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N. Lungu

Introducere

3VLKRORJLDH[SHULPHQWDOILJXUHD]vQSODQXOGHvQY PkQWvQVHPHVWUXOGLQDQXO,úL
vQ VHPHVWUXO  GLQ DQXO ,, VHPHVWUHOH  úL  'LVFLSOLQD FD DWDUH QX UHSUH]LQW R UDPXU
GLIHULWDSVLKRORJLHLvQVHQVXORELúQXLWDOXQHLDVWIHOGHGHSDUWDMULDúDFXPVXQWGHH[HPSOX
SVLKRORJLD VRFLDO SVLKRORJLD PXQFLL SVLKRORJLD HGXFD LHL HWF 'RPHQLXO VX vO FRQVWLWXLH
WHRULD úL SUDFWLFD H[SHULPHQWXOXL FD PHWRG GH FHUFHWDUH DFWLY úL HILFLHQW 'LQ DFHDVW
SHUVSHFWLY SVLKRORJLD H[SHULPHQWDO HVWH FRPSOHPHQWDU DOWRU PHWRGH GH LQYHVWLJD LH
PHWRGD REVHUYD LHL PHWRGD WHVWHORU SVLKRGLDJQR]D HWF FD úL SVLKRORJLHL JHQHUDOH
)XQGDPHQWHOH SVLKRORJLHL vQ DQVDPEOXO VX ÌQ DFHVW FRQWH[W HD UHDOL]HD] R PDL EXQ
DGkQFLUH D QR LXQLORU vQVXúLWH OD DOWH GLVFLSOLQH SVLKRORJLFH SULQ IL[DUHD DFHVWRUD SH VXSRUWXO
cauzal – H[SOLFDWLY vQ ED]D SUREDWRULXOXL H[SHULPHQWDO RE LQXW vQ ODERUDWRU ÌQ DIDU GH
DFHDVWD SVLKRORJLD H[SHULPHQWDO FRQVWLWXLH LQWHUID D GLQWUH WHRULH úL SUDFWLF FRQWULEXLQG
DVWIHO OD R EXQ SUHJWLUH SURIHVLRQDO D VWXGHQ LORU vQ SHUVSHFWLYD DFWLYLW LL ORU YLLWRDUH GH
psihologi.
0DWHULDOXO GH ID  UHSUH]LQW vQWU-R IRUP UHGXV FXUVXO GH ED] 3VLKRORJLD
H[SHULPHQWDO vQ SULPD VD SDUWH QHFHVDU SURPRYULL H[DPHQXOXL GLQ VHPHVWUXO  3DUWHD D
GRXDYDILUHPLVvQDQXO,,ILLQGQHFHVDUSHQWUXH[DPHQXOGLQVHPHVWUXOGLQDFHVWDQ'H
PHQ LRQDW F HVWH QHFHVDU FRQVXOWDUHD FXUVXOXL GH ED] SHQWUX R LQIRUPD LH PDL FRPSOHW
asupra problemelor din materialele reduse.

Bibliografie

1. Golu M., Fundamentele psihologiei (GLWXUD )XQGD LHL Ä5RPkQLD GH 0kLQH´
%XFXUHúWL
2. Lungu N., 3VLKRORJLH H[SHULPHQWDO (GLWXUD )XQGD LHL Ä5RPkQLD GH 0kLQH´
%XFXUHúWL
 5DGX , 'UX X , 0DUH V., Miclea, M., Podar, I., Preda, V., Introducere în
SVLKRORJLDFRQWHPSRUDQ, Editura Sincron, Cluj-Napoca, 1991
 5RúFD $O 0HWRGRORJLH úL WHKQLFL H[SHULPHQWDOH vQ SVLKRORJLH (GLWXUD ùWLLQ LILF
%XFXUHúWL
5. Zlate, M., Introducere în psihologie(GLWXUD3ROLURP%XFXUHúWL

1. 0HWRGDH[SHULPHQWDOvQSVLKRORJLH

1.1. Definirea experimentului

([SHULPHQWXODUHPHULWXOFQXDúWHDSWFDIHQRPHQXOVVHSURGXFÄGHODVLQH´FDvQ
FD]XOREVHUYD LHLFLvOSURYRDFvQFRQGL LLOHGHWHUPLQDWHFRQVemnând cu rigurozitate datele
RE LQXWH 7RFPDL DFHVW FDUDFWHU GH ULJRDUH SH FDUH H[SHULPHQWXO vO LPSULP GH]YOXLULL úL
FRQVHPQULLIDSWHORUO-DLPSXVFHUFHWULORU3)UDLVVHFRQVLGHUSVLKRORJLDH[SHULPHQWDOFD
ÄVXPD GH FXQRúWLQ  DFKL]L LRQDWH vQ SVLKRlogie prin utilizarea metodei experimentale”.
$FHDVW GHILQL LH SXQH DFFHQWXO SH SURGXVXO ILQDO DO FHUFHWULL H[SHULPHQWDOH (D SRDWH IL
vQWUHJLW SULQ DGXJDUHD SULQFLSLLORU úL SDUWLFXODULW LORU VSHFLILFH FDUH IXQGDPHQWHD]
utilizarea metodei experimentale în psihologie. 3ULQ XUPDUH SVLKRORJLD H[SHULPHQWDO
UHSUH]LQW DQVDPEOXO SULQFLSLLORU QRUPHORU úL UHJXOLORU FDUH VWDX OD ED]D RUJDQL]ULL úL
GHVIúXUULL H[SHULPHQWXOXL vQ SVLKRORJLH FX VFRSXO RE LQHULL GH GDWH YHULILFDWH DVXSUD
UHDOLW LLSVLKLFH.
 2

1.2. Scurt istoric al metodei experimentale

$SOLFDUHD PHWRGHL H[SHULPHQWDOH OD VWXGLXO DFWLYLW LL SVLKLFH V-a impus în a doua
MXPWDWHDVHFROXOXL;,;PDLSUHFLVvQDQXORGDWFXvQILLQ DUHDSULPXOXLODERUDWRUGH
SVLKRORJLH GH FWUH :LOKHOP :XQGW 1832- GH IRUPD LH IL]LRORJ : :XQGW GHYLQH úL
SULPXOSVLKRORJúLSURIHVRUGHSVLKRORJLHODÄ,QVWLWXWXOGHSVLKRORJLH´LQL LDWGHHOOD/HLS]LJ
În laboratorul lui Wundt s-au format pionierii psihologiei experimentale din întreaga lume. La
VFXUW YUHPHLDXILLQ ODERUDWRDUHVLPLODUHvQPDULOHFHQWUHXQLYHUVLWDUH&DWWHOORUJDQL]HD]
XQDVWIHOGHODERUDWRUvQ6WDWHOH8QLWH/DERUDWRUXOGHSVLKRORJLHDO8QLYHUVLW LLGLQ%XFXUHúWL
D IRVW vQILLQ DW vQ DQXO  GH SURIHVRUXO &RQVWDQWLQ 5GXOHVFX-Motru, care se formase în
ODERUDWRUXOOXL:XQGWGHOD/HS]LJúLvQFHORUJDQL]DWGH%HDXQLVúL%LQHWOD6RUERQD3DULV
&RQWULEX LL vQVHPQDWH OD FRQWXUDUHD SVLKRORJLHL H[SHULPHQWDOH DX DGXV úL R VHULH GH
FHUFHWWRUL GH DOWH VSHFLDOLW L IL]LFLHQL DVWURQRPL FDUH DX HYLGHQ LDW GDWH H[SHULPHQWDOH
uneori cu totul întâmpl•tor. Astfel, fizicianul Joseph Sauveur de la Flèche (1653-1716) a
GHWHUPLQDWIUHFYHQ DVXQHWHORUGLQUHJLVWUXODXGLELOIL]LFLDQXO3KLOLSSHGHOD+LUH-1718)
IDFH REVHUYD LL DVXSUD LPDJLQLORU FRQVHFXWLYH LDU FKLPLVWXO - 'DUFHW  PVRDU GXUDWD
acestora; astronomul W. Herschell (1738- VWDELOHúWH OHJL GH DGDSWDUH D RFKLXOXL OD
vQWXQHULFúLGHWHUPLQ]RQDPD[LPHLVHQVLELOLW LGLQUHWLQfovea centralis); fizicianul italian
Venturi  GHWHUPLQ vQWLQGHUHD FkPSXOXL YL]XDO IL]LFLDQXO-optician francez Pierre
Bouguer (1698- D IRUPDOL]DW PDWHPDWLF SHQWUX SULPD GDW UDSRUWXO GLQWUH H[FLWD LH úL
VHQ]D LH'HDVHPHQHDHVWHQRWDELOFRQWULEX LDDVWURQRPLORU%HVVHO([QHUúDODFXQRDúWUHD
XQRU GDWH DVXSUD WLPSXOXL GH UHDF LH FD úL D WHKQLFLORU GH PVXUDUH D OXL /XFUDUHD OXL
G.Th. Fechner (1801-1887), Elemente der Psychophysik(OHPHQWHGHSVLKRIL]LFDSUXWvQ
VHPQHD]vQIDSWDFWXOGHQDúWHUHDOSVLKRORJLHLH[perimentale.
7UHEXLH UHOHYDWH GH DVHPHQHD FRQWULEX LLOH PDMRUH DOH XQRU IL]LRORJL GLQ HSRF OD
fundarea psihologiei experimentale. Helmholtz (1821- FX WHRULD UH]RQDQ HL DX]XOXL úL
WHRULD WULFURPDWLF D YHGHULL +HULQJ -1918) a adus date asupra SHUFHS LHL VSD LXOXL D
FXORULORU VLP XOXL WHUPLF ÌQ ODERUDWRDUHOH DELD vQILLQ DWH VH XWLOL]DX WHKQLFL SVLKRPHWULFH úL
GHWHUPLQULSVLKRIL]LRORJLFHGLQWUHFHOHPDLYDULDWHvQFDUHPVXUDUHDSUDJXULORUVHQ]RULDOHúL
DWLPSXOXLGHUHDF LHRFXSDXXQORFLPportant.

1.3. 3DUWLFXODULW LOHH[SHULPHQWXOXL

([SHULPHQWXO UHSUH]LQW R RUJDQL]DUH PHWRGLF UD LRQDO úL SUDFWLF GH WLS VSHFLDO vQ
FDUHFHUFHWWRUXOSURYRDFIDSWHOHSHQWUXDOHGH]YOXLFRQH[LXQLOH$FHDVWFDUDFWHULVWLFGH
provocabilitate a faptelRUHVWHHVHQ LDOSHQWUXGHILQLUHDH[SHULPHQWXOXL5HVSHFWkQGFRQGL LLOH
vQ FDUH XQ IHQRPHQ D IRVW SURYRFDW HO SRDW IL UHSURGXV RUL GH FkWH RUL HVWHQHFHVDUúLDFHVWD
FRQVWLWXLHFHDGHDGRXDFDUDFWHULVWLFDVDrepetabilitatea([SHULPHQWXOYL]HD]SURYocarea
XQXLFRPSRUWDPHQWUVSXQVGHWHUPLQkQGX-OVVHPDQLIHVWHVSHFLILFID GHRVLWXD LHGDW
ULJXURVFRQWURODWSHGLUHF LLOHVDOHHVHQ LDOHGHHODERUDUHúLH[SULPDUH&RPSRUWDPHQWXODVWIHO
RE LQXW vPSUHXQ FX IDFWRULL FDUH O-au determinat, constituie un model experimental, iar
DF LXQHDGHRE LQHUHDOXLUHSUH]LQWPRGHODUHDH[SHULPHQWDO
([LVW VLWXD LL GH H[SHULPHQWDUH vQ FDUH FHUFHWWRUXO QX SRDWH LQWHUYHQL vQ SURYRFDUHD
IHQRPHQHORUVWXGLDWH(OHVXQWSURYRFDWHGHQDWXUVXEIRUPGHGHUHJOULSDWRORJLFHERDO
LQILUPLWDWH úL VH QXPHVF IHQRPHQH LQYRFDWH &O %HUQDUG ÌQ DVWIHO GH VLWXD LL
H[SHULPHQWDWRUXOVWXGLD]GRDUHIHFWXODFHVWRUGHUHJOULDVXSUDFRPSRUWDPHQWXOXLúLDFHVWWLS
GHFHUFHWDUHSRDUWGHQXPLUHDGHH[SHULPHQWLQYRFDWex post facto)

