Mc lc

Cc thao tc c bn c mt nh s p S dng cc ch chp ca my nh s Cch iu chnh khu , tc trn my nh s ph thng Chun b cho th loi nh macro Tm hiu v hng sng Khai thc kh nng chng rung trn my nh Chun b cho chp chn dung Hng dn chp nh ma Kinh nghim chp nh phong cnh Kinh nghim chp nh th thao 10 l do khng nn dng ch AF 2 2 3 4 5 7 10 11 12 14 15

Cc thao tc c bn c mt nh s p
Tay cm my phi chc chn, khng run tay khi chp v cn thn khng tay che ng knh, n Flash v cc b phn cm bin pha trc ca my nh. La chn phn gii (Resolution) v cht lng thch hp vi nh cn chp c c nh p nh v tit kim c b nh ca my. Phi ly nt (Focus) ng cch, ng i tng cn chp. Trn my lun c n bo hoc biu tng hin th trn mn hnh cho bit tnh trng Focus. Thng thng nhn nt chp xung khong 1/2 v gi khong vi giy my t ng ly nt sau mi nhn tip chp. Nu my khng th ly nt c thng l do thiu sng, hy s dng chc nng Focus Assist Illuminator h tr nh sng ly nt hoc s dng chc nng Manual Focus t chnh nt cho nh. Nu vn khng ly nt c th hy di chuyn v tr chp hoc i tng cn chp, khng nn tip tc chp khi my khng ly nt c v nh c th s b m. S dng cc ch chp thch hp cho tng trng hp nh trong nh, ngoi tri, ban m,... tuy nhin nu nh khng p th nn chn ch Auto my t ng a ra cc thng s chp. Nu nh chp c sng khng nh th hy i sang cc kiu o sng khc my t iu chnh li cc thng s v sng. Khi chp ngc sng, tri sng nhng i tng cn chp trong bng rm hoc b che sng th cn phi m n Flash ch Flash On. Nu hu cnh pha sau sng hn i tng cn chp th nn chnh b sng bng cch tng Exposure ln cn bng sng cho nh. Khi chp ban m ngoi cch s dng ch chp ban m cn c th tng nhy sng (ISO) ln hoc gim tc chp. Lu trong trng hp ny cn phi gi chc my trong v sau khi chp vi giy nh khng b nhe hoc c th s dng chn (Tripod). Kim tra nh trong mn hnh LCD, nu thy nh khng p th nn i sang ch chp khc. Thng thng sau khi chp, nh s hin th trn mn hnh khong vi giy, y chnh l nh c chp v x l. Nn iu chnh khung hnh ln hn nh cn chp mt t sau ny c th b cc v ct hoc thu nh li nu cn. nh s sau khi chp nn c a vo my vi tnh s dng chng trnh ha x l cc khuyt im ca i tng chp, ty xa nhng phn khng mong mun trn nh, iu chnh sng v mu sc c c nhng nh p nh .

S dng cc ch chp ca my nh s
Shooting Mode (Cc ch chp): Hu ht cc my nh s u c nt chn ch chp v thng c dng xoay trn ln lt vi cc chc nng sau: Auto: Chp t ng hon ton, tt c cc thng s u do my quyt nh, cc nt chc nng khc u b v hiu. Ch ny thch hp vi ngi mi s dng, cha nm r cc chc nng ca my. Manual: iu chnh tay, ngi dng c th s dng tt c cc nt chc nng ca my thit lp cc thng s nh tc chp, m ca ng knh (khu ), nh sng... Ch ny thch hp vi nhng ngi chuyn nghip, bit cch tnh ton cc thng s chp c tm nh nh . Program: Chng trnh lp sn, my s t tnh ton v a ra cc thng s c lp trnh sn, ch c mt s t nt chc nng hot ng h tr thm. y l ch bn t ng, thch hp 2

