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Hormone Target Action Regulation Clinical/Other
Thyroid
T3, T4Nuclear Receptors of:Sympathomimetic (
↑
HR, CO, Resp.,metabolism),
↑
protein synthesisMost tissues
↑
O
2
consumption, heat (d/t
↑
metabolism)Bone MarrowErythropoeisisGI tract
↑
motilityBone
↑
bone turnover CardiacAlters myosin isoenzymesTSH stimsIodineHypothyroidism-Children-cretinism-Adults-myxedema- fatigue, constipation, puffy face/hands, weight gain, m.weakness (accumulation of GAGs)Hyperthyroidism – Grave’s Dz goiter,ophthalmopathy, palpitations,
↓
weight,heat intolerance
Parathyroid
PTHBone
↑
bone resorption (
↑
Ca
+2
)Kidney
↑
Ca
+2
reabsorption, PO
4-3
secretionIntestine
↑
Ca
+2
absorption via Vit. DCa
+2
in bloodHypo-low blood Ca
+2
can cause tetanyHyper-hypercalcemia andhypophosphatemia
Liver
IGF-1Bone, Heart, LungOrganomegaly,
↑
Organ functionChondrocytes
↑
linear growthGH
Pancreas
β 
-Cells – 
InsulinHypothalamus
↓
hunger Liver 
↑
glycogen storage,
↑
synth cholesterols,
↑
glycolysisAdipose
↑
TG storage,
↑
glucose uptake,
↓
lipolysisMuscle
↑
protein synthesis (aa uptake),
↑
glycogensynthesis (
↑
glucose transport),
↓
aa release(m/ breakdown)High blood glucose stimGlucagon-Like Peptides(GLP) stimSST inhibitsGLUT2 -
β
cell glucose sensor GLUT4 - activated by insulin -
↑
# on cellsurface to
↑
glucose uptake in skeletal,cardiac m., adipose
α 
-Cells – 
GlucagonLiver 
↑
aa uptake,
↑
glycogenolysis,
↑
gluconeogenesis,
↑
ketogenesisAdipose
↑
lipolysis (FFA)Stim – aa, ACh, Epi, Low blood glucoseInhibit- glucose, insulin,SST, FFA
GI Tract
Stomach – 
Ghrelin Hypothalamus
↑
Hunger Fasting releases
Small Intestine – 
CCKHypothalamus
↓
Hunger 
Sm./Lg. Intestine – 
PYY Hypothalamus
↓
Hunger 
Kidney
1,25-OH-DGI Tract
↑
Ca
+2
,
↑
PO
4-3
absorptionPTHFrom skin, diet - Liver 
→
25-OH-D
Adipose
Leptin
 
Hormone Target Action Regulation Clinical/Other
Adrenal Cortex
 Zona Glomerulosa-
Mineralocorticoids(Aldosterone)Maintain plasma volume via Na
+
retention, K 
+
excretionRenin-AngiotensinsystemHyper-1
°
/2
°
Aldosteronism-HTN d/thypernatremia & ECF expansion; m.weakness, fatigue d/t hyperkalemiaHypo of 
aldosterone
-1
°
AdrenocorticalInsufficiency (Addison’s Dz)-dehydration,HTN, hyponatremia (Na
+
wasting),hyperkalemia (K 
+
retention)
 Zona Fasciculata-
Glucocorticoids (Cortisol,Hydrocortisone)Gonadocorticoids(androgens)CNS
↓
CRH, ADH;
↑
appetiteCVMaintain sensitivity to vasoconstrictorsLiver 
↑
Gluconeogenesis (which
↑
lipolysis)LungsFetal lung devoPituitary
↓
ACTHKidney
↑
GFR Bone
↑
Resorption,
↓
FormationMuscleCatabolic (
↑
aa),
↓
insulin sensitivityImmuneSuppresses (
↓
inflammation)CT
↓
Collagen synthesisCRF-ACTH systemHelps relieve stress (Stress activates CRHrelease)
↑
release in morning (so wake with normal blood glucose), peak ~1 hr post. wakeHyper-Cushings Dz-truncal obesity, moonfacies, HTN, gonadal dysfxnHypo of 
cortisol 
-1
°
AdrenocorticalInsufficiency (Addison’s Dz)- fatigue,hyperpigmentation, GI abnormalities
 Zona Reticularis-
Glucocorticoids, weak androgens (DHEA)See aboveDHEA precursor for T (negligible in males)CRF-ACTH systemCAH-
↓
response to ACTH
→
 
↑
androgens – female pseudohermaphroditism - AdrenalAndrogen HyperS – hirsutism,oligomenorrhea, acne, virilization of females
Adrenal Medulla
Catecholamines (Norepi,Epi)Fight-or-flight response (
↑
HR, CO, BP, Resp.rate, bronchiole dilation, vasoconstrict skin/gut,vasodilate heart, skeletal m.)ACh
↑
exocytosis of secretory granulesTumor (pheochromocytoma) may causesudden onset HTN, headache, sweating, palpitations, tachycardia
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