1.4. Variabile implicate în experiment

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YDULDELOD LQGHSHQGHQW FRQGL LD GH VWLPXODUH 9DULDELOD LQGHSHQGHQW SRDWH DYHD GLYHUVH
JUDGH GH FRPSOH[LWDWH úL XQ UHJLVWUX LQILQLW GH YDULD LL FDQWLWDWLYH úL FDOLWDWLYH )DFWRUXO
GHWHUPLQDW GH FRQGL LD GH VWLPXODUH úL YL]DW GH H[SHULPHQW SRDUW GHQXPLUHD GH YDULDELO
 3
GHSHQGHQWUVSXQV5HOD LDGLQWUHYDULDELODLQGHSHQGHQWúLFHDGHSHQGHQWHVWHGHFDX]–
efect. VariabilD GHSHQGHQW HVWH HIHFWXO RE LQXW GH FRQGL LD GH VWLPXODUH DVXSUD XQRU
caracteristici comportamentale, determinate experimental.
9DULDELODGHSHQGHQWHVWHDOFWXLWGLQUVSXQVXULOHVXELHFWXOXLODPRGLILFULOHFRQGL LHL
GH VWLPXODUH úL DUH OD UkQGXO HL JUDGH GLIHULWH GH FRPSOH[LWDWH GH OD UHDF LLOH VLPSOH úL
UHSHWLWLYH SkQ OD VWUDWHJLLOH GH GHFL]LH 0RGLILFULOH YDULDELOHL LQGHSHQGHQWH VH UHIOHFW vQ
YDULD LLOH UVSXQVXOXL SULQ PHGLHUHD YDULDELOHL LQWHUPHGLDUH UHSUH]HQWDW GH SHUVRQDOLWDWHD
subiectuluiPRWLYD LLDWLWXGLQLHPR LLHWF
)DFWRULLFXQRVFX LFSRWLQIOXHQ DFRPSRUWDPHQWXOVXELHFWXOXLVHQXPHVFUHOHYDQ L. Cei
GHVSUH FDUH VH úWLD F vQ H[SHULPHQWXO GDW QX LQIOXHQ HD] UVSXQVXULOH VH QXPHVF IDFWRUL
LUHOHYDQ L$FHúWLDSRWILUHOHYDQ LvQVSHQWUXDOWHFRPSRQHQWHDOHFRQGXLWHLVXELHFWXOXLVDXvQ
DOWH VWUXFWXUUL DOH FRQGL LHL GH VWLPXODUH )DFWRULL GH VWLPXODUH DO FURU HIHFW DVXSUD
comportamentului nu este bine cunoscut, dar este posibil, se numesc SRWHQ LDOL. Pentru a se
stabili indicele GH SUHOHYDQ  úL VHPQLILFD LH D ORU WUHEXLH LQVWLWXLW XQ H[SHULPHQW DQXPH vQ
FDUHHLVILHXWLOL]D LFDYDULDELOLQGHSHQGHQW

1.5. Controlul variabilelor

3HQWUX D QHXWUDOL]D HIHFWHOH YDULDELOHORU VWULQH GHPHUVXOXL H[SHULPHQWDO VH SRW IRORVL
unele proFHGHHGXSFXPXUPHD]
a) L]RODUHD VXELHFWXOXL vQ vQFSHUL VSHFLDOH ODERUDWRU XQGH FRQGL LD GH VWLPXODU
YDULDELODLQGHSHQGHQWHVWHULJXURVFRQWURODWGHH[SHULPHQWDWRU
b) PHQ LQHUHD FRQVWDQW D YDULDELOHORU VWULQH LGHQWLILFDWH GDF QX DX SXWXW IL
eliminate);
c) EDODQVDUHDHIHFWHORUYDULDELOHORUVWULQHSHQWUXDDYHDHIHFWHVLPLODUH atât la grupul
H[SHULPHQWDOFkWúLFHOGHFRQWURO
d) FRQWUDEDODQVDUHDVDXURWD LDGHH[HPSOXGDFVWXGLHPHIHFWHOH]JRPRWXOXLDVXSUD
DFWLYLW LL DOWHUQP FRQGL LLOH GH OLQLúWH úL ]JRPRW $ úL % SHQWUX D QHXWUDOL]D HIHFWHOH
vQY ULL
e) FRQWUROXOYDULDELOHLUVSXQVVHUHDOL]HD]LPSOLFLWGDFVH LQHVXEXQFRQWUROULJXURV
FRQGL LDGHVWLPXODUH'HDVHPHQHDVHRE LQHSULQFUHDUHDXQHLDWLWXGLQLFRRSHUDQWHGLQSDUWHa
VXELHFWXOXL FDUH QX WUHEXLH V ILH VWUHVDW GH FRQVHFLQ HOH SRVLELOH DOH H[SHULPHQWXOXL vQ
VSHFLDOODHOHYLúLVWXGHQ L

2. &RPSRQHQWHOHFHUFHWULLH[SHULPHQWDOH
(proiectul experimental)

2.1. Ipoteza
&RQVWLWXLHXQXOGLQPRPHQWHOHHVHQ LDOHDOHGHPHUVXOXLUD LRQDO,]YRUkWGLQREVHUYDUHD
IDSWHORU LSRWH]D UHSUH]LQW SURLHF LD UD LRQDO DQWLFLSDWLY SUHGLFWLY DVXSUD SUREDELOLW LL
H[LVWHQ HL XQHL UHOD LL vQWUH DFHVWH IDSWH 'DF REVHUYD LD VH DGUHVHD] FRQVWDWDWLY úL
consemnativ, faptelor date, ipRWH]D vúL DVXP ULVFXO FDOFXODW GH D SUHVXSXQH H[LVWHQ D XQRUD
noi, urmând ca aparatul probatoriu-H[SHULPHQWDOúLVWDWLVWLFV-RVDQF LRQH]HSULQYDOLGDUHVDX
LQYDOLGDUH 'XS HODERUDUH LSRWH]D HVWH YHULILFDW H[SHULPHQWDO SULQ PRGHODUHD YDULDELOHORU
pe cDUH OH LPSOLF úL SUREDW FRQWURODW VWDWLVWLF vQ ED]D SUHOXFULL UH]XOWDWHORU RE LQXWH
,SRWH]DSRUQHúWHGHODDILUPDUHDH[LVWHQ HLXQHLGLIHUHQ HvQWUHYDULDELOHOHGHSHQGHQWHDOHXQRU
JUXSXUL GH VXELHF L FD XUPDUH D FRQGL LHL GH VWLPXODUH 6SUH GHRVHELUH GH HD LSRWH]D QXO
VWDWLVWLFQHDJH[LVWHQ DYUHXQHLGLIHUHQ HVHPQLILFDWLYHvQWUHDFHVWHJUXSXULFRQVLGHUkQGF
UH]XOWDWHOH RE LQXWH VH GDWRUHVF vQWkPSOULL 3HQWUX YHULILFDUH VH IDFH SUHOXFUDUHD VWDWLVWLF D
datelor cu ajutorul testelor de semQLILFD LH=W$2-hi2).
2 EXQ LSRWH] WUHEXLH V vQGHSOLQHDVF XUPWRDUHOH FRQGL LL V ILH YHULILFDELO
HFRQRPLFYHURVLPLOúLVSRDWILFDQWLILFDELO
 4

2.2. 2UJDQL]DUHDH[SHULPHQWXOXLVHOHF LDVXELHF LORU

3HQWUX FD GDWHOH RE LQXWH V SRDW IL comparabile, într-XQ H[SHULPHQW VH XWLOL]HD] GH
UHJXOGRXJUXSXULGHVXELHF LXQXOGLQWUHDFHVWHDODFDUHVHDSOLFFRQGL LDGHVWLPXODUHVH
YD QXPL JUXSXO H[SHULPHQWDO LDU FHOODOW OD FDUH QX VH DSOLF DFHDVW FRQGL LH VH QXPHúWH
grup de contrRO 6XELHF LL VHOHFWD L GLQWU-R SRSXOD LH GDW WUHEXLH V ILH HúDQWLRDQH
UHSUH]HQWDWLYH SHQWUX DFHD SRSXOD LH 6HOHF LD VXELHF LORU VH SRDWH IDFH ILH GXS VLVWHPXO
ORWHULHLILHvQED]DSDVXOXLVWDWLVWLFÌQSULPXOFD]ILHFDUHPHPEUXGLQSRSXOD LDGDWSULPHúWH
XQ QXPU GH RUGLQH GH OD  OD 1 $FHVWH QXPHUH VXQW LQWURGXVH vQWU-R XUQ GXS FDUH VXQW
H[WUDVHODvQWkPSODUHSkQODFRPSOHWDUHDJUXSXOXLGHVXELHF LFHUXWvQFHUFHWDUHÌQFHOGHDO
GRLOHDFD]WRDWSRSXOD LDGDWHVWHvQVFULVSHXQWDEHO /alfabetic sau la întâmplare), din care
VH DOHJH SRWULYLW FX LQWHUYDOXO GH VHOHF LH VWDELOLW ILHFDUH DO -lea, al 10-lea, al 20-lea etc.
LQGLYLG/HJLOHKD]DUGXOXLVHDSOLFvQVSHFLDOvQFD]XOXQHLSRSXOD LLFRQVLGUDWFDRPXO LPH
QHGLIHUHQ LDW /D PXO LPLOH VWUXFWXUDWH VHOHF LD VH SRDWH IDFH vQ ED]D XQRU FULWHULL FDOLWDWLYH
FDOLW LOHPHPRULHLFRWDGHLQWHOLJHQ HWF

2.3. Tipurile de experiment

a) Experimentul de confirmare HVWH vQ IDSW H[SHULPHQWXO ÄFODVLF´ FDUH SURYRDF
fenomenul în conGL LLFRQWURODWHSHQWUXDYHULILFDVXSR]L LDLSRWH]HL
b) Experimentul de laboratorLQGLFORFXOXQGHVHGHVIúRDUFHUFHWDUHD$UHVHUYLWXWHD
FDUWLILFLDOL]HD]IDSWHOHGDUHVWHPDLULJXURVSHQWUXFEHQHILFLD]GHDSDUDWXUDGLQGRWDUH
c) Experimentul naturalVHUHDOL]HD]vQORFXOXQGHVXELHF LLvúLGHVIúRDUDFWLYLWDWHD
d) Experimentul psihopedagogicYL]HD]FRPSRQHQWHOHSURFHVXOXLLQVWUXFWLY-educativ.
e) Experimentul invocat (ex post facto HVWH DFHOD OD FDUH YDULDELOD LQGHSHQGHQW HVWH
nonexperimenWDO
f) ([SHULPHQWXO IXQF LRQDO XUPUHúWH FRYDULD LD VLVWHPDWLF GLQWUH YDULDELOD
LQGHSHQGHQWúLFHDGHSHQGHQWVWDELOLQGDVWIHOUHOD LDIXQF LRQDOGLQWUHHOH
g) În experimentul factorialVHDOHJGRDUGRXYDORULDOHYDULDELOHLVWLPXOH[SUH]HQ D
VDX DEVHQ D ]JRPRWXOXL úL VH XUPUHúWH HIHFWXO DFHVWRUD DVXSUD YDULDELOHL GHSHQGHQWH H[
FRQFHQWUDUHDDWHQ LHL
h) Experimentul exploratorÄFHVHvQWkPSOGDF´úLexperimentul pilot se folosesc ca
FHUFHWUL SUHOLPLQDUH úL vúL SURSXQ SULPXO V LGHQWLfice prin pretestare efectele posibile ale
unei variabile, iar cel de-DOGRLOHDVYHULILFHSHXQQXPUPLFGHVXELHF LRSURFHGXUPDL
eficace pentru experimentul propriu-zis.