vi ngi dng mun s dng ch t ng nhng mun thit lp thm vi thng s (nh sng, n Flash...) ph hp vi iu kin thc t. Tv (S): u tin tc , ngi dng s chn tc mun chp v my s tnh ton thng s khu ca ng knh t c sng cn thit. Ch ny thch hp chp cc cnh c tc cao (chp i tng ang chuyn ng...). Av (A): u tin khu , ngi dng s chn khu mun chp v my s tnh ton thng s tc ca ng knh t c sng cn thit. Ch ny thch hp nhn mnh i tng mun chp (ch c i tng chnh r nt cn cc i tng khc v hu cnh b m...). Movie: Quay video, c th s dng ch ny th nhng on phim bng my nh s, ty theo my m thi gian cho php thu khc nhau, c hoc khng c m thanh. Portrait: Chp chn dung, my s tnh ton lm ni bt chn dung (hoc i tng) mun chp. Ch ny thch hp chp nh chn dung. Landscape: Phong cnh, my s iu chnh nt v cc ton b cnh chp s c nt cao. Ch ny dng chp phong cnh. Night Scene: Cnh m, my s tnh ton cc thng s nh sng v tc chp lm sng i tng c chp v hu cnh xung quanh. Ch ny dng chp lc tri ti, ban m. Fast Shutter (Sport): Chp tc nhanh, my s chp vi tc cao v ng thi tnh ton cc thng s m bo c nh sng cho nh chp. Ch ny dng chp cc i tng ang di chuyn nhanh. Slow Shutter: Chp tc chm, my s chp vi tc thp v ng thi tnh ton cc thng s m bo cho nh chp khng b qu sng. Ch dng chp cc i tng ang di chuyn v lm nhe cc i tng ny to cm gic i tng ang di chuyn. Stitch Assist (Panorama): Chp ton cnh, dng ch ny chp 2 hoc nhiu cnh lin tip k nhau sau rp ni li thnh mt cnh duy nht rng hn mc cho php ca my nh. SCN (Special Scene): Chn ch ny sau s dng cc nt mi trn tri hoc phi chn tip cc kiu chp c lp trnh sn dnh cho cc cnh c bit: Foliage: Chp cy, hoa, l... Snow: Chp gia tri c tuyt. Beach: Chp bi bin. Fireworks: Chp pho hoa. Underwater: Chp di nc. Indoor: Chp trong nh. Kids & Pets: Chp tr em v cc con vt. Night Snapshot: Chp cnh ban m. Cc ch chp khc (Drive Mode): Single Shooting: Ch chp 1 nh, y l ch chp thng thng, mi khi nhn nht chp ch c mt nh c chp. Continuous Shooting: Ch chp nhiu nh lin tip, y l ch chp c bit, khi nhn nht chp my s chp lin tip nhiu nh cho n khi no khng nhn nt chp na mi ngng. Chp hn gi (Self-timer): Chn ch ny nh thi gian cho my t chp. Cn cnh (Macro): Chp cc i tng khong cch rt gn, khong t 5cm n 50cm.

Cch iu chnh khu v tc trn my nh s ph thng

3

Khi bn s mun chp nhng tm nh c cht lng hn v vic ny i nhng k thut chp vi s thit lp thng s v khu v tc hp l. Nhng tic l my nh loi ph thng hin c ca bn khng th p ng c iu ny. Tuy nhin, c 2 cch bn c th thc hin nhng k thut chp nh nh ngh hn. 1. Tm hiu v tn dng cc tnh nng c sn trn my nh ca bn La chn u tin l hy c gng tm hiu cc tnh nng hin c trn my nh ca bn v hc cch s dng n mt cch thnh thc. y khng phi l la chn tt, n ch gip bn tn dng nhng g ang c sn m thi bi v cc chc nng hu ht u t ng v vic thay i cc thng s rt hn ch. Vic hiu r v s dng cc ch ny c th cho php bn iu khin my nh c nhiu hn mt cht, chng hn nh thay i khu v tc . chuyn sang s dng cc ch chp nh sn, thng thng bn s chn Menu Scene. Yu cu t ra l bn mun thay i khu v su trng nh. Gii php l bn hy chn mt trong hai ch chn dung (Portrait) v phong cnh (Landscape) - Nu bn mun chp vi su trng nh cn (ch c i tng chp c r nt cn tin cnh v hu cnh s b m). Hy chn ch chp chn dung, my nh s t ng thay i khu rng hn. - Nu bn mun chp nh c su trng rng (ton b nh s c r nt nh nhau). Hy chn ch chp phong cnh, my nh s thay i khu nh hn trong trng hp ny. Tip theo, bn li mun thay i tc chp. Chng hn nh khi mun chp mt chic xe ang chy nhanh. Lc ny hy chn ch th thao (Sports), my nh s chp vi tc cao hn. - Khi mun chp tc chm, bn s gp nhiu tr ngy v khng phi my nh s ph thng no cng c sn ch cho trng hp ny. Tuy nhin bn c th s dng ch chp ban m (nu c), nhng ng thi n Flash cng s hot ng. Hy th che n Flash li v kim tra kt qu sau khi chp. - Tt nhin l cc ch ny u khng cho php bn tinh chnh cc thng s chi tit, nhng n cng gp bn m rng tm kim sot cc ch chp m my nh hin c. - Nu bn mun iu khin thm nhiu chc nng khc th hy ngh n vic trang b mt my nh s cao cp hn. 2. Nng cp my nh s ca bn. La chn u tin v ti u nht l bn hy trang b mt my nh s cao cp hn v cho php bn thay i cc thng s ty , bn khng cn phi dng n nhng th thut bn trn. Nu bn ang tm kim mt loi my nh cao cp hn, s c hai la chn chnh. l mt my nh chuyn nghip DSLR hoc mt my nh loi ph thng ngm v chp khc vi nhiu chc nng hn (dng my nh bn chuyn nghip). Lc ny, vic la chn loi my nh no s cn ty thuc vo ngn sch ca bn.

