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What's AJAX?

Asynchronous JavaScript and XML, or Ajax (pronounced "Aye-Jacks"), is a web development technique for creating interactive web applications using a combination of: XHTML (or HTML) and CSS for marking up and styling information. (XML is commonly used, although any format will work, including preformatted HTML, plain text, JSON and even EBML). The Document Object Model manipulated through JavaScript to dynamically display and interact with the information presented The XMLHttpRequest object to exchange data asynchronously with the web server. In some Ajax frameworks and in some situations, an IFrame object is used instead of the XMLHttpRequest object to exchange data with the web server. Like DHTML, LAMP, or SPA, Ajax is not a technology in itself, but a term that refers to the use of a group of technologies together. In fact, derivative/composite technologies based substantially upon Ajax, such as AFLAX, are already appearing. Ajax applications are mostly executed on the user's computer; they can perform a number of tasks without their performance being limited by the network. This permits the development of interactive applications, in particular reactive and rich graphic user interfaces. Ajax applications target a well-documented platform, implemented by all major browsers on most existing platforms. While it is uncertain that this compatibility will resist the advent of the next generations of browsers (in particular, Firefox), at the moment, Ajax applications are effectively cross-platform. While the Ajax platform is more restricted than the Java platform, current Ajax applications effectively fill part of the one-time niche of Java aplets: extending the browser with portable, lightweight mini-applications.

Is CSS case sensitive?


{xtypo_infoCascading Style Sheets (CSS) is not case sensitve. However, font families, URLs to images, and other direct references with the style sheet may be. The trick is that if you write a document using an XML declaration and an XHTML doctype, then the CSS class names will be case sensitive for some browsers. It is a good idea to avoid naming classes where the only difference is the case, for example: div.myclass { ...} div.myClass { ... } If the DOCTYPE or XML declaration is ever removed from your pages, even by mistake, the last instance of the style will be used, regardless of case.{/xtypo_info}

What is class?
Class is a group of 1) instances of the same element to which an unique style can be attached or 2) instances of different elements to which the same style can be attached. 1) The rule P {color: red} will display red text in all paragraphs. By classifying the selector P different style can be attached to each class allowing the display of some paragraphs in one style and some other paragraphs in another style. 2) A class can also be specified without associating a specific element to it and then attached to any element which is to be styled in accordance with it's declaration. All elements to which a specific class is attached will have the same style. To classify an element add a period to the selector followed by an unique name. The name can contain characters a-z, A-Z, digits 0-9, period, hyphen, escaped characters, Unicode characters 161-255, as well as any Unicode character as a numeric code, however, they cannot start with a dash or a digit. (Note: in HTML the value of the CLASS attribute can contain more characters). (Note: text between /* and */ are my comments). CSS P.name1 {color: red} /* one class of P selector */ P.name2 {color: blue} /* another class of P selector */ .name3 {color: green} /* can be attached to any element */ HTML This paragraph will be red This paragraph will be blue This paragraph will be green This list item will be green It is a good practice to name classes according to their function than their appearance; e.g. P.fotnote and not P.green. In CSS1 only one class can be attached to a selector. CSS2 allows attaching more classes, e.g.: P.name1.name2.name3 {declaration} This paragraph has three classes attached

If background and color should always be set together, why do they exist as separate properties?
There are serveral reasons for this. First, style sheets become more legible -- both for humans and machines. The background property is already the most complex property in CSS1 and combining it with color would make it even more complex. Second, color inherits, but background doesn't and this would be a source of confusion.

How do I center block-elements with CSS1?


There are two ways of centering block level elements: 1. By setting the properties margin-left and margin-right to auto and width to some explicit value: BODY {width: 30em; background: cyan;} P {width: 22em; margin-left: auto; marginright: auto} In this case, the left and right margins will each be four ems wide, since they equally split up the eight ems left over from (30em - 22em). Note that it was not necessary to set an explicit width for the BODY element; it was done here to keep the math clean.

What are Cascading Style Sheets?


A Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) is a list of statements (also known as rules) that can assign various rendering properties to HTML elements. Style rules can be specified for a single element occurrence, multiple elements, an entire document, or even multiple documents at once. It is possible to specify many different rules for an element in different locations using different methods. All these rules are collected and merged (known as a "cascading" of styles) when the document is rendered to form a single style rule for each element.

How Ajax is Different?


An Ajax application eliminates the start-stop-start-stop nature of interaction on the Web by introducing an intermediary an Ajax engine between the user and the server. It seems like adding a layer to the application would make it less responsive, but the opposite is true. Instead of loading a webpage, at the start of the session, the browser loads an Ajax engine written in JavaScript and usually tucked away in a hidden frame. This engine is responsible for both rendering the interface the user sees a nd communicating with the server on the users behalf. The Ajax engine allows the users interaction with the application to happen asynchronously independent of communication with the server. So the user is never staring at a blank browser window and an hourglass icon, waiting around for the server to do something.

What is CSS?
CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets and is a simple styling language which allows attaching style to HTML elements. Every element type as well as every occurance of a specific element within that type can be declared an unique style, e.g. margins, positioning, color or size.

What are the advantages/disadvantages of the various style methods?