2.4. 3UHOXFUDUHDúLLQWHUSUHWDUHDGDWHORU
Pentru validarea ipotezei se folosHVF DQXPLWH WHVWH VWDWLVWLFH GH VHPQLILFD LH FD GH
H[HPSOXWHVWXOÄW´VWXGHQWFDUHDUDWJUDGXOGHVHPQLILFD LHGLQWUHUH]XOWDWHOHPHGLLDOHFHORU
GRXJUXSXULGHVXELHF LH[SHULPHQWDOúLGHFRQWURO'DFYDORDUHOXLÄW´VDX[2KLSWUDW–
primul pHQWUXPHGLLúLFHOGHDOGRLOHDSHQWUXIUHFYHQ H– are o probabilitate (P) de 0,05 sau
PDL PLF S <  DWXQFL FX XQ ULVF GH HURDUH GH  LSRWH]D QXO YD IL UHVSLQV úL VH YD
FRQILUPD LSRWH]D GH FHUFHWDUH 'XS FH V-au stabilit gradele de libertate (limitele între care
SRDWHYDULDRYDORDUHvQIXQF LHGHQXPUXOVXELHF LORUVHFDXWSUDJXULOHGHVHPQLILFD LHvQ
WDEHOXOYDORULORUVHPQLILFDWLYHDOHOXLÄW´ODSUDJXULOHGHúLúLVHJVHúWHJUDGXOGH
VHPQLILFD LHvQUDSRUWGHFDUHVHLQILUPGXSFD]LSRWH]DQXO3HQWUXFRQILUPDUHDGHSOLQD
LSRWH]HL GH FHUFHWDUH HVWH QHFHVDU FD GLUHF LD UH]XOWDWHORU RE LQXWH SUH]XPDWH GH LSRWH] úL
FDOFXODW VWDWLVWLF V ILH FRLQFLGHQ  3ULQ XUPDUH SHQWUX FD LSRWH]D GH FHUFHWDUH V VH
confirme este neceVDUFDGLIHUHQ HOHGLQWUHJUXSHOHGHVXELHF LVILHVHPQLILFDWLYHUHVSHFWLY
ORJLFHLDUGLUHF LDSUHY]XWDDFHVWRUGLIHUHQ HVILHYDOLGDWVWDWLVWLF
'DWHOH H[SHULPHQWDOH VLVWHPDWL]DWH úL JUXSDWH SRW IL WUHFXWH vQ WDEHOH úL JUDILFH 'DWHOH
din tabeleVHJUXSHD]ILHvQYDORULEUXWHILHvQSURFHQWHVDXIUHFYHQ H*UDILFHOHDXDYDQWDMXO
 5
F SRW V SXQ vQ HYLGHQ  UHOD LLOH GLQWUH GRX VDX PDL PXOWH YDULDELOH H[SULPkQGX-le prin
simboluri adecvate (linii, puncte, figuri etc.).

2.5. 7HVWúLH[SHULPHQW
PDUWLFLSDUHD DFWLY D FHUFHWWRUXOXL vQ SURYRFDUHD IHQRPHQXOXL VSHFLILF SHQWUX
H[SHULPHQW R vQWkOQLP úL vQ FD]XO WHVWXOXL 'DU vQ YUHPH FH H[SHULPHQWXO XUPUHúWH HIHFWXO
PRGLILFULORUYDULDELOHLLQGHSHQGHQWHDVXSUDYDULDELOHLUVSXQVSHQWUXDH[SOLFDUDporturile de
FDX]DOLWDWH GLQWUH HOH WHVWXO VH LQWHUHVHD] GRDU GH PVXUDUHD UVSXQVXOXL FD DWDUH úL
FRPSDUDUHD OXL FX EDUHPXO PHGLD VWDWLVWLF ÌQ YUHPH FH H[SHULPHQWXO vúL SURSXQH V
GH]YOXLHFDX]DOLWDWHDIHQRPHQXOXLWHVWXOPVRDUúLDSUHFLD]VWDWLstic fenomenul în scopuri
SVLKRGLDJQRVWLFH SUHFLVH VHOHF LD úL RULHQWDUHD úFRODU úL SURIHVLRQDO SVLKRGLDJQR] FOLQLF
etc. Unele teste pot fi folosite ca variabile independente în experimentale, iar modelele
experimentare pot fi transformate în teste, SULQ EDUHPDUHD ORU 'LQ FHOH PHQ LRQDWH VH
GHVSULQGH UHOD LD GH FRPSOHPHQWDULWDWH PHWRGRORJLF GLQWUH WHVW úL H[SHULPHQW
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H[SHULPHQWDOHúLSVLKRGLDJQRVWLFH

3. Tehnici psihofiziologice

3.1. 7HKQLFDHOHFWURHQFHIDORJUDILF (EEG)

(OHFWURJHQH]D FHUHEUDO SURGXFHUHD GH SRWHQ LDOH HOHFWULFH GH FUHLHU FXQRVFXW vQF
vQDLQWH GH  D IRVW SHUIHF LRQDW GH SVLKLDWUXO JHUPDQ +DXV %HUJHU vQ DQXO  vQ
lucrarea sa Asupra electroencefalogramei la om7HKQLFDHHJDIRVWXWLOL]DWúLGHLOXVWUXO
QHXURORJURPkQ*KHRUJKH0DULQHVFXvQFHUFHWULOHVDOH
((*ODRPDUHvQPRGRELúQXLWSDWUXWLSXULGHXQGH99RLFXOHVFX06WHULDGHDin
LVWRULDFXQRDúWHULLFUHLHUXOXL(GùWLLQ LILF%XFXUHúWLS
1. Undele alfa (α FX R IUHFYHQ GH-FSVFLFOLSHVHFXQGúLRDPSOLWXGLQHvQWUH
úLPLFURYRO L
2. Undele beta (βFXIUHFYHQ GH-FSVúLDPSOLWXGLQHDGH-25 µv;
3. Undele teta (θFXIUHFYHQ Dde 4-FSVúLDPSOLWXGLQHDGH-20 µv;
8QGHOHGHOWD/FXIUHFYHQ DGH-FSVúLDPSOLWXGLQHDGHSkQODµv.
&XP VH REVHUY ULWPXULOH θ úL / DX XQ ULWP PDL OHQW GHFât α úL β (OH FDUDFWHUL]HD]
DFWLYLWDWHD ELRHOHFWULF D FUHLHUXOXL GLQ DQXPLWH ]one (regiuni), în timpul somnului, dar pot
UHSUH]HQWD úL DQXPLWH VWUL SDWRORJLFH IRFDUH HSLOHSWRJHQH WXPRUL FHUHEUDOH ÌQ FRQVHFLQ 
traseele θ úL /SUH]LQWLQWHUHVSHQWUXQHXURORJ3HQWUXSVLKRORJRLPSRUWDQ GHRVHELWRDX
undele αúLβ. Ritmul α cDUDFWHUL]HD]VWDUHDGHUHOD[DUHVHQ]RULDOúLPLQWDODVXELHFWXOXL
Ca urmare, ritmul α este caracteristic pentru creierul în stare de veghe, dar în repaos total (în
DEVHQ DDIHUHQ HORUVHQ]RULDOH3HQWUXvQUHJLVWUDUHDWUDVHXOXLαVXELHFWXOWUHEXLHVVWHDOLQLúWLW
úLFXRFKLLvQFKLúLVDXVSULYHDVFRVXSUDID XQLIRUPLOXPLQDWÌQFD]XODGPLQLVWUULLXQXL
VWLPXO VH SURGXFH R GHVLQFURQL]DUH ELRHOHFWULF D SRSXOD LLORU QHXURQDOH GLQ FUHLHU FDUH VH
H[SULP SULQ vQORFXLUHD ULWPXOXL α cu ritmul β, ceva maL UDSLG $úDGDU ULWPXO β apare în
PRPHQWXO vQWUHUXSHULL VLWXD LHL GH UHSDRV VHQ]RULDO úL PLQWDO DVWIHO vQFkW FDUDFWHUL]HD]
LQWUDUHDFUHLHUXOXLvQVWDUHGHDFWLYLWDWHLQWHQV'HSUHVLDWUDVHXOXLαúLvQORFXLUHDOXLFXβ, în
SULPHOHPRPHQWHDOHDGPLQLVWUULLVWLPXOXOXLH[WHUQPDUFKHD]DSDUL LDUHDF LHL