Chun b cho th loi nh macro

Chp macro l chp cn cnh vi phng i ln hn hoc bng 1:1, c ngha, ch th phi chim v tr ln trn phim hoc sensor, bng hoc hn kch thc tht. Theo quy c chung, chp macro l chp cn cnh vi phng i ln hn hoc bng 1:1, c ngha l ch th phi chon mt v tr ln trn phim hoc sensor, bng hoc hn kch thc tht 4

ca n ngoi i. V d, mt chun chun c ng knh 5mm th nh ca n trn phim hoc sensor cng c kch thc khng nh hn 5mm hoc phng i hn. Cht lng hnh nh v kh nng macro c th khc nhau, nhng bt k my nh no, t compact ti DSLR vi cc ng knh chuyn dng u cho nhng bc nh "ng nh". Vi s u t nho nh v k thut v ph kin, thit b khim tn cng c th em li hiu qu ng k trong nhiu bi cnh chp thng thng. K thut chp l mt cu chuyn di nhiu tp, nhng hu ht l ging nhau cho d dng " chi" g, v khi nm c "yu lnh c bn" th s pht huy ti a "v kh" trong tay. Cc nhip nh gia chuyn nghip thng s dng cc thit b sau: Thn my: H thng my nh c th hon i ng knh (SLR, mirrorless). H ng knh: ng chuyn macro em li t l phng i 1:1 vi cc tiu c khc nhau, h thng knh lp (close-up) lens, h thng ng ko di v tng tele (extension tube, bellow, teleconverter), vng o u gn thm ng knh vi chiu nghch o, v s phi hp ca tt c cc ng knh trn. Thit b nh sng: n chuyn dng (ring flash, twin flash ) k c n khng dy, tn sng v ht sng. Thit b gip chng rung: Chn ba (tripod), u g (ballhead), ti ct, ti ht u, dy bm mm chp t xa. Thit b h tr ly nt: Knh ngm chuyn hng (angle viewfinder), ray trt. Nhng ngi dng my compact mun chp macro c th dng thit b g? Vi my compact, bn nn lu ti nhng mu c th lp thm lens adapter, c ngha l c kh nng s dng knh lp phng i (close up filter) chuyn nghip. Mt my nh siu zoom gi mm, v d Sony H9, gn thm close up filter Canon 500D, n flash thng v tn sng t to cng vi luyn tp v x l hu k chp c tm hnh trn. Vi tay chi DSLR thng thng, nu mun chp th loi ny, ng knh macro l cn thit. ng macro tuy khng thit k ti u ha chn dung, nhng ch cn mt chic 60mm hoc 90mm l c th "mt mi tn trng hai ch" m khng cn u t qu nhiu. C flash ri cng tt nhng vi flash sn trn my cng vi s sng to t cc ming nha trng, hoc vi chc nghn ng l c th c mt ci tn sng. Vi my nh compact, chp c nh cn cnh tt, ngi chp nn chn ch macro. my siu zoom c th ko zoom ti a, v lu mt vi khu quyt: Tm ch th cng n gin cng tt. a my li cng gn cng tt ch th chon phn ln din tch khung hnh (trong kh nng ly nt ca thit b). Th mi gc tm gc p nht. Lu hu cnh t yu t gy phn tm nht: hu cnh sm v/hoc cng xa cng tt. Chp macro vi bt c my nh no bn c trong tay, tri nghim v luyn tp, chc chn s c hnh p. Hy gi nh macro ca mnh ti mc nh c gi vi ch thng 4: Th gii macro.

