}uD;awGuyJ a&G;cs,c f ef@tyfci Ga hf y;xm;w,f? ppfO;D pD;csKyfu umuG,a f &;0ef}uD;wm0ef ,l&ygw,f? csKyfajym&r,fq& dk ifawmh rlqvifna D emifrsm; tzG@J e@J orRwarmfpw D @kd &@J t"dutm;enf;csu[ f m usef rlbm&ufvufxufuwnf;u tD*spfEdkifiH&J@ Edi ki fa H &;tiftm;pkawG trsm;pk}u;D ygvmatmif rqGa J qmif pD;yGm;a&;[m qd;k 0g;vSygw,f? wae@0ifaiG 2 a':vm rpnf;Hk;cJhEdkifwmyJ jzpfygw,f? usefEdkifiHa&;tiftm;pk atmufy& Jw dS o hJ a l ygi;f [m jynfov l x l }k u;D &J@ 40 &Sw d ,f? 58

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awGe@J aqG;aEG;!E d i _d ;f +yD; trsm;vufcr H ,fh bHv k y k i f ef;pOf ae&mawGudk ppfAdkvfcsKyf}uD;awGuyJ &,lxm;cJhwm w&yfukd !E d i _d ;f +yD; rcsrw S E fi kd c fw hJ m[m olw@kd &@J t"du jzpfygw,f? Armjynfrm S awmh ppfwyfu udi kx f m;wm tJ'D tm;enf;csuy f gy? J 0ef}uD;Xme 2 cktjyif e,fpyfa&;&m0ef}uD;Xme wck awmifyy kd gao;w,f? usefwJh ppfwyfeJ@ pD;yGm;a&;udpP qdkwmawG uawmh ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmu jzpfwnfvmcJhwmawGrdk@ 1967 ckEp S f tpPa&;vfe@J ppfyr JG m S r_rvS;_H edrc hf h J orRwarmfpt D aeeJ@ tckvkd umvwda k v;twGi;f udi k f wma=umifh tD*spfppfwyf[m emrnfysufoduQmuscJh wG,fajz&Sif;Edkifzdk@qdkwm rjzpfEdkifygbl;? aemuf+yD; usef &w,f? ppfwyft&m&Sd}uD; tawmfrsm;rsm;udkvnf; EdkifiHa&;tiftm;pkawG yl;aygif;yg0ifvmrSvnf; 'DudpP emqmu zwfypfcw hJ ,f? qm'wfvufxuf 1973 ckEp S f awGukd udi kw f , G E fi kd r f m S jzpfygw,f? tpPa&;vfe@J ppfyr JG m S awmh tD*spp f pfwyf[m emrnfaumif; jyef&vmw,f? 1978 ck a';Apfpcef;oabmwlnDcsuf t& 1967 ppfyr JG m S qH;k H;_ oGm;wJh qdi k ;f Edi k ;f u|e;f qG,u f kd jyef&cJhwJhtcg ppfwyf=oZm ydkwufvmcJhw,f? 'gayrJh tD*spfppfwyf qm'wfu tpdk;&tzGJ@twGif; tqifhjrifh&mxl;awGrSm 1952 ck E S p f r S m tD * spf b k & if p epf u d k ppf w yf u zcs ppfwyfuvlawGukd odyr f cef@xm;awmhyg? ol@e@J tm%m zsuo f r d ;f ypfcw hJ ,f? tJ't D cse du f p+yD; tD*spE fi kd i fa H &;xJrm S yifbufjzpfvmrSmudk owdxm;yH& k ygw,f? avwyfwyfr; ppfwyfu pwifyg0if ywfoufcw hJ m jzpfygw,f? &mpkEp S f wOD;jzpfwhJ rlbm&ufua kd wmh 'korRw&mxl; ay;xm;yg 6 ckausma f usmf tD*spE fi kd i fu H kd ppfwyf[m aemufu, G u f w,f? wzufrm S vnf; Edi ki fa H wmfumuG,a f &;eJ@vkH cHa&; pd;k rd;k cs,v f , S c fw hJ m jzpfygw,f? emqmvufxuf aemuf qdi k& f m ay:vpDawGcsrw S & f mrSmawmh ppfwyf&@J tjrifawG ydi k ;f rSmawmh tpd;k &&mxl;ae&mawG ppfwyfuvlawGukd [m qufvuf+yD; =oZm}uD;aecJy h gw,f? cef@xm;wm avsme h nf;vmcJw h ,f? qm'wfe@J rb l m&uf 1981 ckEp Sr fm S qm'wf[m Adv k c f sKyf}uD;wOD;jzpf vufxufawGrm S ydv k @kd awmifavsmv h mcJy h gw,f? 'gayrJh f &; EdkifiHawmfvHkcHa&;eJ@qdkifwJh umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;XmeeJ@ wJh tbl*gZmvm (Abu Ghazala) udk umuG,a jynf x J a &;0ef } uD ; XmeawG r S m awmh t"d u &mxl ; 0ef}uD;cef@cJhw,f? *gZmvmvufxufrSm ppfwyf[m 59