3.2. 7HKQLFLGHvQUHJLVWUDUHDPRGLILFULORUUHVSLUDWRULL
ÌQUHJLVWUDUHD PRGLILFULORU UHVSLUDWRULL vQ DPSOLWXGLQH úL IUHFYHQ  VH IDFH FX DMXWRUXO
diferitelor tipuri de pneumografe.
Pneumograful este format dintr-XQPDQúRQGHFDXFLXFOXQJGHDSUR[FPúLODWGH
FFD  FP FDUH VH OHDJ OD WRUDFHOH VXELHFWXOXL vQ UHJLXQHD GLDIUDJPHL GHDVXSUD HL
3QHXPRJUDIXOHVWHSUHY]XWODFDSHWHFXúLUHWXULGHSkQ]FDUHVHSULQGODVSDWHDVWIHOvQFkW
PDQúRQXO GH FDXFLXF V DGHUH OHMHU OD WRUDFHOH VXELHFWXOXL ÌQ SDUWHD FHQWUDO PDQúRQXO HVWH
 6
SUHY]XWFXXQúWX  HDYGHOHJWXUSULQFDUHVXQWFROHFWDWHYDULD LLOHGHDHUGLQLQWHULRUXO
VXGDWRUDWHPLúFULORUFXWLHLWRUDFLFHGLQWLPSXOUHVSLUD LHL$FHVWHYDULD LLDOHYROXPXOXLGH
DHUVXQWWUDQVPLVHSULQLQWHUPHGLXOXQXLWXEGHFDXFLXFIXUWXQODRFDSVXOGHvQUHJLVWUDUH
FDSVXO 0DUH\ &DSVXOD 0DUH\ VH PDL QXPHúWH úL LQVFULSWRU SQHXPDWLF VDX FDSVXO
SQHXPDWLF HVWH IRUPDW GLQWU-R FXWLH URWXQG GLQ PHWDO WDEO FDYLWDU vQ LQWHULRU  úL
SUHY]XW FX XQ úWX  vQ SDUWHD LQIHULRDU VDX ODWHUDO OD FDUH VH PRQWHD] IXUWXQXO
SQHXPRJUDIXOXL 3HVWH SDUWHD JRDO D FDSVXOHL SQHXPDWLFH VH OHDJ IHVW R PHPEUDQ GLQ
cauciuc foarte elastic, iar deasupra acesteLDvQFHQWUXOHLVHIL[HD]RSDVWLOGHWDEOURWXQG
FDUHVSULMLQDFXOLQVFULSWRU
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FLOLQGUXOXQXLNLPRJUDIXQGHWUDVHD]RFXUEFRUHVSXQ]WRDUHFXDOXUDUHVSLUD LHLVXELHFWXOXL
Kimograful este un aparat de înregistrare format dintr-un tambur (cilindru) metalic care
VH vQYkUWHúWH URWHúWH FX DMXWRUXO XQRU GLVSR]LWLYH GLIHULWH .LPRJUDIHOH PDL YHFKL VXQW
DF LRQDWHFXDMXWRUXOXQXLPHFDQLVPGHFHDVRUQLFDUFLDUYLWH]DHVWHUHJODWFXDULSLRDUHGH
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FX YLWH] UHJODELO DXWRPDW 'H PHQ LRQDW F LQYHQWDUHD NLPRJUDIXOXL vQ D GRXD MXPWDWH D
secolului al XIX-lea, a impulsLRQDW FHUFHWDUHD H[SHULPHQWDO GLQ SVLKRORJLH GRWkQG
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úWLLQ LILF DFWXDO EHQHILFLD] GH UHFRUGHUH PXOW vPEXQW LWH PHUJkQG SkQ OD VWRFDUHD SH
calculator a datelor experimentale.
3HFLOLQGUXONLPRJUDIXOXLVHGHVIúRDUKkUWLHDOEFDUHHVWHvQHJULWFXIXPFXDMXWRUXO
XQHL OPSL GH SHWURO FUHLD L V-D VFRV VWLFOD 3H KkUWLD DVWIHO vQHJULW RULFH PLúFDUH D DFXOXL
inscriptor al capsulei Marey va trasa o linie continXRDUHFDUH'DFvQVFDSVXOD0DUH\HVWH
FXSODWSULQIXUWXQXOGHFDXFLXFFXSQHXPRJUDIXODFXOLQVFULSWRUYDWUDVDSHNLPRJUDIROLQLH
VLQXRDVFRUHVSXQ]WRDUHFXPLúFULOHFXWLHLWRUDFLFHGDWRUDWHUHVSLUD LHLVXELHFWXOXL
3ULQ XUPDUH PRGLILFULOH GLQ UHVSLUD LD VXELHFWXOXL IUHFYHQ D úL DPSOLWXGLQHD
VLPXOWDQH VDX FRQVHFXWLYH XQHL DFWLYLW L SVLKLFH PRGHODW H[SHULPHQWDO R HPR LH GH
H[HPSOX VXQW SUHOXDWH GH SQHXPRJUDI úL WUDQVPLVH FDSVXOHL 0DUH\ 0LúFULOH PHPEUDQHL
capsulei pneumatice, datorateDFHVWRUYDULD LLGHSUHVLXQHVHWUDQVPLWDFXOXLLQVFULSWRUFDUHOH
LPSULP SH FLOLQGUXO vQ PLúFDUH DO NLPRJUDIXOXL VXE IRUPD XQHL FXUEH QHUHJXODWH FRQWLQXH
7UDVHXO GHVFULV GH LQVFULSWRU SH NLPRJUDI H[SULP IRUPD PRGLILFULORU UHVSLUDWRULL DOH
subiectulXL úL VH QXPHúWH SQHXPRJUDP. Într-R SQHXPRJUDP SRW IL LQWHUSUHWDWH RULFH
PRGLILFUL GH ULWP IUHFYHQ  DPSOLWXGLQH GXUDWD LQVSLUXOXL VDX H[SLUXOXL vQ KLSR VDX
KLSHUSQHHDOHUHVSLUD LHLVXELHFWXOXLLQL LDWHGHVWLPXOXODGPLQLVWUDW
'XSFHKkUWLDvQHJULWFXIXPDNLPRJUDIXOXLDIRVWvQUHJLVWUDWVHVFRDWHFXJULMGHSH
FLOLQGUX úL VH WUHFH SULQWU-R EDLH GH IL[DUH VROX LH 6FKHOODN VSHFLDO VDX SUHSDUDW GH
experimentator dintr-XQDPHVWHFGHSU LDOFRRORSDUWHEHQ]HQúL-30 gr. colofoniu), dXS
FDUHVHXVXF
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VLWXD LHLDIHFWLYHGDWH&DSDFLWDWHDGHLQGXF LHHPSDWLF(identificarea cu personajul) poate fi
GHWHUPLQDWSULQWUHDOWHOHúLSHED]DDSDUL LHLXQRUPRGLILFULUHVSLUDWRULLFRUHVSXQ]WRDUH

3.3. 7HKQLFLGHvQUHJLVWUDUHDPRGLILFULORUFLUFXODWRULL
0DL GLUHFW OHJDWH GH SURFHVHOH DIHFWLYH SH FDUH OH vQVR HVF úL OH H[SULP VSHFLILF
PRGLILFULOHFLUFXODWRULLSRWILSXVHvQHYLGHQ FXDMXWRUXOXQRUWHKQLFLYDULDWHvQIXQF LHGH
GRPHQLXO ORU GH UHIHULQ  $VWIHO VH SUDFWLF GHWHUPLQUL DOH YDULD LLORU GH SUHVLXQH úL GH
volum ale sângelui cu ajutorul sfigmomanomHWUHORUúLSOHWLVPRJUDIHORU8QLQGLFDWRUSUH LRV
SHQWUX SVLKRORJ vO UHSUH]LQW ULWPLFLWDWHD úL SUHVLXQHD SXOVXOXL FDUH FXP VH úWLH VXIHU
DQXPLWHYDULD LLvQWLPSXOGHVIúXUULLSURFHVHORUDIHFWLYHDODSDUL LHLUHDF LHLGHRULHQWDUHúL
în general, în UHDOL]DUHDRULFUHLVDUFLQLH[SHULPHQWDOH0RGLILFULOHSXOVXOXLVHSRWvQUHJLVWUD
FXDMXWRUXOVILJPRJUDIXOXLVDXFDUGLRJUDIXOXLFDUHDXGLIHULWHIRUPHvQIXQF LHvQSULPXOUkQG
 7
GH ORFXO GH SUHOHYDUH UDGLDO FDURWLGLDQ úL vQ DO GRLOHD UkQG GH FRPSOHxitatea lor
FRQVWUXFWLY 6H IRORVHVF GH H[HPSOX VILJPRJUDIH SHQWUX SUHOHYDUHD FDSWDUHD SXOVXOXL
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pentru regiunea sterno-FDUGLDF)XQF LRQDOWRDWHDFHVWHGLVSR]LWLYHVHED]HD]SHSULQFLSLXO
SUHOXULLYDULD LLORUGHSUHVLXQHGLQ]RQDYDVFXODUVDXFDUGLDFGHDVXSUDFURUDVXQWPRQWDWH
úL WUDQVPLWHUHD DFHVWRU YDULD LL OD R FDSVXO 0DUH\ FDUH OH vQUHJLVWUHD] SH NLPRJUDI VDX DOW
dispozitiv de înregistrare).
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OD SROLJUDIH úL vQ JHQHUDO OD NLPRJUDIHOH PRGHUQH vQVFULHUHD GDWHORU VH IDFH FX FHUQHDO SH
KkUWLDDOEHYLWkQGX-se, astfel, manipularea fumului pentru înegrire).
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VH QXPHúWH HOHFWURFDUGLRJUDP (.* &X UHOHYDQ  vQ GLDJQRVWLFXO FDUGLRSDWLLORU SHQWUX
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FHUFHWDUHDH[SHULPHQWDOGLQSVLKRORJLHQXPDLvQFD]XULOHvQFDUHQDWXUDLQYHVWLJD LHLFDDWDUH
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YDVRFRQVWUXF LD úL YDVRGLODWD LD úL FXP OH vQUHJLVWUHD] SOHWLVPRJUDIHOH VXQW GH PDL PXOWH
tipuri: pletismografe cu DS FODVLFH UHRSOHWLVPRJUDIH HOHFWULFH IRWRSOHWLVPRJUDIH VDX
FRPELQD LLGLQWUHDFHVWHD

3.4. Cronaximetria
Reobaza SUDJXO JDOYDQLF UHSUH]LQW LQWHQVLWDWHD FHD PDL PLF D XQXL FXUHQW HOHFWULF
FDUH HVWH FDSDELO V SURYRDFH R UHDF LH PRWRULH SULPD VHFXV PXVFXODU /RXLV /DSULTXH D
LQWURGXV IXQF LD GH WLPS QHFHVDU XQXL FXUHQW GH YDORDUH GXEO UHRED]HL V GHWHUPLQH XQ
UVSXQV PRWRU ÌQ DIDU GH YDORDUHD VD GH HOHFWURGLDJQRVWLF FOLQLF vQ OH]LXQLOH QHUYLORU
SHULIHULFL úL GH UHFXSHUDUHQHXURPRWRULHFURQD[LPHWULDUHSUH]LQWRPRGDOLWDWHHILFLHQWGH
H[SORUDUHDVHQVLELOLW LLQHXURPXVFXODUH'DWHOHFURQD[LFHSRWGDLQGLFD LLDVXSUDUDSRUWXULORU
IXQF LRQDOH GH H[FLWDELOLWDWH úL GH FRQGXFWLELOLWDWH vQWUH GLIHUL LL QHXURQL LQWHUPHGLDUL GH SH
traseelH DIHUHQWH úL QHXURQLL GLQ ]RQHOH GH SURLHF LH vQ WLPSXO DF LXQLL XQXL H[FLWDQW
&URQD[LLOHILEUHORUVHQ]LWLYHYDULD]vQIXQF LHGHVWDUHDIXQF LRQDODFHQWULORUFDUHSRWILvQ
UDSRUWXULGHKHWHURFURQLVPúLL]RFURQLVPDFRUGXOVDXGH]DFRUGXOGHH[FLWDELOLWDWHvQWUHGRX
elemente nervoase).

3.5. Electromiografia (EMG)

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electrozilor, de ampOLILFDUHúLGHUHGDUHDORUJUDILFVDXYL]XDOSHHFUDQXOXQXLRVFLORVFRS
(OHFWUR]LL HPJ VH PRQWHD] vQ IXQF LH GH QDWXUD FHUFHWULL ILH vQ PDVD PXVFKLXODU FX
DMXWRUXOXQRUVRQGHVSHFLDOHDFHGHFDSWDUHILHGHDVXSUDXQXLPXúFKLVDXJUXSGHPXúFKL
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HOHFWUR]LPRQWD LSHSLHOHSHIUXQWHvQFD]XOFHUFHWULORUDVXSUDSURFHVHORUDIHFWLYH
,QGLFDWRULL HPJ VXQW UHOHYDQ L SHQWUX VWXGLHUHD VWUXFWXULORU DF LRQDOH DOH
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 8
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DF LXQLPRWRULLvQSURFHVXOIRUPULLGHSULQGHULOor.

