USE of complex

numbers in electrical
networks



Impedance
Electrical impedance is the measure of the
opposition that a circuit present to the
passage of a current when voltage is
applied.
In other words it is the complex ratio of
the voltage to the current in an AC circuit.
The impedance of an ideal resistor is
purely real and is referred to as a
resistive impedance,
Z
R
= R
Because the voltage and current
waveforms are proportional and in
phase.
The Impedance of Inductor increases as
frequency increases.
Z
L
= jwL
The Impedance of capacitor decreases as
frequency increases.
Z
C
= -j/wC


Eulers formula
e
iu
= cos u + i sin u


Generally we use this formula to solve many
electrical circuit examples.


Derivation of This formula is


( )
1
2
2
2
Let sin
sin
1
, now let so
1
1
1
1
1
y
y
dy y iz dy idz
y
idz
iz
i dz
z
u
u
u

=
=
= = =

=
+
(
(
]
(
(
]
(
(
]
( )
( )
2
2
2
2
1
1
ln 1 [standard integral]
sin
now
sin sin
ln 1
ln 1 sin sin
i dz
z
i z z
y
y iz z
i i
i
i i
i i
u
u
u
u u
u
u u
=
+
= + +
= = =
| |
| |
= + + |
|
|
\ .
\ .
=
(
(
]
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
1
ln 1 sin sin
ln cos sin
ln cos sin
ln cos sin
1
ln
cos sin
1 cos sin
ln
cos sin cos sin
i i
i i
i i
i i
i
i
i
i
i i
u u u
u u u
u u u
u u u
u
u u
u u
u
u u u u

=
=
=
=
| |
=
|

\ .
+
| |
=
|
+
\ .
( )
1 cos sin
ln
cos sin cos sin
ln cos sin
cos sin
i
i
i
i i
i i
e i
u
u u
u
u u u u
u u u
u u
+
| |
=
|
+
\ .
= +
= +
R-L-C notch filter
Function
This circuit removes a narrow band of
frequencies from a signal. The use of
complex substitution greatly simplifies the
analysis of this and similar circuits.
Derivation
Using voltage divider circuit we get,






Reference :-