Tm hiu v hng sng

nh sng trc din khng phi l ngun sng hon ho trong hu ht cc tnh hung cn nh sng hu l ngun sng kh n tng, nhng kh s dng. 5

Di y l mt vi khi nim cng nh cch dng cc hng sng khc nhau th hin chp t sch Nhip nh cho mi ngi (Digital Photography Exposure For Dummies) ca tc gi Jim Doty. Ngun nh sng trc din pht sng cng pha vi ngi chp, v d chp vi mt tri sau lng hay chp vi n flash. c tnh ca n l: Phng. Khng to tng phn cho i tng. Th hin mu sc v hnh dng tt (tr phi l hnh khi 3 chiu). Ph hp vi cc tng mu a dng ca i tng. Thng lm gim cc chi tit b mt. C th khin i tng hai chiu ha hay b "bt". C th khin nh nhm chn, tr phi i tng c tng mu rt a dng. nh sng trc din mc d khng hn l ngun sng hon ho trong hu ht cc tnh hung, nhng nu iu chnh cng tt, nh sng ny c th tn da, gim thiu ti a b mt sn ca da ngi (l do khi chp nh chn dung lun c n ph t pha trc). Nu chp ngoi tri, nn trnh chp nh chn dung khi nh mt tri chiu trc tip ln mt. Mc d y cng l dng nh sng trc din, nhng nh mt tri thng qu mnh d dn ti chy sng. Mc d phn ln mi ngi u chp nh vi nh sng trc din, nhng nu mun tr thnh nhip nh gia tt, hy hc cch nm bt i tng v th hin ch th vi nh sng hu v nh sng bn nhiu hn. nh sng bn nh mt tri hay ngun pht sng mt bn ch lm sng mt na, na cn li ti, nhng s ha hp gia vng sng v vng ti li lm tng tng phn ca i tng. c tnh ca nh sng bn gm: To n tng tt. C th to bng ln khi mt tri xung thp. C th to khng gian ba chiu cho i tng. Th hin chi tit b mt tt. C th nh hng n cht lng mu. Kh o sng hn. nh sng bn rt c cc nhip nh gia phong cnh a chung, nht l nh sng du khi mt tri bt u ln. Mc d mt s vt khi chp vi nh sng bn c th b gim mu sc nhng b li phn tng phn gia vng sng v vng ti s lm ni bt n theo phong cch khc. nh sng hu nh sng hu pht sng pha sau lng i tng. Mc d l mt ngun sng kh n tng, nhng n thuc loi kh s dng. Khi lm quen th mt bc nh chp vi nh sng hu ng n s c gi tr hon ton xng ng vi cng sc b ra. 6

Di y l nhng c tnh ca nh sng hu: To tng phn ln. Gim ng k mu sc. Tp trung mnh vo hnh khi (hu ch nu ngi chp thch hnh khi hn mu sc). C th to thnh vin sng quanh i tng. C th to cch nhn mi vi cng mt i tng bi hu ht mi ngi u s dng nh sng trc din. Thng dng to nh silhouette. Lm vng ti tr nn ti hn. o sng kh nht. nh sng nh nh sng nh c chiu t trn xung, tng t chp nh gia tra mt tri ng bng hay chp trong nh vi n trn. c tnh ca nh sng nh gm: Lm ni bt phn nh ca i tng. Lm vng bng bn di i tng sm hn. Ti dn theo chiu dc. To vng ti trn mt. Kh o tng phn. nh sng nh nu khng ph ln i tng s khng th hin c ng c tnh ca mnh. nh sng ny khng c nhiu ngi dng, nht l trong chp chn dung, bi n s to bng di mt. Nu cn phi chp vi ngun sng ny, tt nht nn kt hp vi nh sng b xa bng do nh sng nh to nn.