3.6. 5HDF LDHOHFWURGHUPDO5('

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de psihologie exista multe tipuri constructive de galvanometre, care au diverse grade de
VHQVLELOLWDWH5('HVWHXQEXQLQGLFDWRUDOVWULORUHPR LRQDOH$IRVWRYUHPHFkQGUHGD
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3URFHGXUVXELHFWXOFXRFKLLvQFKLúLWUHEXLHVVHVL]H]HDWLQJHUHDSLHOLLGLQGLIHULWH]RQHFX
REXFDWGHYDW
E 3HQWUX GHWHUPLQDUHD SUDJXOXL VSD LDO WDFWLO PLQLP VHSDUDELOH VH XWLOL]HD]
HVWH]LRPHWUXO :HEHU 6SHDUPDQ 9RQ )UH\ VDX DOW WLS $FHVWD DUH IRUPD XQXL úXEler cu 2
YkUIXULDVFX LWHODSDUWHDGHvQFKLGHUHFLWLUHDILLQGLGHQWLFFXDXQXLúXEOHURELúQXLWJUDGGH
precizie 1/10 m/m 3URFHGXU VH DWLQJH SLHOHD VXELHFWXOXL GLQ GLIHULWH ]RQH VSUH H[HPSOX
IUXQWH DQWHEUD  YkUIXO GHJHWHORU FX FHOH  DFH DOH HVWH]LRPHWUXOXL úL L VH FHUH V DSUHFLH]H
PRPHQWXOFkQGVLPWHDWLQJHUL6HFLWHúWHGHVFKLGHUHDvQPLOLPHWULúL]HFLPLGHPLOLPHWULOD
FDUHVXELHFWXODIFXWDSUHFLHUHD6HFDOFXOHD]SHXQQXPUPDUHGHvQFHUFULDSUR[-40),
PHGLD DFHVWRU PVXUWRUL SDUWLFXODUH 6H IDFH SUHFL]DUHD F VXELHFWXO WUHEXLH V LQ RFKLL
vQFKLúLvQWLPSXOHIHFWXULLSUREHL
3RWULYLW DFHVWHL PHWRGH PVXUWRULOH VH IDF SH GRX FRRUGRQDWH DVFHQGHQW úL
GHVFHQGHQWÌQVHULDDVFHQGHQWVHSRUQHúWHGHODYDORDUHDFHDPDLPLFDGHVFKLGHULLEUD HORU
HVWH]LRPHWUXOXL LGHQWLILFDWH GH VXELHFW FD R VLQJXU DWLQJHUH 'HVFKLGHUHD FHORU GRX EUD H
FXUVRUXO úL QHUQLHUXO VH FUHúWH WUHSWDW SkQ FkQG VXELHFWXO DSUHFLD] F D VHVL]DW GRX
atingeri.
$FHDVWYDORDUHQRWDWFXvQILJXUVHUH LQHFDSUDJDEVROXWDVFHQGHQWSHXQQXPU
PDLPDUHGHGHWHUPLQULFXPV-DPHQ LRQDWÌQVHULDGHVFHQGHQWVHSRUQHúWHGHODRYDORDUH
PDUH D GHVFKLGHULL HVWH]LRPHWUXOXL VXELHFWXO VHVL]HD] IU GXELL GRX DWLQJHUL $FHDVW
GHVFKLGHUH HVWH PLFúRUDW WUHSWDW SkQ FH VXELHFWXO GHFODU F LGHQWLILF R VLQJXU DWLQJHUH
QRWDWFX–vQILJXU6HUH LQHúLDFHDVWYDORDUHFDSUDJDEVROXWGHVFHQGHQW3HQWUXDDIOD
SUDJXODEVROXWUHDOQHYRPIRORVLGHUHOD LDVLPSO
Pa + Pd
Pr = XQGH3UHVWHSUDJXODEVROXWUHDO3DSUDJXODEVROXWDVFHQGHQWúL
2
Pd, pragul absolut descendent. La rândul lor, pragurile particulare vor fi tot valori medii,
UH]XOWDWH GLQ VXPD PVXUWRULORU LQGLYLGXDOH DVFHQGHQWH úL GHVFHQGHQWH vPS LW OD QXPUXO
GHWHUPLQULORUHIHFWXDWH1DVWIHO
x1a + x2a + x3a ....+ x1d + x2d + x3d ....+
P.a. = ; P.d =
N N

F6HQVLELOLWDWHDEDUHVWH]LFGHSUHVLXQHVHGHWHUPLQFXDMXWRUXOEDUHVWH]LRPHWUXOXL

Cel mai cunoscut, baresteziometrul Eulemburg, este format dintr-R WLMH PHWDOLF FDUH OD
DSVDUHSHRVXSUDID WHJXPHQWDUDVXELHFWXOXLDF LRQHD]DUWWRUXOSHXQFDGUDQPDUFDWúL
etalonat în grame (0 –JU6XELHFWXOWUHEXLHVDSUHFLH]HLQWHQVLWDWHDDSVULLFXSkUJKLD
EDUHVWLRPHWUXOvQGLIHULWH]RQHVHFDOFXOHD]PHGLD
G 6HQVLELOLWDWHD SDOHVWH]LF YLEUDWRULH VH GHWHUPLQ SULQ DúH]DUHD SH SLHOH D
PkQHUXOXL XQXL GLDSD]RQ vQ YLEUD LH 3H XQ QXPU GH GLDSD]RDQH DSURSLDWH FX IUHFYHQ  VH
SRDWH VWDELOL FDSDFLWDWHD VXELHFWXOXL GH D VHVL]D FHOH PDL PLFL GLIHUHQ H vQWUH DFHVWHD SUDJ
GLIHUHQ LDOSDOHVWH]LF
e) SenVLELOLWDWHD WHUPLF SHQWUX FDOG úL UHFH VH GHWHUPLQ FX GLYHUVH WLSXUL GH
termoesteziometre. Acestea pot fi simple (ca de exemplu termoesteziometrul Righini), sau
complexe (ex. termocuplele).
Termoesteziometrul clasic Righini este format dintr-XQ QXPU Ge mici containere,
L]RODWH WHUPLF vQ FDUH VH LQWURGXFH DS GH GLIHULWH WHPSHUDWXUL XUPkQG FD VXELHFWXO V OH
RUGRQH]HFUHVFWRUVDXGHVFUHVFWRUGXSJUDGXOGHvQFO]LUH7HUPRHVWH]LRPHWUHOHHOHFWULFH
WHUPRFXSOHOH VH ED]HD] SH IHQRPHQXO IL]LF DO WHUPRHOHPHQWHORU OD SXQFWXO GH VXGXU D
 10
GRX HOHPHQWH GLIHULWH FD GH H[ FXSUX úL FRQVWDQWDQ LD QDúWHUH XQ FXUHQW HOHFWULF GDF VH
DSOLFRGLIHUHQ GHWHPSHUDWXU
I$FXLWDWHDWDFWLOVHSRDWHGHWHUPLQDSULQPDLPXOWHSURFHGHHvQWUHFDUHPHQ LRQP
1. cu ajutorul tactometrului;
FXDMXWRUXOSOFLORUWDFWLOH
1. Tactometrul (sau tactilometrul Schultze) este un dispozitiv de angrenaje mecanice
FDUHODDF LRQDUHDXQXLEXWRQGHQLYHOHD]GRXVXSUDIH HPHWDOLFHOXFLRDVHIFkQGDVWIHOV
DSDUXQúDQ vQWUHHOH0DQLSXOkQGDFHVWEXWRQVXELHFWXOWUHEXLHVFUHDVFVDXVHJDOL]H]H
GXSFD]SULQSLSLUHFXGHJHWXOúDQ XODSUXW$EDWHUHDVHFLWHúWHODRIDQWGHREVHUYDUH
3OFX HOHWDFWLOH0RHGHvQQXPUGHDXJURVLPLGLIHULWH3ULQSLSLUH subiectul
WUHEXLH V RUGRQH]H FUHVFWRU VDX GHVFUHVFWRU GXS JURVLPH SOFX HOH GDWH GH
experimentator. Aprecierea se face pe baza sumei brute a abaterilor, astfel:

RUGLQHDUHDODSOFX HORU 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
RUGLQHDDSUHFLDWGHVXELHFW 1 2 4 5 3 6 8 7 9 10
'LIHUHQ D 0 0 1 1 2 0 1 1 0 0

Suma 1+1+2+1+1 = 6

3HRVFDUGHUDQJVHSRWRUGRQDVXELHF LLGXSDFXLWDWHDORUWDFWLO
Lucrare de laboratorVHYRUH[HUVDDPEHOHWKQLFLGHGHWHUPLQDUHDDFXLW LLWDFWLOH

5.2. SHQVLELOLWDWHDYL]XDO
$ 3UDJXO GLIHUHQ LDO YL]XDO D FUXL YDORDUH D IRVW VWDELOLW SRWULYLW OHJLL %RXJXHU-
Weber-)HFKQHU OD  VH SRDWH GHWHUPLQD SULQWUH DOWHOH FX DMXWRUXO IRWRPHWUXOXL úL
plastiscopului.
1. Fotometrul este dotat cu un vizor care pHUPLWHREVHUYDUHDXQXLGLVFODOXPLQDOE
VDXFRORUDWFXDMXWRUXOXQRUILOWUHVSHFLDOH'LVFXOSRDWHILOXPLQDWSHQWUXFkWHRMXPWDWH
DVWIHOvQFkWvQWLPSFHXQDGLQHPLVIHUHSRDWHILvQWXQHFDWFHDODOWSRDWHILLOXPLQDWFDvQ
figura de mai jos.

Discul fotometrului
E1 = emisfera 1
E1 E2 E2 = emisfera 2

3URFHGXUDH[SHULPHQWDOSRDWHILIRORVLWvQGRXYDULDQWH:
D 6XELHFWXO DUH VDUFLQD V DGXF GLVFXO OD DFHODúL QLYHO GH LOXPLQDUH PDQHYUkQG
tamburul cu care este echipat fotometrul;
E6XELHFWXOSULYHúWHGLVFXOWLPSGH– 3 minute (aprox.) la o intensitate de iluminare
FXQRVFXW 'XS DFHDVW SHULRDG VH FUHúWH VDX VFDGH GXS FD] QLYHOXO GH LOXPLQDUH D
GLVFXOXLFXIUDF LXQLPLFLSkQFkQGVXELHFWXOVHVL]HD]RQRXFDOLWDWHDVHQ]D LHLOXPLQRDVH
PDLLQWHQVVDXPDLVODEGXSVHQVXOvQFDUHDIRVWPRGLILFDWLOXPLQDUHD
 3ODWLVFRSXO HVWH DOFWXLW GLQWr-XQ GUHSWXQJKL PHWDOLF SUHY]XW FX GRX IDQWH
GHVFKL]WXULDFURUPULPHSRDWHILUHJODWFXXQEXWRQGHDF LRQDUH
9DORDUHD GHVFKLGHULL IDQWHORU HVWH LQGLFDW GH XQ LQVWUXPHQW GH PVXU WLS úXEOHU FX
1/10 mm).
3URFHGXUDVHIL[HD]XQDGLQIDQWHODRGHVFKLGHUHFXQRVFXWGHH[SHULPHQWDWRUúLLVH
cere subiectului ca, manipulând butonul de reglaj, s-R DGXF úL SH FHDODOW OD DFHHDúL
GLPHQVLXQH6HFLWHVFDEDWHULOHGHHJDOL]DUHSHLQVWUXPHQWXOGHPVXU
 11
%'HWHUPLQDUHDDFXLW LLYL]XDOH
Prin acuitatHD YL]XDO VH vQ HOHJH FDSDFLWDWHD RFKLXOXL GH D GLVWLQJH GLVWDQ HOH PLFL
GLQWUHRELHFWHVDXGLVWDQ DPLQLPODFDUHVXELHFWXOGLVWLQJHGRXÄSHWH´GHOXPLQvQORFGH
XQD VLQJXU VDX GRX SXQFWH QHJUH VDX GRX OLQLL RUL]RQWDOH DWXQFL FkQG GLVWDQ D GLntre
DFHVWHDHVWHIRDUWHPLF$FXLWDWHDYL]XDOHVWHGDWGHFLGHSUHFL]LDFXFDUHVXQWSHUFHSXWH
GHWDOLLOH úL FRQWXUXULOH úL vQ FRQVHFLQ  VW OD ED]D SHUFHS LHL YL]XDOH D RELHFWHORU $úDGDU
DFXLWDWHD YL]XDO UHSUH]LQW SXWHUHD UH]ROXWLY D RFKLXOXL FDSDFLWDWHD VD GH D GLIHUHQ LD GRL
H[FLWDQ LSULQVWDELOLUHDDFHOXLPLQLPXPVHSDUDELOHGLQWUHHLGLVWDQ DPLQLPGHVHSDUD LHD
doi stimuli). Liniile sau contururile stimulilor vizuali situate mai aproape unele de altele decât
minimul separabil se contRSHVF vQFkW GDF VXQW IRDUWH DSURSLDWH SDU RPRJHQH 7HVWHOH GH
GHWHUPLQDUHDDFXLW LLYL]XDOHYL]HD]WRFPDLYHGHUHDGHGHWDOLXúLVHH[SULPGHUHJXOvQ
PLQLPXP YL]LELOH GLVWDQ D FHD PDL PLF OD FDUH SRW IL LGHQWLILFDWH GRX SXQFWH OXPLQRDVH
distincte sau posibilitatea de distingere a firului cel mai fin de pe un fond omogen). Testul
IRORVLWvQSUDFWLFDRIWDOPRORJLFvOUHSUH]LQWVFDUDYL]XDOVDXÄRSWRWLSLL´SURSXVGH6QHOOHQ
vQ  GH XQGH úL GHQXPLUHD GH WDEHOXO OXL 6QHOOHQ 6XQW OLWHUH FDUH VFDG vQ PULPH FX
ILHFDUH UkQG XUPkQG FD VXELHFWXO V OH LGHQWLILFH GH OD  P GLVWDQ  ÌQ WHKQLFD GH ODERUDWRU
SHQWUXGHWHUPLQDUHDDFXLW LLYL]XDOHVWDWLFHVHIRORVHVFGLIHULWHGLVSR]LWLYHFDUHSUH]LQWILJXUL
geometrice, puncte sau linii foarte finH FH SRW IL VXSUDSXVH VDX GLIHUHQ LDWH VDX SURLHFWDUHD
acestora).