External Style Sheets Advantages * Can control styles for multiple documents at once * Classes can be created for use on multiple HTML element types in many documents * Selector and grouping methods can be used to apply styles under complex contexts Disadvantages * An extra download is required to import style information for each document * The rendering of the document may be delayed until the external style sheet is loaded * Becomes slightly unwieldy for small quantities of style definitions Embedded Style Sheets Advantages * Classes can be created for use on multiple tag types in the document * Selector and grouping methods can be used to apply styles under complex contexts * No additional downloads necessary to receive style information Disadvantages * This method can not control styles for multiple documents at once Inline Styles Advantages * Useful for small quantities of style definitions * Can override other style specification methods at the local level so only exceptions need to be listed in conjunction with other style methods Disadvantages * Does not distance style information from content (a main goal of SGML/HTML) * Can not control styles for multiple documents at once * Author can not create or control classes of elements to control multiple element types within the document * Selector grouping methods can not be used to create complex element addressing scenarios

What is CSS rule 'ruleset'?


There are two types of CSS rules: ruleset and at-rule. Ruleset identifies selector or selectors and declares style which is to be attached to that selector or selectors. For example P {text-indent: 10pt} is a CSS rule. CSS rulesets consist of two parts: selector, e.g. P and declaration, e.g. {text-indent: 10pt}. P {text-indent: 10pt} - CSS rule (ruleset) {textindent: 10pt} - CSS declaration text-indent - CSS property 10pt - CSS value

Can CSS be used with other than HTML documents?


Yes. CSS can be used with any ny structured document format. e.g. XML, however, the method of linking CSS with other document types has not been decided yet.

What is HTML?
HTML, or HyperText Markup Language, is a Universal language which allows an individual using special code to

create web pages to be viewed on the Internet.

Which browsers support CSS?


It depends on your definition of "support." If you are interested in those browsers which makes some attempt at supporting CSS, no matter how partial or bug-ridden, then the list is: * Internet Explorer 3.0 and above * Navigator 4.0 and above * Opera 3.6 and above * Konqueror * Arena * Emacs-w3 * Amaya * Lexicon * XPublish by Media Design inProgress If instead you're interested in those browsers which are known to do a credible job of bug-free and mostly completel support for CSS1, then the list narrows somewhat dramatically: * Internet Explorer 5.0 for Macintosh and above * Internet Exporer 5.5 for Windows and above * Netscape Navigator 6.0 and above * Opera 4.0 and above While none of these browser can be claimed to have a perfect implementation of CSS1, they are all quite good and can be relied upon to operate in a consistent fashion for most of CSS1.

What is the difference between ID and CLASS?


ID identifies and sets style to one and only one occurrence of an element while class can be attached to any number of elements. By singling out one occurrence of an element the unique value can be declared to said element. CSS #eva1 {background: red; color: white} .eva2 {background: red; color: white} HTML - ID Paragraph 1 - ONLY THIS occurrence of the element P (or single occurrence of some other element) can be identified as eva1 Paragraph 2 - This occurrence of the element P CANNOT be identified as eva1 HTML - CLASS Paragraph 1 - This occurrence of the element P can be classified as eva2 Paragraph 2 - And so can this, as well as occurrences of any other element,

How do I create a link that opens a new window?


opens a new, unnamed window. opens a new window named "example", provided that a window or frame by that name does not already exist. Note that the TARGET attribute is not part of HTML 4 Strict. In HTML 4 Strict, new windows can be created only with JavaScript. links that open new windows can be annoying to your readers if there is not a good reason for them.

What is a Hypertext link?


A hypertext link is a special tag that links one page to another page or resource. If you click the link, the browser jumps to the link's destination.

How do I create frames? What is a frameset?


Frames allow an author to divide a browser window into multiple (rectangular) regions. Multiple documents can be displayed in a single window, each within its own frame. Graphical browsers allow these frames to be scrolled independently of each other, and links can update the document displayed in one frame without affecting the others. You can't just "add frames" to an existing document. Rather, you must create a frameset document that defines a particular combination of frames, and then display your content documents inside those frames. The frameset document should also include alternative non-framed content in a NOFRAMES element. The HTML 4 frames model has significant design flaws that cause usability problems for web users. Frames should be used only with great care.

What is the simplest HTML page?


HTML Code: This is my message to the world! Browser Display: This is my message to the world!

What is a tag?
In HTML, a tag tells the browser what to do. When you write an HTML page, you enter tags for many reasons -- to

change the appearance of text, to show a graphic, or to make a link to another page.

Why does the browser show my plain HTML source?


If Microsoft Internet Explorer displays your document normally, but other browsers display your plain HTML source, then most likely your web server is sending the document with the MIME type "text/plain". Your web server needs to be configured to send that filename with the MIME type "text/html". Often, using the filename extension ".html" or ".htm" is all that is necessary. If you are seeing this behavior while viewing your HTML documents on your local Windows filesystem, then your text editor may have added a ".txt" filename extension automatically. You should rename filename.html.txt to filename.html so that Windows will treat the file as an HTML document.

My page looks good on one browser, but not on another,why?


There are slight differences between browsers, such as Netscape Navigator and Microsoft Internet Explorer, in areas such as page margins. The only real answer is to use standard HTML tags whenever possible, and view your pages in multiple browsers to see how they look.

What is === operator ?


==== is strict equality operator ,it returns true only when the two operands are having the same value without any type conversion.

What does javascript null mean?


The null value is a unique value representing no value or no object. It implies no object,or null string,no valid boolean value,no number and no array object.

What is a DOCTYPE? Which one do I use?


According to HTML standards, each HTML document begins with a DOCTYPE declaration that specifies which version of HTML the document uses. Originally, the DOCTYPE declaration was used only by SGML-based tools like HTML validators, which needed to determine which version of HTML a document used (or claimed to use). Today, many browsers use the document's DOCTYPE declaration to determine whether to use a stricter, more standards-oriented layout mode, or to use a "quirks" layout mode that attempts to emulate older, buggy browsers.

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