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pufr/_ ppfbufe@J v,f,mpdu k y f sKd ;a&;uawGrm S yg0if jyef=um;a&;eJ@ ynma&;0ef}uD;XmeawGrSmvnf; ae&m ywfoufra _ wG ydr k }kd uD;xGm;vmcJw h ,fv@kd qd=k uygw,f? aumif;awGukd olw@kd yJ &,lxm;=uw,f? tJ'v D kd pD;yGm;a&;t&if;tjrpfe@J vy ki f ef;udi ki f ef;awGa=umifh t&yfom;pD;yGm;a&;xdyfoD;awGeJ@ ppfbuf tD*spp f pfwyf[m umuG,a f &;bwf*sur f m S vGwv f yfr_ t=um;rSm wpHkw&m ydyuQ&Sd=uayr,fh wckvHk;t& yd& k c dS w hJ ,f? awmh olwdk@ESpfOD;ESpfzuf[m yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufae=u ppfwyfydkifukr`%D}uD;awGudk trsm;tm;jzifh w,fvdk@ qdkEdkifygw,f? tJ'DpD;yGm;a&;xdyfoD;}uD;awGeJ@ t+idrf;pm;ppfAdkvfcsKyf}uD;awGuyJ pDrHcef@cGJtkyfcsKyf=u ppfbufu tD*spf&J@pD;yGm;a&;eJ@EdkifiHa&;udk csKyfudkifxm; kw f muawmh ygw,f? a&/ oHvGifqD/ bdvyfajr/ aqmufvkyfa&;/ =uwm jzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh t"duv$r;f rd;k Edi [dw k ,fe@J a&eHvy ki f ef;awGrm S t"duvkyu f i kd =f uw,f? Edi k ;f ppfbufuyJ jzpfygw,f? Oyrmtm;jzifh tpdk;&tzGJ@ jrpf0r S ;f eJ@yifv,feq D y d u f rf;awGrm S ppfwyfu ajrtrsm; twGif;rSm t&yfom;pD;yGm;a&;orm;xdyfoD; 6 OD;udk tjym;udk ydi kq f i kd x f m;w,f? tckvkd pD;yGm;a&;e,fy,frm S pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&mpDpOfaqmif&Gufzdk@ cef@tyfxm;w,f? v$r;f rd;k csKyfui kd x f m;Edi kw f ma=umifh pD;yGm;a&;yjyifajymif; 'gayrJh tJ'DtzGJ@u twnfyvdkufwJh b,fpD;yGm;a&; k u f r kd qdk umuG,a f &;0ef}u;D u vHk ca H &;ta=umif; vJr_ vkyfrSmudk ppfwyfu qef@usifygw,f? tpdk;&&J@ uefxdu f @J y,fzsuE fi kd y f gw,f? yk*~vduydkifvkyfa&;tpDtpOf[m olwdk@&J@pD;yGm;a&; jycsue taetxm;udk tEW&m,fay;rSm jzpfw,fv@kd ,lqw,f? ppfwyf&@J pD;yGm;a&;vkyi f ef;awGu xkwv f y k r f _ 'ga=umifh qef@usi=f uwm jzpfygw,f? [m tD*spE fi kd i f H *s' D y D & D @J 15 - 20 &Sw d ,fv@kd cef@re S ;f =u _ &; 'ghtjyif t&yfbuf&mxl;ae&mawGudkvnf; ygw,f? pD;yGm;a&;pm;usuf us,jf yef@vmovdk vlra ppfbufu t+ir d ;f pm;,lvmolawGu 0if,x l m;=uw,f? e,fy,frSmvnf; olwdk@uyJ }uD;pdk;vmawmhwm jzpfyg k a&pD,EW&m; us,jf yef@ bk&ifcHcsKyf/ tkyfcsKyfa&;r;pwmawGtjyif ydk@aqmifa&;/ w,f? wenf;ajym&&if ppfAsLdu tm;aumif;vmcJw h mygy? J

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