Khai thc kh nng chng rung trn my nh

Cc cng ngh chng rung quang hc, chng rung cm bin v ISO ci tin ang gip cc nhip nh gia gii thot khi s ph thuc vo chn my. Sony SLT-A55, Olympus E-5 v Pentax K-5 l nhng my nh p dng cng ngh n nh hnh nh bng cm bin. Ch n nh hnh nh trn thn my v ng knh hin nay cho php c th chp c nhng bc nh sc nt m khng cn phi dng ti chn my k c khi tc rt thp, thm vo , cc cm bin siu nhy thm ch cn cho php mt s my DSLR chp trong m. C v nh thi ca chn my ang dn i vo d vng. Hu ht cc nhip nh gia c kinh nghip u bit rng chp mt bc nh tt trong iu kin thiu sng, mt chn my vng chc l cng c tt nht trong trng hp ny. Tuy nhin vi cng ngh n nh hnh nh ng dng trn c ng knh ln cm bin trn cc DSLR hin i, liu chn my c ang dn tr nn li thi v mt dn tnh ph bin trong vai tr h tr ngi chp trong nhng iu kin thiu sng hin nay? Cu tr li thc ra khng h n gin bi ngoi vic chn my gip my nh n nh khi chp trong iu kin thiu sng, n cn l mt gi l tng gnh trn lng cc thn my chuyn nghip c ln v cc ng knh siu tele vi kch c cng knh c hu ca mnh. l cn cha k ti hng lot ph kin i km nh pin, b pht Wi-Fi hay mt lot cc linh kin mi xut hin trong thi i my nh DSLR quay phim HD hin nay nh microphone, cc thit b h tr ly nt 7

hay cc n quay video chuyn dng. Cng vi s pht trin cc u khp bi lng chuyn dng quay lia video gn trn chn my, chn my vn gi c mc ph dng ca mnh, d vai tr ca n ang dn xa ri khi chc nng n nh hnh nh cho my trong iu kin thiu sng thu ban u. Canon EF 70-200mm /2.8L IS USM, Sigma 70-300mm /4-5.6 DG OS and Tamron 18-270mm /3.5-6.3 Di II VC l nhng ng knh c chng rung. n nh hnh nh trn ng knh hay trn cm bin hiu qu hn? Nu l mt nhip nh gia hay di chuyn, chc hn bn s lun mun hnh trang tht gn nh, v v th, chn my s l la chn cui cng nu bn bt buc phi mang theo. La chn c u tin trong trng hp ny s l nhng ng knh tch hp sn c ch chng rung quang hc, hoc t nht l mt thn my c c ch chng rung cm bin. Hai h thng n nh hnh nh ny hot ng hiu qu ra sao v c ch no tt hn thc ra cn ty thuc vo rt nhiu yu t lin quan nh hng my nh bn ang dng, cc c im vt l mi ngi v i tng m bn chp. Hin cc nh sn xut nh Canon, Nikon, Panasonic hay Sigma ch p dng h thng n nh hnh nh ln ng knh (vi cc k hiu nh IS, VR, Mega O.I.S v OS) cho cc my DSLR ca mnh. Cn cc hng khc nh Olympus, Pentax hay Sony li la chn ng dng tnh nng chng rung da trn cm bin. Cn lu mt iu l, ngay c khi bn mua mt ng knh ca hng th ba c tnh nng chng rung quang hc, khi lp trn cc my cng c tnh nng chng rung, bn s ch s dng c mt trong hai c ch chng rung ch khng s dng cng lc c hai c. Theo l thuyt, c hai h thng n nh hnh nh c th ci thin t 2 n 4 stops so vi tc ti thiu cho php chp cm tay m my vn khng b rung. iu ny c ngha l nu tc thp nht cho php l 1/200 giy th khi p dng c ch n nh hnh nh, ngi chp vn c th chp mt bc nh vi tc xung ti 1/12 giy (4 stops) m nh vn khng b m nhe. Tuy nhin, trn thc t s dng, cc nhip nh gia nhiu kinh nghim cho bit, k c cc ng knh chng rung tt nht hay cm bin chng rung hiu qu nht th ti u cng ch trong khong chng 3 stops, cng thm iu kin l cc ng s dng c tiu c phi di hn 100mm. Vi cc ng thng hay gc rng, mc ci thin cht lng nh tnh nng n nh hnh nh s kh nhn bit hn. Thm vo , li th ca c ch n nh hnh nh c xu hng gim dn khi tc ca trp tng ln. V d, nu ngi chp vi ng 200mm v ch 1/400 giy c th bt c i tng chuyn ng m khng b rung th khi ngi chp tng tc ln 1/600 giy to hiu ng ng cng chuyn ng, vai tr ca n nh hnh nh trong trng hp ny s kh c th nhn thy r rt. Quy tc tc t l nghch Trc khi bt ch n nh hnh nh, bn cn phi bit tc thp nht ngi chp c th cm my chp m nh vn khng b rung. Tc ny c tnh ton trn nguyn tc tc t l nghch: ngha l 1/ di tiu c. V d, nu ngi chp vi my nh full-frame v ng zoom tiu c 200mm, tc thp nht cho php chp khng rung s l 1/200 giy. Tt nhin y gi thuyt l nh sng cho php chp tc ny m vn khng b thiu sng. tc ti thiu ny tr ln, hnh nh thu c phi khng b rung khi phng nh kch c 10 x 15cm hoc 13 x 18cm. Di tc ti thiu ny, hnh nh c th hi m do my nh b rung. Mt vi yu t khc c th tc ng ti nguyn tc ny. V nh nu DSLR cm bin APS-C hay Four Thirds, bn s phi nhn t l tng ng vi chun full-frame (nhn crop factor ln 1,5x, 1,6x hay 2,0x ty cm bin). V d, my Nikon D5100 khi lp ng knh 200mm th tiu c trn thn my s l 300mm v tc ti thiu khng rung lc ny s l 1/300 giy.

