Lecture 3 CHANNEL CAPACITY

Signal-to-Noise Ratio SNR = signal power / noise power SNR(dB) = 10 log10(S/N) SNR in digital systems defined by Eb/N0.

SNR =

SignalPowe r Eb.Rb Eb.Rb = = N0 NoisePower N 0.BT .2.BT 2

Eb: bit energy N0/2: AWGN PSD. Power efficiency is described by (BER~SNR) In well-designed system, BER is a decreasing function of SNR If BER decreases faster with increased SNR, the system has better power efficiency Example of BER~SNR for a PCM system

Eb/N0 4.3 dB 8.4 10.6 12.0

Pe 10-2 10-4 10-6 10-8

10
10

10

BER
4

8 10 Eb/N0 (dB)

12

14

Maximum signaling rate: The maximum signaling rate in term of symbols or messages/second is given by nyqyist theorem by: r=2.B messages/s.

Shannons Formula for maximum capacity in bps The maximum capacity of a channel is given by : C = B log2(1 + SNR) this is the , bit rate that could be transmitted with no errors So Capacity can be increased by: Increasing Bandwidth Increasing SNR (note: capacity linear in SNR(dB)) Remark: for an infinite SNR we can send an infinite number of bits/ second whatever the allocated bandwidth. The formula tells us also that if we reduce the power (SNR) we have to increase the bandwidth for same channel capacity and vice- versa. (Power, Bandwidth trade off). C = B log2(1 + SNR) bits/s SHANNON r=2.B symbols/s (1)

2.B.log2(M) bit/s NYQUIST (2)

2.B.log2(M) = B log2(1 + SNR)

M = 1 + SNR (3)

M is the number if levels that can be used. log2(M) = The number of bits/symbol that can be used over this channel = 0,5.log2(1+SNR) Special conditions: If log2(1 + SNR)=2 1 bit (1 + SNR)=4 M=2.

binary transmission only.

So we can transmit 2B symbols/s 1 bit/symbol= 2B bit/s (C=2B). If log2(1 + SNR) < 2 (1 + SNR) < 4 M< 2

C = B log2(1 + SNR) < 2 B. Here we can not send data in binary form @ nyquist rate over this channel (the limit is C bits/s). Binary data could be sent but a rate smaller than 2.B symbols/s

Channel capacity= Max number of symbols per second * Max number of bits /symbol Max number of symbols per second : limited by the bandwidth

Max number of bits /symbol: Limited by the power. C/B function of Eb/N0.

C = B. log 2(1 + SNR ) = B. log 2(1 +

Eb.Rb ) N 0.B

If we are transmitting @ full channel capacity Rb=C.

C = B. log 2(1 +

Eb.C ) N 0.B

C / B = log 2(1 +

Eb.C ) N 0.B

Eb 2 C / B 1 = N0 C/B

This the theoretical limit for the relation between the spectral efficiency(C/B b/s/Hz) and the power efficiency (Eb/N0)

Maximum spectral efficiency

C/B is the spectral efficiency (Number of bits per second per HZ) Question : What is the Eb/N0 ratio that requires an infinite bandwidth to send data with 0 error probability ??

C = B. log 2(1 +

Eb.C ) = B. N 0 .B

ln(1 +

Eb.C Eb.C ) N 0.B = B. N 0.B --> Eb/N0= ln2 ln 2 ln 2

If x <<< then ln(1 + x ) = x What is the channel capacity for this condition:

C = B. log 2(1 +

P P P ) = B. = N 0.B N 0.B. ln 2 N 0. ln 2

Exercise 1: A Telephone circuit has a bandwidth of 3000 Hz and a S/N ratio of 30dB a)What is the channel capacity b) Maximum symbol rate for full use of bandwidth (Nyquist limit) c) Whats the corresponding number of bits / symbol d) What is The effective number of distinguishable levels M Solution: a) Channel capacity : 3000*log2( 1+ 1000)= 30000 *10= 30 000 b/s max b) Maximum symbol rate= 6 Ksym/s = 2*3000. c) M = 1 + SNR , SNR= 1000 in linear, M=32 5 bits/ symbol.

d) Number of levels= 32 levels. That means we can transform our Binary (PCM signal) into a PAM (5 bits/symbol) and we will need less bandwidth. Exercise 2: We need to send 265 kbps over a noiseless channel with a bandwidth of 20 kHz. How many signal levels do we need? Solution We can use the Nyquist formula as shown: In 20 KHz bandwidth we can send a max symbol rate : 2B symbols/s= 40 Ksymbols/s. Noiseless channel M has no limits.

We need to send 265 Kbp/s

2.B. log 2( M ) >= 265 Kbps

40 .log2(M) > 265

log2(M) >=6,625

>=98,7 Levels M #2n M=128 levels, the maximum allowed bit rate with 128 levels is 280 kbps > 265 Kbps

Remark: in this case the bit rate is fixed but the channel capacity is infinity. Exercise 3: 1- The SNR is 30 dB in the bandwidth of 32 KHz. What is the channel capacity for this channel. 2- How many bits/symbol are allowed 3- A digital signal has a bit rate of 64 Kbps/s . We transmit this signal with M levels . (M calculated in part 2). Could we use an 8 KHz channel to transmit this signal Solution: 1- SNR= 30 1000 . C = B. log 2(1 + SNR ) = 32 K * log 2(1001) ~ 320 Kbps

2- M = 1 + SNR = 32 levels 3- For binary: 64 Kbps Exercise 4: What is the ratio between the bandwidth of an analog signal and a digital signal. We assume fs= 2fmax and digital signal is sent in a binary format M=2. Solution: BW of analog= fmax BW of the digital: 2.fmax samples/s * n bits/ sample Binary format : 2n.fmax bits /s 2n.fmax bits/s. 2n. fmax symbols/s 64 /5 symbols/s ~ 12,8 Ksymbols/s

2n.fmax symbols/s requires (Nyquist) a bandwidth of n.fmax. This result is interesting because it tells us that the digital signal in its binary format requires a lot of bandwidth when compared with the original signal.

- Exercise 5: What is the required SNR to send a digital signal (n bits/ sample, n=8) in a bandwidth= to the bandwidth of the original analog signal. Solution:

BW digital= n.BW analog We need to reduce the bandwidth of the digital signal by a factor of n=8 So we should be able to transform 8 bits into 1 symbol M= 256 SNR dB= 48 dB.

M = 1 + SNR
Exercise 6:

1+SNR= M2= 2^16

SNR~ 2^16

We would like to transmit 100 Mb/s in a bandwidth of 10 MHz. 1- What is the required Eb/N0. 2- We consider N0= -174 dBm/Hz What is the required power for the transmission in dBm Solution 1- C/B=10
Eb 2 C / B 1 2^ 10 = = =1024/10=102.4 N0 C/B 10

Eb/N0)dB ~ 20 dB

3- EbdB= -174+20=-154 dBm P= Eb.C PdBm= EbdBm+ C dB=-154+ 10.log(100.106)=-154+80= -74 dBm This is Shannon limit , in reality systems try to reach Shannon limit. Exercise 7 A modem is operating @ 56 Kbps uses an 8 levels modulation (3 bits per symbol) The modem has an ADC with a quantization step of q=1mV and a resolution N= 8 bits 1- Calculate quantization noise. 2- Calculate the SNR of the ADC 3- Deduce the power of the signal (S) corresponding to the full scale operation The channel has a frequency bandwidth of 2400 Hz 4- Calculate the channel SNR for the good operation of the modem. 5- Whats the maximum allowed frequency at the input of the ADC.