&'HWHUPLQDUHDFURPRVHQVLELOLW LL
 6HQVLELOLWDWHD FURPDWLF SRDWH IL WHVWDW SH GLUHF LD WRQDOLW LL FURPDWLFH úL D
VDWXUD LHL
D3HQWUXFHUFHWDUHDWRQDOLW LLFURPDWLFHVHIRORVHúWH fotometrul (colorimetrul) ca cel
GHVFULV IRWRPHWUXO 3XOIULFK FX REVHUYD LD F DLFL VH IRORVHVF ILOWUHOH FRORUDWH $FHVWH ILOWUH
ODVVWUHDFQXPDLUD]HOHVSHFWUDOHFXRDQXPLWOXQJLPHGHXQGFRUHVSXQ]WRDUHFHORU
culori (r.o.g.v.a.i.v.). ProceduUDHVWHLGHQWLFVHIL[HD]RHPLVIHUODRWRQDOLWDWHGDWUHSHU
VXELHFWXOWUHEXLQGVDGXFúLFHDODOWHPLVIHUODDFHHDúLYDORDUH6HFLWHVFDEDWHULOHSHFDUH
ED]VHDSUHFLD]VHQVLELOLWDWHDVXELHFWXOXLID GHWRQXOFURPDWLF
b) Pentru cercetareD FDSDFLW LL GH GLIHUHQ LHUH D FXORULORU GXS VDWXUD LH VH IRORVHúWH
PHWRGD GLVFXULORU URWDWLYH 'LVFXO URWDWLY DUHVHFWRDUHvQFDUHFXORULOHGHFRPSDUDWVHDIOvQ
SURSRU LL GLIHULWH 3ULQ vQYkUWLUHD GLVFXOXL FX XQ PRWRUDú HOHFWULF VH VWDELOHúWH FDSDFLtatea
VXELHFWXOXL GH GLIHUHQ LHUH D VDWXUD LHL vQ IXQF LH GH QXPUXOGHWUHSWHPLQLPHVHVL]DWHvQWUH
FXORDUHDDOEúLFXORDUHDVSHFWUDOSXU
S-DFRQVWDWDWFvQWUHGLIHUHQ LHUHDWRQXOXLFURPDWLFúLDVDWXUD LHLH[LVWGHRELFHLXQ
raport invers propor LRQDO ÌQ ]RQD UHJLVWUXOXL VSHFWUDO XQGH GLIHUHQ LHUHD WRQXULORU HVWH PDL
EXQGLIHUHQ LHUHDVDWXUD LHLHVWHPDLVODEúLLQYHUV

5.3. 'HWHUPLQDUHDWXOEXUULORUVHQVLELOLW LLFURPDWLFH

9HGHUHD FXORULORU SUH]LQW LPSRUWDQ  SUDFWLF PDUH vQ H[HUFLWDUHD unor profesiuni,
îndeosebi din domeniul transporturilor). S-D FRQVWDWDW VWDWLVWLF F H[LVW R UVSkQGLUH UHODWLY
PDUH D WXOEXUULORU GH FURPRVHQVLELOLWDWH ÌQ FRQVHFLQ  vQ SURIHVLXQLOH OD FDUH VH XWLOL]HD]
FRGXUL FURPDWLFH úRIHUL IHURYLDUL DYLDWRUL HWF LQWHJULWDWHD VHQVLELOLW LL FURPDWLFH HVWH
LQGLVSHQVDELO
Cecitatea pentru culori D IRVW REVHUYDW SHQWUX SULPD GDW GH IL]LFLDQXO HQJOH] -RKQ
'DOWRQHOvQVXúLGHILFLWDUFURPDWLFGHXQGHúLGHQXPLUHDGHÄGDOWRQLVP´GDWFHFLW LL
pentru anumite culori).
&HFLWDWHDFURPDWLFVHPDQLIHVWILHSULQVFGHUHDVHQVLELOLW LLILHVXEIRUPDFHFLW LL
FURPDWLFH SDU LDOH VDX FRPSOHWH XOWLPD IRUP vQWkOQLW PDL UDU vQ VSHFLDO OD EUED L
Principalele deficite de cromosensibilitate sunt: 1. protanopia (daltonismul) este tulburarea
SHQWUX URúX úL YHUGH  GHXWHUDQRSLD GHWHUPLQ GH DVHPHQHD FHFLWDWHD SHQWUX URúX úLYHUGH
GDU FX R VFGHUH DFFHQWXDW vQ UHFHS LD YHUGHOXL FHL FDUH VXIHU GH DFHDVW DQRPDOLH DX
 12
VHQVLELOLWDWHD FURPDWLF GHSODVDW VSUH ]ona portocalie a spectrului (spre 600 milimicroni);
 WULWDQRSLD UHSUH]LQW FHFLWDWHD SHQWUX FXORULOH DOEDVWUX úL YLROHW HVWH R DQRPDOLH vQWkOQLW
rar).
Pentru identificarea eventualilor deficitari cromatic se folosesc diferite procedee,
dintre care mHQ LRQP
D7HVWXO+ROPJUHQIRUPDWGLQILUHGHOkQFRORUDWHvQWUHLFXORULVWDQGDUGYHUGHSXU
URúLH-UR]URúXDSULQV6XELHFWXOWUHEXLHVFRPSDUHILUHOHGHOkQGHQXDQ HGLIHULWHFXFXORULOH
standard.
b) Tabelele policrome sunt construite din lemn sau carton cu zone de culori diferite pe
FDUHVXELHFWXOWUHEXLHVOHLGHQWLILFH
c) Tabelele pseudoizocromatice (Stilling, Ishihara, Rabkin) sunt construite pe
SULQFLSLXO PDVFULL vQWU-un câmp cromatic de confuzie (pentru deficitari) a unor cifre, litere
sau alte semne colorate. Subiectul are sarcina de a identifica cifrele sau literele,
GLIHUHQ LLQ-du-OHGHFkPSXOFURPDWLFGHPDVFDUH$FHDVWRSHUD LHHVWHGLILFLOVDXLPSRVLELO
pentru deficitarii cromatic. Tabelele pseudoizocromatice au valoare diaJQRVWLF FUHVFXW vQ
depistarea celor cu anomalii cromatice, surprinzându-L úL SH VLPXODQ L FHL FDUH YRU V
PDVFKH]HWXOEXUDUHDVLP XOXLFURPDWLF

5.4. 'HWHUPLQDUHDFkPSXOXLYL]XDOúLSHULPHWUXOFXORULORU
&kPSXO YL]XDO UHSUH]LQW vQWLQGHUHD YHGHULL IU PRGLILFDUHD IL[D LHL SULYLULL (O VH
GHWHUPLQFXDMXWRUXOXQXLDSDUDWGHQXPLWSHULPHWUXYL]XDOÌQIRUPDVDVLPSOXQSHULPHWUX
vizual este format dintr-XQVHPLFHUFODFHQWUXOFUXLDVHDIOSXQFWXOGHIL[DUHDYHGHULLGHOD
care se face notarea în 800 SHQWUX ILHFDUH MXPWDWH D VHPLFHUFXOXL SULQ XUPDUH UHSHUXO GH
IL[DUHDSULYLULLFRQVWLWXLHúLSXQFWXOÄ´DOSHULPHWUXOXL
1RWDUHD JUDGHORU HVWH PDUFDW SH SDUWHD H[WHULRDU D VHPLFHUFXOXL 6XELHFWXO DúH]DW
vúL VSULMLQ EUELD vQWU-un dispozitiv specLDO DO SHULPHWUXOXL vQ ORFDúXO FRUHVSXQ]WRU SHQWUX
RFKLXOWHVWDWSHQWUXFDSULYLUHDDFHVWXLDVFDGSHUSHQGLFXODUSHUHSHUXOÄ´3HVHPLFHUFXO
SHULPHWUXOXL HVWH GHSODVDW XQ FXUVRU SH FDUH VH DIO FXORDUHD WHVWDW &XP V-D PHQ LRQDW
VXELHFWXOvúLIL[HD]SULYLUHDODPLMORFXOVHPLFHUFXOXLXQGHVHDIOUHSHUXOÄ´GDUFRQWLQXV
YDG VFRWRSLF SHULIHULF úL FXORDUHD vQ GHSODVDUH SkQ OD LHúLUHD GLQ FkPSXO YL]XDO VDX OD
LQWUDUHD vQ DFHVWD 0RPHQWXO LQWUULL VDX LHúLULL GLQ FkPS HVWH FLWLW vQ JUDGH úL UHSUH]LQW
OLPLWDvQWLQGHULLFkPSXOXLSHQWUXFXORDUHDúLYHFWRUXOWHVWDWH[WHULRULQWHULRUVXVMRV'DF
VHGHWHUPLQFkPSXOYL]XDOSHQWUXDPkQGRLRFKLLVLPXOWDQVHREVHUYFvQUHJLXQHDQD]DO
FkPSXO DFHVWRUD VH VXSUDSXQH 5H]XOWDWHOH RE Lnute se înscriu într-un grafic care permite o
LQWXLUH PDL DGHFYDW D SHULPHWUXOXL FXORULORU &XORULOH JDOEHQ úL DOEDVWUX DX FkPSXO FHO PDL
PDUHLDUYHUGHOHúLURúXODXXQFkPSPDLUHVWUkQV'HDVHPHQHDvQ]RQDQD]DOWRDWHFXORULOH
au un câmp mai mic.
PUHFL]DUHPHWRGRORJLFSHQWUXDFXUDWH HDGHWHUPLQULORUHVWHELQHFDILHFDUHPVXUDUH
VUHSUH]LQWHPHGLDDGRXYDORULODLQWUDUHDúLODLHúLUHDGLQFkPSXOYL]XDO
'HPRQVWUDUHDH[LVWHQ HLSHWHLRDUEHvQGHWHUPLQULOHSHYHFWRUXOH[WHULRUODSOHFDUHD
cuUVRUXOXL GLQ UHSHUXO Ä´ H[LVW XQ SXQFW VLWXDW OD DSUR[ -150 FkQG VXELHFWXO GHFODU F
ÄQXPDLYHGH´GXSFDUHvQFRQWLQXDUHDGHSODVULLFXORULLvQFHSHVYDGGLQQRX
5.5. Imagini consecutive
6HQ]D LD YL]XDO QX vQFHWHD] EUXVF R GDW FX vQFHWDUHD DF LXQLL H[FLWDQWXOXL 'XS
vQFHWDUHDDF LXQLLH[FLWDQWXOXLFDHIHFWSRVWDF LRQDODOVXFXPHFDQLVPIRWRFKLPLFSHULIHULF
úLQHUYRVFHQWUDOSHUHWLQUPkQHRXUPFDUHGHWHUPLQRLPDJLQHFRQVHFXWLY3ULQXUPDUH
LPDJLQHD FRQVHFXWLY FRQVWLWXLH R SHUVHYHUDUH D VHQ]D LHL YL]XDOH GXS FH DF LXQHD
H[FLWDQWXOXLDvQFHWDW,PDJLQHDFRQVHFXWLYSRDWHILSR]LWLYFkQGLPDJLQHDSHUVHYHUHQWHVWH
LGHQWLF FX FDUDFWHULVWLFLOH H[FLWDQWXOXL úL QHJDWLY FkQG DFHDVW LPDJLQH DUH FDUDFWHULVWLFL
inverse excitantului.
'HPRQVWUD LH VH SURLHFWHD] XQ IDVFLFXO OXPLQRV SH XQ HFUDQ VDX SH R IRDLH GH
KkUWLH WLPS GH FkWHYD VHFXQGH DSUR[ 