Rung my hay khng cn ty thuc vo trng lng thn my, kh nng iu ha nhp th ngi chp, cch thc cm my v cc yu t mi trng khc na. V th tc ti thiu ch l ch s ngi chp tham kho trong tng quan vi hng lot thng s khc c lin quan cp trn. Cc cng ngh n nh hnh nh cng c tc ng nht nh n cch thc bn chp v s tin bn u t cho ng knh. My nh vi cng ngh n nh hnh nh cm bin hot ng tt vi bt k ng knh tng thch no, k c cc ng c. Cn cc ng knh c c ch chng rung li thng t hn cc ng knh khng chng rung. Thng thng, ch c ng knh c c ch chng rung mi c chc nng xem trc tc ng n nh hnh nh qua khung ngm quang. Tuy nhin, mt s thn my chng rung cm bin cng cho php xem trc tc ng chng rung trong ch LiveView qua LCD hay khung ngm in t. Mt s ngi th cho rng ch xem trc hiu ng chng rung rt hiu qu, trong khi s khc li cho rng n ch lm cho my nh tn thm pin. Cc ng knh chng rung cao cp thng c trang b cc ch lia hoc cng tc chuyn dng khi cn chp lia bm i tng. Tnh nng ny cho kt qu xut sc nh vic b qua chuyn ng ngang v ch gim rung theo chiu dc. Mt s ng knh cn c th nhn bit my nh ang c t trn chn my v t ng tt ch chng rung tit kim pin. ch quay phim, c th ni c hai h thng chng rung u pht huy hiu qu xt v mt gc no , d rng cng ngh chng rung quang hc trn ng knh c xu hng yn tnh hn do t nht chng cng v tr xa micro thu m tch hp trong my nh hn. Hin Panasonic sn xut th h ng zoom mi vi c ch chng rung gn nh hon ton yn lng. ISO cng gp phn thay i vai tr n nh hnh nh ca chn my. C ng knh vi m ln hay ISO t mc cao cng u gip ngi chp y tc chp nhanh hn trong iu kin nh sng yu nht nh. Tuy nhin, cc ng tele vi m ln thng rt t v him khi a c 2 stops so vi cc ng knh r tin hn. Nhng li th 2 stops ny (v d f/2.8 v f/5.6) s c gi tr nu bn l ngI chuyn chp nh sng yu hoc nu bn mun xa thm phng nn bng vic s dng m ln. Tng gi tr ISO trn my nh ci thin kh nng chp trong iu kin nh sng yu cng c th gip bn c thm mt vi stops li th bn cnh cc ng knh m ln hay cng ngh n nh hnh nh. Nhiu my nh "ngm l chp" hin nay ly gi tr ISO cao lm thnh ch n nh hnh nh "in t" khi ch t ng ton phn. Tuy nhin, ci gi phi tr cho vic tng ISO l cht lng nh s b suy gim. suy gim bao nhiu cn ty thuc vo my nh v bn thn cm bin ca my na. Hu ht cc my DSLR hin ti cho php chnh ISO ci thin t 3 ti 5 stops so vi mc tiu chun trc khi cht lng nh tr nn qu t. V d, mt my nh APSC trung bnh vi ISO 100 l tiu chun, bn c th tng gi tr ISO ln mc 800 (3 stops) hoc 3200 (5 stops) m nh thu c vn c th thuc dng chp nhn c. Kim tra tc ti thiu khi chp khng rung Do mi ngi l khc nhau nn tt nht cn thit kim tra tc ti thiu ca ring mnh trn tng ng knh bn c. Qu trnh thc hin rt n gin. Tm mt i tng c ng vin thng (nh cy vi cnh cha ngang), t my nh ch u tin ca trp v chp mt lot cc bc nh vi tc gim dn. Khi u vi tc 1/1.000 giy v cui cng dng mc khong mt phn t giy. M nh bng my tnh v zoom n tn tng im nh v bn s nhn thy cc bc nh s c xu hng m dn khi tc gim dn. mt tc no , m ny s nhn r v bn s ly tc trc l tc ti thiu ca bn. Lu y l ti thiu, cn thng thng tt nht hy chp vi tc nhanh nht c th, nu khng s cm thy hi tic khi i chp c ngy v n lc v xem li cc bc nh li b nhe m ch v my b rung do chp chm. 9

