Hormone Target Action Regulation Clinical/Other

Thyroid
T3, T4 Nuclear Receptors of: Sympathomimetic (↑ HR, CO, Resp., TSH stims Hypothyroidism
metabolism), ↑ protein synthesis Iodine -Children-cretinism
Most tissues ↑ O2 consumption, heat (d/t ↑ metabolism) -Adults-myxedema- fatigue, constipation,
puffy face/hands, weight gain, m.
Bone Marrow Erythropoeisis weakness (accumulation of GAGs)
GI tract ↑ motility Hyperthyroidism – Grave’s Dz goiter,
Bone ↑ bone turnover ophthalmopathy, palpitations, ↓ weight,
heat intolerance
Cardiac Alters myosin isoenzymes
Parathyroid
PTH Bone ↑ bone resorption (↑Ca+2) Ca+2 in blood Hypo-low blood Ca+2 can cause tetany
Kidney ↑ Ca+2 reabsorption, PO4-3 secretion Hyper-hypercalcemia and
hypophosphatemia
Intestine ↑ Ca+2absorption via Vit. D
Liver
IGF-1 Bone, Heart, Lung Organomegaly,↑ Organ function GH
Chondrocytes ↑ linear growth
Pancreas
β-Cells – Insulin Hypothalamus ↓ hunger High blood glucose stim GLUT2 - β cell glucose sensor
Liver ↑ glycogen storage, ↑ synth cholesterols, ↑ Glucagon-Like Peptides GLUT4 - activated by insulin - ↑# on cell
glycolysis (GLP) stim surface to ↑ glucose uptake in skeletal,
Adipose ↑ TG storage, ↑ glucose uptake, ↓ lipolysis SST inhibits cardiac m., adipose
Muscle ↑ protein synthesis (aa uptake), ↑ glycogen
synthesis (↑ glucose transport), ↓ aa release
(m/ breakdown)
α-Cells – Glucagon Liver ↑ aa uptake, ↑ glycogenolysis, ↑ Stim – aa, ACh, Epi, Low
gluconeogenesis, ↑ ketogenesis blood glucose
Adipose ↑ lipolysis (FFA) Inhibit- glucose, insulin,
SST, FFA
GI Tract
Stomach – Ghrelin Hypothalamus ↑ Hunger Fasting releases
Small Intestine – CCK Hypothalamus ↓ Hunger
Sm./Lg. Intestine – PYY Hypothalamus ↓ Hunger
Kidney
1,25-OH-D GI Tract ↑Ca+2, ↑PO4-3 absorption PTH From skin, diet - Liver→25-OH-D
Adipose
Leptin
 Hormone Target Action Regulation Clinical/Other
Adrenal Cortex
Zona Glomerulosa- Maintain plasma volume via Na+ retention, K+ Renin-Angiotensin Hyper-1°/2° Aldosteronism-HTN d/t
Mineralocorticoids excretion system hypernatremia & ECF expansion; m.
(Aldosterone) weakness, fatigue d/t hyperkalemia
Hypo of aldosterone-1° Adrenocortical
Insufficiency (Addison’s Dz)-dehydration,
HTN, hyponatremia (Na+ wasting),
hyperkalemia (K+ retention)
Zona Fasciculata- CNS ↓CRH, ADH; ↑appetite CRF-ACTH system Helps relieve stress (Stress activates CRH
Glucocorticoids (Cortisol, CV Maintain sensitivity to vasoconstrictors release)
Hydrocortisone) Liver ↑ Gluconeogenesis (which ↑ lipolysis) ↑ release in morning (so wake with normal
Lungs Fetal lung devo blood glucose), peak ~1 hr post. wake
Gonadocorticoids Hyper-Cushings Dz-truncal obesity, moon
Pituitary ↓ ACTH
(androgens) facies, HTN, gonadal dysfxn
Kidney ↑ GFR
Hypo of cortisol-1° Adrenocortical
Bone ↑ Resorption, ↓ Formation Insufficiency (Addison’s Dz)- fatigue,
Muscle Catabolic (↑aa), ↓ insulin sensitivity hyperpigmentation, GI abnormalities
Immune Suppresses (↓ inflammation)
CT ↓ Collagen synthesis
Zona Reticularis- See above CRF-ACTH system CAH- ↓ response to ACTH→ ↑ androgens
Glucocorticoids, weak DHEA precursor for T (negligible in males) – female pseudohermaphroditism - Adrenal
androgens (DHEA) Androgen HyperS – hirsutism,
oligomenorrhea, acne, virilization of
females
Adrenal Medulla
Catecholamines (Norepi, Fight-or-flight response (↑HR, CO, BP, Resp. ACh ↑ exocytosis of Tumor (pheochromocytoma) may cause
Epi) rate, bronchiole dilation, vasoconstrict skin/gut, secretory granules sudden onset HTN, headache, sweating,
vasodilate heart, skeletal m.) palpitations, tachycardia
 Hormone Target Action Regulation Clinical/Other
Sex Organs
Testosterone Testes Maintain spermatogenesis, male duct FSH stims Leydig cells –
morphology, accessory sex glands, 2° sex Activin and Inhibin from
characteristics testes regulates FSH
Estrogen Ovary ↑ FSH, LH receptors on follicle and theca cells
–primes follicular tissue for progesterone
Uterus ∆ SM cell length
Cervix Mucus watery, abundant - + for sperm
Oviduct Mucosa Promotes ciliogenesis and mitosis
Vagina Mucosa Epithelium thick, cornified, filled w/ glycogen
Progesterone Ovary Local levels modulate ovulation
Uterus Quiet SM cx (w/ relaxin)
Cervix Mucus thick, sparse - – for sperm
Oviduct Mucosa Stim secretory activity and SM cx
Vagina Mucosa Epithelium thin, sloughed cells nucleated
Placenta
hCG Corpus Luteum Maintains corpus luteum until placenta takes
over making progesterone and estrogen
hCS GH-like - stim gluconeogenesis in maternal
liver
Estrogens Lots of aromatase in
placenta→convert almost
all androgens
Estriol Made from DHEA sulfate Marker of fetal health/brain devo – made
from fetal adrenal from DHEA sulfate