 DSRL VH VWLQJH 6H YD REVHUYD F LPDJLQHD

 13
OXPLQRDVYDSHUVLVWDXQWLPSSHUHWLQDFHODúLHIHFWVHRE LQHúLSULQSULYLUHD unui bec aprins
úLDSRLvQFKLGHUHDRFKLORU,PDJLQLOHFRQVHFXWLYHSR]LWLYHDXODUJDSOLFD LHvQFLQHPDWRJUDILH
LOX]LD PLúFULL LPDJLQLORU VWDWLFH GH SH SHOLFXO HVWH GDW GH DFHVWH LPDJLQL SHUVHYHUHQWH
DFHODúL HIHFW GH PLúFDUH IHQRPHQ VWURERVFRSLF  VH RE LQH úL SULQ vQYkUWLUHD SH vQWXQHULF D
XQXLFUEXQHDSULQV
ÌQ FD]XO LPDJLQLORU FRQVHFXWLYH QHJDWLYH LPDJLQHDSRVWDF LRQDOHVWHFRPSOHPHQWDU
FXORULLVWLPXOHQWXOXLúLQXDSDUHFDRSUHOXQJLUHDVHQ]D LHLFDvQFD]XOFHOHLSR]LWLYHFLGXS
R SDX] GH FkWHYD VHFXQGH 'DF GH H[HPSOX VH SULYHúWH 

 XQ FHUF VDX XQ SWUDW URúX úL

DSRLVHPXWSULYLUHDSHRVXSUDID DOEGXSFkWHYDFOLSHFkQGQXVHYHGHQLPLFYDDSDUH
FRQWXUXO FHUFXOXL VDX SWUDWXOXL vQ FXORDUHD YHUGH FRPSOHPHQWXO URúXOXL 'XS XQ WLPS FH
SRDWHILPVXUDWLPDJLQHDFRQVHFXWLY-QHJDWLYYDGLVSDUH&XORULFRPSOHPHQWDUHURúXYHUGH
DOEDVWUXJDOEHQ([LVWXQHOHGHRVHELULDOHFXORULORUFHDSDUFDHIHFWDOFRQWUDVWXOXLVXFFHVLYúL
culorile complementare (Bonenberger), astfel:

CuORDUHDGHED] &XORDUHDFRPSOHPHQWDU Culoarea ce apare ca efect al

contrastului succesiv
galben-portocaliu albastru-bleu albastru-ultramarin
portocaliu bleu albastru
albastru-cobalt galben-portocaliu URúX-portocaliu
verde-bleu portocaliu portocaliu-roúX

&RQWUDVWXOSRDWHILQXQXPDLFRQVHFXWLYFLúLVLPXOWDQ$úDGHH[HPSOXXQSWUDWGLQKkUWLH
FHQXúLH QL VH SDUH PDL DOE SH XQ IRQG QHJUX GHFkW SH XQ IRQG DOE ÌQ FD]XO FXORULORU
FRPSOHPHQWDUHRKkUWLHFHQXúLHDúH]DWSHXQIRQGFURPDWLFDQXPLWWLQGHVLDQXDQ DFXORULL
FRPSOHPHQWDUHGHYLQHJOEXLHúLSHXQIRQGURúXGHYLQHYHU]XLHHIHFWXODSDUHPDLELQHGDF
VHOXFUHD]WRWXOVXEKkUWLHWUDQVSDUHQW
2EVHUYD LH: culorile de contrast nu sunt reciproce ca cele complementare. De exemplu,
culoarea de contrast a galbenului este violetul, dar culoarea de contrast a violetului nu este
galbenul, ci galben-verzuiul. Culorile de contrast apar nu numai pe fond alb, ci pe oricare
altul.
,PDJLQLOHFRQVHFXWLYHúLFRQWUDVWXOVLPXOWDQSRWILIRORVLWHFDWHVWHSentru determinarea
oboselii vizuale sau generale.

'HWHUPLQDUHDVHQVLELOLW LLDXGLWLYH

6.1. 3UHFL]ULWHUPLQRORJLFHúLSDUDPHWULFH
2VFLOD LLOH DFXVWLFH VH SURSDJ vQ DHU OD 0 FX YLWH]D GH  PV FDUH FUHúWH OD
temperaturi mai înalte (343,2 m/s la +200; 386,5 m/s la 1000). În lichide, viteza sunetului este
PDLPDUHLDUvQFRUSXULOHVROLGHúLPDLPDUHSHVWHPV
Principalii parametri fizici ai sunetelor sunt:
a) IUHFYHQ D RVFLOD LLORU FDUH VH SHUFHSH SVLKRORJLF FD vQO LPH D VXQHWHORU 5HJistrul
GH IUHFYHQ H SHQWUX FDUH XUHFKHD RPHQHDVF HVWH VHQVLELO VH vQWLQGH vQWUH  +] úL  .+]
 +HU L 3HVWH  .+] YRUELP GHVSUH XOWUDVXQHWH QX VXQW SHUFHSXWH GH RP &X FkW
IUHFYHQ D RVFLOD LLORU HVWH PDL PDUH FX DWkW VXQHWHOH VXQW PDL vQDOWH úL LQYHUV ([HPSOH GH
VXQHWHvQDOWHIOXLHUDWXOSLXLWXOYRFHDGHVRSUDQMRDVHEDVXOWURPERQXOHWF
b) DPSOLWXGLQHD RVFLOD LLORU DFXVWLFH GHWHUPLQ LQWHQVLWDWHD VXQHWHORU HQHUJLD
WUDQVSRUWDW GH XQGD VRQRU SH XQLWDWHD GH WLPS ,QWHQVLWDWHD FD SDrametru fizic al energiei
RVFLOD LLORU VH SHUFHSH VXELHFWLY FD WULH D VXQHWHORU 3RWULYLW OHJLL %RXJXHU- Weber-Fechner
vQWUH H[FLWD LH úL VHQ]D LH FUHúWHUHD ORU H[LVW XQ UDSRUW ORJRULWPLF $FHVW UDSRUW UHOD LH VH
DSOLF úL vQ UHOD LD GLQWUH LQWHQVLWDWHD IL]LF D RVFLOD LLORU úL VHQ]D LD GH WULH D VXQHWHORU ÌQ
DFHVW VHQV DX IRVW DGRSWDWH FRQYHQ LRQDO XQLW L ORJRULWPLFH QXPLWH GHFLEHOL G% FDUH V
exprime acest raport. Pornindu-VHGHODREVHUYD LDFXUHFKHDDUHVHQVLELOLWDWHDFHDPDLPDUH
 14
în zonD IUHFYHQ HORU PHGLL SHQWUX FRPSDUDUHD UDSRUWXULORU LQWHQVLWDWH-WULH D VXQHWHORU GH
GLIHULWHIUHFYHQ HDIRVWVWDELOLWIUHFYHQ DGH+]FDIUHFYHQ DXGLRIXQGDPHQWDO/D
IUHFYHQ D GH  +] VXQHWXO FHO PDL VODE FDUH SRDWH IL SHUFHSXW DUH LQWHQVLWDWHD IL]LF GH
10-16 w/cm2DGLF,0 = 10-16 w/cm2 sau I0 = 10-10ZFP2 PLFURYD LSHFP2) , la o presiune de
EDUL$FHDVWYDORDUHDIRVWDGRSWDWFRQYHQ LRQDOFDQLYHOQXODOLQWHQVLW LLVXQHWXOXL
GHRULFHIUHFYHQ ÌQXQLW LORJDULWPLFHQLYHOXOQXOVHQRWHD]FXÄ´G%
8QWDEHOVLPSOXúLvQFRQVHFLQ XúRUGHXUPULWHVWHXUPWRUXOGXS6WHYHQV

Caracteristica sunetului 1LYHOXOGHWULHvQG%

– Pragul auzului (absolut) 0
–9RFHúRSWLWDX]LWGHODPGLVWDQ  10
– Tic-tacXOFHDVRUQLFXOXLGHPDV 20
–9RUELUHDvQFHDW 40
–6WUDG]JRPRWRDV 70
–LSLWXO 80
–2UFKHVWUIRDUWHSXWHUQLFFXVXIOWRUL 100
– Zgomotul tunetului 120
– Pragul de durere 130
(sunetul nu mai poate fi identificat)
$SUHFLHUHDvQXQLW LGHWULHG%DGLIHULWHORUVXQHWH

'HUH LQXWQLYHOXOGHWULHDOGLYHUVHORUVXQHWHVHvQWLQGHGHODÄ´G%SkQOD-130
G%OLPLWDGHWROHUDQ SVLKRIL]LRORJLFDVLVWHPXOXLDXGLWLY
c) )RUPD RVFLOD LLORU: Sunetele pot fi simple sau compuse. Sunetul pur (tonul) se
FDUDFWHUL]HD]SULQIRUPDVLQXVRLGDODRVFLOD LLORU6XQHWHOHFDUHDXRVFLOD LLPDLFRPSOH[HúL
R IRUP QHVLQXVRLGDO VH QXPHVF VXQHWH FRPSOH[H $VWIHO RULFH RVFLOD LH FRPSXV HVWH
IRUPDW GLQWU-XQ QXPU GH RVFLOD LL VLPSOH GH GLIHULWH IUHFYHQ H úL DPSOLWXGLQL LQWHQVLW L
2VFLOD LLOHVLQXVRLGDOHVLPSOHFDUHIRUPHD]RRVFLOD LHFRPSXVVHQXPHVFDUPRQLFLXQHRUL
RFWDYH )UHFYHQ HOH DUPRQLFHORU VXQW vQWRWGHDXQD GH XQ QXPU vQWUHJ GH RUL PDL PDULGHFkW
IUHFYHQ DRVFLOD LHLFRPSXVHDGLFVXQWPXOWLSOLDLDFHVWHLIUHFYHQ H'HH[GDFRRVFLOD LH
FRPSXV DUH IUHFYHQ D GH  +] SULPD DUPRQLF VDX IXQGDPHQWDOD YD DYHD GH DVHPHQHD
+]DUPRQLFDDGRXDYDILGHRULPDLPDUHDGLF+]DUPRQLFDDWUHLDYDILGHRUL
mai mare, adiF+]úDPG$PSOLWXGLQLOHDUPRQLFHORUVXQWGLIHULWHúLQXVHVXSXQXQRU
OHJLDWkWGHULJXURDVHFDIUHFYHQ HOHORU([SUHVLDSVLKRORJLFDIRUPHLRVFLOD LLORUUH]XOWDWGLQ
combinatorica armonicelor, este timbrul sunetelor. Timbrul unui sunet variaz GXS WULD úL
IUHFYHQ D IXQGDPHQWDOHL LDU FDOLWDWHD VD YDULD] GXS DUPRQLFD vQWULW 'H H[HPSOX
armonica a 2-DvQWULWYDGDVXQHWXOXLFODULWDWHúLVWUOXFLUHD-DYDGDXQVXQHWSWUXQ]WRU
&DOLWDWHD WLPEUDO VDX FXORDUHD WRQDO IDFH FD XQ VXQHW V ILH PkQJkLHWRU DOXQHFWRU DOE
sumbru, strident, rotund, metalic, clar etc. Tonul afectiv, caracteristica timbrului, poate genera
GLYHUVHVWULHPR LRQDOHWRQXOIDFHPX]LFD7LPEUXOGLIHULWHORUVXQHWHSHUPLWHLGHQWLILFDUHD
sursei care le-a provocDWDFWLYLWDWHDQWUHQDELO

