HORMONES AND

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
arranged by:
NIKKO ADHITAMA
 Introduction
2

 Hormones is a part of regulatory system

in addition to nervous system.
 Hormones are produced in endocrine
glands which is known as “ductless
glands”.
 Hormones along with nervous system
control the body homeostasis,
development, and reproduction.
 Hormones mainly composed by:
 Protein and Peptides
 Amines derived from amino acid
 steroids
 Hormonal System in Insects
3

The metamorphosis in
arthropods is regulated
by hormones.

•Brain Hormone (BH)

Inducts the prothorax
glands to produce
ecdyson.
•Ecdyson
Stimulates the ecdysis
(molting).
•Juvenile Hormone (JH)
Control the ecdysis and
metamorphosis.
 Hormonal System in Vertebrates
4

Hypothalamus
Endocrine
Pineal gland
Pituitary gland glands in
Thyroid gland
mammals mainly
Parathyroid glands consist of:
 Pituitarygland
 Thyroid gland
Adrenal glands  Parathyroid
Pancreas glands
Ovary
 Adrenal glands
(female)  Pancreas
 Ovary (♀)
Testis
(male)  Testis (♂)
 Pineal gland
Major Human Endocrine
Glands

5
6
 The Master of Glands
7

 Hypothalamus and pituitary control most

of endocrine glands and function.
 Hypothalamus receives information from
all of the body and triggers endocrine
glands to react.
 The downward elongation of
hypothalamus called pituitary.
 Two lobus of pituitary:
 Anterior pituitary
 Posterior pituitary
 Anterior Pituitary (Adenohypophysis)
8
 Anterior Pituitary (Adenohypophysis)
9

 Adenohypophysis releases about eight

hormones:
 FSH and LH (Gonadotropin hormone)
Stimulate the female and male gonad
activity.
 TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone)
Stimulate the hormone production of
thyroid gland.
 ACTH (Adenocorticotrophic Hormone)
Stimulate the hormone production of
adrenal cortex.
 Prolactin
10

 MSH (Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone)

Controlling pigment-containing-cell
activity.
 Endorphin

Inhibits the pain receptors in the brain.

 Growth Hormone (Somatotrophine
Hormone).
Stimulate the level of growth and
metabolism.
 Posterior Pituitary (Neurohypophysis)
11
 Posterior Pituitary (Neurohypophysis)
12

 Neurohypophysis do not produce

hormone. It only keep and secrete
hormones produced in hypothalamus.
 ADH (Anti Diuretic Hormone)
Also called vasoperine. Controls the water
level in the blood.
 Oxytocin

Inducts contraction of uterus muscle

during birth process.
 Thyroid Gland
13

 Thyroid gland located in front of

and on each side of the thyroid
cartilage of the larynx. This
glands secretes two kinds of
hormones:
 Calcitonin

Stimulates Ca2+ deposition in

the bones and secretion by the
kidneys, thus lowering blood Ca2+
levels.
 Triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine
(T4)
 Parathyroid Gland
14

 Parathyroid gland located next to thyroid

gland. It secretes PTH (Parathyroid
Hormone) or Parathormone. This hormone
regulate the level of Ca2+ with opposing
effect with Thyroid Hormone.
 Pancreas
15

 Pancreas is an endocrine and exocrine

gland. It secretes insulin and glucagon.
 Insulin manufactured by beta-cell (β-cell)
and control the glucose homeostasis by
decreasing its level.
 Glucagon produced by alpha-cell (α-cell)
and have opposite effect with its brother.
 Both insulin and glucagon responsible to
control sugar homeostasis.
 Adrenal Glands
16

 Located on the top of kidneys.

 Consists of two parts, medulla and
cortex.
 Adrenal Medulla
Secretes epinephrine and
norepinephrine. These hormones
increase the metabolism level rapidly.
Usually, these hormones released
due “threat” stimulus which triggers
fight-or-flight response.
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
also called “adrenalin and
17

 AdrenalCortex
Secretes glucocorticoids and
mineralocorticoids which has major function
on bioenergetics.

Glucocorticoids stimulate the conversion

of glicogen→glucose and synthesize of
glucose, i.e. Cortisol

mineralocorticoids controls the balance of

salt and water, i.e. aldosteron.
 18

Sample Problem
Seorang lelaki baru saja ditolak oleh gadis pujaannya.
Peristiwa tersebut menyebabkan ia stress dan
bersedih. Kondisi ini menyebabkan medulla adrenal
laki-laki tersebut memproduksi hormon…………yang adrenalin
menginduksi pemecahan molekul glikogen di hati.
Ternyata laki-laki itu mengalami stress yang
berkepanjangan, sehingga untuk menghindarkan
orang itu dari kematian, hypothalamus menginduksi
pituitary…….…untukanteriomemproduksi hormon……...
yang merangsang sekresi
r
ACTH hormon…………………..dan …
……………dari cortex
mineralocorticoi medulla.
glucocorticoi
d d
 Gonadal Sex Hormone
19

 The gonads (testes, ovaries) produces

many sex hormone such as: androgen,
testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone.
 Androgen and testosterone stimulate the
development and maintenance of the
male reproductive system.
 Testosterone stimulate the development
of muscle.
20

 Estrogen and progesterone involved in

maintenance of the female reproductive
system, development of female
secondary sex characteristics, and
preparing and maintaining the uterus.
 Disturbance on Endocrine System
21
 Diabetes Mellitus
22

 Diabetes mellitus is a disease where the

level of blood sugar increase out of
control.
 It caused by hypo secretion of insulin
hormone or damage in pancreas (esp. β-
cell in langerhans island).
 There are two types of diabetes mellitus,
they are:
 Diabetes Mellitus type I
 Diabetes Mellitus type II
 Diabetes Mellitus type I
23

 Diabetes Mellitus type I caused by

autoimmune abnormality where the body
immune system destroys pancreas cell
(esp. β-cell).
 The treatment could be “insulin therapy”.
This therapy inject insulin a few times a
day.
 Insulin can be synthesize by using genetic
engineering.
 Diabetes Mellitus type II usually occurs
 Diabetes Mellitus type II
24

 Diabetes Mellitus type II is caused by

degradation of target cell response upon
insulin.
 Usually occured in adult above 40 years
old.
 More than 90% diabetes is Diabetes
Mellitus type II.
 Food control and regular sports could help
the sufferers to survive.
 Heredity considered as the main factor.
“Diabetes Mellitus sufferers
have higher risk to obtain
heart attack, renal failure,
heart failure, blindness,
stroke, miscarriage, and
later, death.”

25
materials and pictures are taken from
Campbell 5th and 6th edition.

26