6.2. 0HWRGHGHGHWHUPLQDUHDVHQVLELOLW LLDXGLWLYH

'LQWUH PHWRGHOH GH DFXPHWULH LQVWUXPHQWDO YRP LQVLVWD DVXSUD DXGLRPHWULHL FD ILLQG
FHD PDL X]XDO 6HQVLELOLWDWHD DX]XOXL vQ UDSRUW GH IUHFYHQ D VXQHWHORU GLQ UHJLVWUXO DXGibil,
IXQF LH GH WULH VH PVRDU FX DXGLRPHWUXO 8Q DXGLRPHWUX HOHFWURQLF HVWH HFKLSDW FX
JHQHUDWRUGHWRQXULSXUHUHJODELOHvQIUHFYHQ +]úLvQWULHG%3ULQGLVSR]LWLYHVSHFLDOH
DXGLRPHWUXODVLJXUSURGXFHUHDGHWRQXULFRQWLQXLúLLQWHUPLWHQWH. Tonurile astfel modulate în
IUHFYHQ  úL WULH VXQW FRQGXVH OD XUHFKLOH VXELHFWXOXL SULQ  FúWL VH SRDWH VWXGLD
VHQVLELOLWDWHDPRQRDXUDOVDXELQDXUDOGXSFXPVHIRORVHúWHRVLQJXUFDVFVDXDPkQGRX
6XELHFWXO VHPQDOL]HD] UHFHSWDUHD VXQHWXOXL OD R XUHFKH VDX OD DPkQGRX SRWULYLW FX VFRSXO
LQYHVWLJD LHL HIHFWXDWH &X DMXWRUXO DXGLRPHWUXOXL SRDWH IL GHWHUPLQDW VHQVLELOLWDWHD DEVROXW
 15
úLGLIHUHQ LDODDX]XOXL'HRDUHFHDXGLRPHWUHOHGHVHUYHVFvQSULQFLSDOVFRSXULFOLQLFHúLQX
GHSúHVF vQ JHQHUDO .+] SHQWUX LQYHVWLJDUHD DX]XOXL SH vQWUHJ UHJLVWUX GH IUHFYHQ H GLQ
JDPD DXGLELO - .+] VH SRW XWLOL]D JHQHUDWRDUH FDUH HPLW úL vQ DFHDVW EDQG
0VXUWRULOH HIHFWXDWH DVXSUD SUDJXULORU VHQVLELOLW LL DXGLWLYH vQ FH SULYHúWH LQWHQVLWDWHD
VRQRUvQIXQF LHGHIUHFYHQ VHRELHFWLYHD]vQDXGLRJUDP
$XGLRJUDPD HVWH R FXUE FRQWLQX FX YkUIXO FURúHWXO PD[LP vQ ]RQD IUHFYHQ HORU
medii (1000 –  +] UHVSHFWLY vQ UHJLXQHD PD[LPHL VHQVLELOLW L 3UDJXO DEVROXW DO
VHQ]D LHL DXGLWLYH SHQWUX ILHFDUH IUHFYHQ  HVWH GDW GH LQWHQVLWDWHD HQHUJLD PLQLP D
RVFLOD LLORUDFXVWLFH3HPVXUFHFUHúWHPQLYHOXOGHWULHDOVXQHWXOXLSHVWHG%VXELHFWXO
VHVL]HD] vQ XUHFKH R VHQ]D LH GH SUHVLXQH FDUH OD FUHúWHUHD vQ FRQWLQXDUH D WULHL DSDUH
VHQ]D LDGHGXUHUH3UDJXOVHQ]D LHLGHSUHVLXQHDUHXQQLYHOGHLQWHQVLWDWHGHDSUR[-120
dB, ceea ce corespunde unei presiuni sonore de 100 de bari (1 g/cm2). La acest nivel se
VLWXHD] SUDJXO PD[LPDO DO VHQ]D LHL DXGLWLYH OLPLWD GH WROHUDQ  SVLKRIL]LRORJLF D
VLVWHPXOXLGLQFRORGHFDUHDSDUVHQ]D LLDOJLFHVDXFKLDUGLVWUXJHULPRUIR-IXQF LRQDOH(VWHFD
úLFXPV-DUDVFXOWDPRWRDUHOHvQDPEDODUHDOHXQXLWXUERUHDFWRUGHODRGLVWDQ PDLPLFGH
PIUFDVFDQWLIRQLFDúDFXPDXPHFDQLFLLGHSHDHroporturi).

6.3. /RFDOL]DUHDVRQRVSD LDO

 /D SUHFL]LD ORFDOL]ULL VXUVHL GH VXQHW SDUWLFLS PDL PXO L IDFWRUL vQWUH FDUH PDL
LPSRUWDQ LVXQWGLIHUHQ DGHID]GHH[FLWD LHúLDPSOLWXGLQHDRVFLOD LLORU
D'LIHUHQ DGHID]GHH[FLWD LHSRDWHILSXVvQHYLGHQ SULQDúH]DUHDXQHLSHUHFKLGH
FúWL FX WXEXUL OD XUHFKLOH VXELHFWXOXL 6XQHWXO HVWH FRQGXV OD XUHFKL FX DMXWRUXO D  WXEXUL
IXUWXQHFDUHSRWILHJDOHVDXLQHJDOHvQWUHHOH'DFWXEXULOHVXQWHJDOHFDOXQJLPHVXELHFWXO
ORFDOL]HD]VXUVDvQSODQXOPHGLDQGHRDUHFHDPEHOHXUHFKLVXQWH[FLWDWHVLPXOWDQ'DFvQV
XQXO GLQ WXEXUL HVWH PDL VFXUW VXELHFWXO YD ORFDOL]D VXUVD vQ GLUHF LD XUHFKLL OD FDUH VXQHWXO
DMXQJH PDL UHSHGH vQWUXFkW YD IL H[FLWDW vQDLQWHD FHOHL GHIDYRUL]DWH DSDUH GHID]DMXO
exFLWD LHL 3ULQ XUPDUH XUHFKHD PDL DSURDSH GH VXUV YD DYHD XQ DYDQV GH WLPS GH H[FLWDUH
GDWRULW SR]L LHL úL GLVWDQ HL HL ID  GH DFHD VXUV 3HQWUX D H[FLWD úL FHDODOW XUHFKH RVFLOD LD
DFXVWLFWUHEXLHVWUDYHUVH]HDSUR[FPFLUFXPIHULQ DFDSXOXLFRQVLGHUkQGFDUILSHUIHFW
VIHULF /D DFHDVW WUDYHUVDUH RVFLOD LD FRQVXP WLPS úL vQ FRQVHFLQ  GHWHUPLQ GLIHUHQ D
ELQDXUDOGHWLPSbinaural time difference).
EÌQIDSWvQUHDOL]DUHDORFDOL]ULLVSD LDOHDVXQHWHORUvQDIDUGHGHID]DMXOGHH[FLWD LH
SDUWLFLS úL DPSOLWXGLQHD RVFLOD LLORU 3HQWUX D DMXQJH OD UHFHSWRUXO XUHFKHD GHIDYRUL]DW
RVFLOD LLOHSLHUGGLQHQHUJLHDVWIHOvQFkWDSDUHúLRGLIHUHQ GHLQWHQVLWDWHDH[FLWD LHLDWXQFL
FkQGH[LVWRGLIHUHQ GHID]/DIUHFYHQ HOHMRDVHGLIHUHQ DGHID]HVWHGDWGHvQWkU]LHUHD
FXFDUHXQGDVRQRUDMXQJHGHODRXUHFKHODFHDODOW/DIUHFYHQ HOHvQDOWHDFURUOXQJLPHGH
XQG HVWH PDL PDUH GHFkW GLVWDQ D GLQWUH FHOH GRX XUHFKL GLIHUHQ D GH ID] SURYLQH GLQ
GLIHUHQ D GH LQWHQVLWDWH DSOLFDW ILHFUHL XUHFKL &HD PDL DSURSLDW GH VXUV SULPHúWH R
LQWHQVLWDWHPDLPDUHvQWUXFkWDWHQXDUHDGHSHWUDVHXOGHSURSDJDUHúLHFUDQDUHDGDWGHFXWLD
FUDQLDQIDFFDODXUHFKHDPDLGHSUWDWGHVXUVVDMXQJPDLSX LQHQHUJLHVRQRU
ÌQDIDUGHDFHDVWDGHRVHELUHDGHLQWHQVLWDWHYDULDELOFXIUHFYHQ DGDWRULWDWHQXULLúL
GLIUDF LHLGHWHUPLQúLRGLIHUHQ GLQWLPEUXvQWUHFHOHXUHFKL
 3HQWUX GHWHUPLQDUHD FDSDFLW LL GH ORFDOL]DUH D VXQHWHORU V-au folosit dispozitive
dintre cele mai variate: colivii acustice (the sound cage GLIX]RDUH DúH]DWH vQ GLYHUVH
unghiuri; perimetre acustice etc.

'HWHUPLQDUHDVHQVLELOLW LLJXVWDWLYHúLROIDFWLYH

7.1. Determinarea pragurilor gustative se face prin aplicarea, cu ajutorul unei pipete
gradate, a XQRU VROX LL DSRDVH GLQ VXEVWDQ HOH JXVWRJHQH SXUH vQ GLIHULWH ]RQH GH SH OLPE
7HKQLFD HVWH ODERULRDV úL LQVXILFLHQW GH SUREDQW GDF LQHP VHDPD GH UH]XOWDWHOH
FRQWUDGLFWRULLRE LQXWHGHGLYHUúLFHUFHWWRUL
 16
7.2. 7HKQLFLGHPVXUDUHDSUDJXULORUROIDctive:
a) Olfactometrul Zwadermaker se compune din 2 tuburi, unul exterior din metal, care
vQFKLGH HWDQú SH FHO LQWHULRU GLQ SRU HODQ SRURV vQ FDUH VH vPELE VXEVWDQ D RGRUDQW ÌQWUHJ
DQVDPEOXOGHWXEXULJOLVHD]SHRPLF HDYFDUHVHLQWURGXFHvQQDULQa subiectului, apropiind
VDXGHSUWkQGDVWIHOVXEVWDQ DGHUHFHSWRUXOROIDFWLY6XELHFWXOWUHEXLHVVHVL]H]HPRPHQWXO
FkQG SHUFHSH PLURVXO SUDJXO DEVROXW VDX FkQG DSUHFLD] F D LQWHUYHQLW R VFKLPEDUH D
LQWHQVLW LLDFHVWXLDSUDJGLIHUHQ LDO
b) MarFDMXOSHKkUWLHGHILOWUXSURFHGHXOFKLPLúWLORUSDUIXPHUL3HSWU HOHGHKkUWLH
FXODWXUDGHFPVHPDUFKHD]SULQvPELEDUHGLIHULWHFRQFHQWUD LLDOHVXEVWDQ HLRGRULJHQH
$FHVWHSWU HOHGLQKkUWLHGHILOWUXVXQWDSXFDWHFXRSHQVHWúLSUH]HQWDWe subiectului spre a
OH DSUHFLD FDQWLWDWLY úL FDOLWDWLY 6XQW VWDELOLWH DVWIHO SUDJXULOH DEVROXW úL GLIHUHQ LDO SHQWUX
GLIHULWHVXEVWDQ HRGRUDQWHvQUDSRUWGHSXWHUHDúLFRQFHQWUD LDORURGRULJHQ