Gn y, cc DSLR cao cp nh Canon EOS-1Ds Mark IV v Nikon D3S cho thy cng ngh cm bin v chp x l hnh nh trn cc my nh s hin i c kh nng y ISO vt ra ngoi cc gii hn thng thng t trc ti nay. C hai DSLR u c th t gi tr ISO ln ti 102.400, cho php my nh chp trong iu kin gn nh ti hon ton so vi ch 3.200 l cao nht thi ISO my phim (k c cng thm x l hu k cng ch ti c 12.800). R rng, vi mc gi tr ISO thm ti gn 100.000 (cho d mc ny nh kh nhiu ht v nhiu mu), cc my DSLR mi c kh nng chp vi ISO 6.400 (6 stops hn ISO 100) v 12.800 (7 stop) m cht lng nh vn kinh ngc, trong nhiu trng hp thm ch cn khng h thua km cc mc ISO 800 v 1.600 cc phin bn cng hng i trc. Khi kt hp ton b cc li th: t ng knh chng rung, m ln, ISO cao, bn c th t c mt mc t 7 ti 10 stop vi cc phin bn APS-C mi nht v ti 13-14 stop khi chp vi cc my chuyn nghip. Hy th tng tng li th chp thiu sng s l nh th no khi so snh vi cc my phim hay my s thng vi ISO 100 v mt ng knh khng chng rung c m f/4 hay f/5.6. Li th ny thc s khng ch cn nm nhng thng s m gip cc nhip nh gia ch cn cm tay vn c th chp nh v quay phim nhng iu kin v cng ti, iu kin m trc y vi my phim hay k c vi nhng my s i u nu khng c chn my hay n ph s l iu khng th. Chng rung trn ng knh v trong thn my C hai h thng chng rung trn ng knh hay bng cm bin u hot ng trn cng mt nguyn tc c bn l da vo cm bin gc hi chuyn trong ng knh hoc thn my nhn bit cc chuyn ng ca my v chuyn cc d liu ny ti b x l. B x l din dch cc d liu chuyn ng, kt hp vi cc thng tin thu c t tiu c ng knh v tnh ton gc b cn thit, sau chuyn tn hiu ti h thng n nh hnh nh chuyn ng thu knh n nh hoc cm bin theo mt gi tr v hng ng bng hng b dch chuyn. Mi h thng n nh ca mi hng li khc nhau v mt chi tit, nhng t trung li u nhm mang li mt kt qu chung l ngi chp c c mt bc nh sc nt. Cc h thng n nh hnh nh trc y thng cho php tn dng c li th khong 2 stop (v d t tc trung bnh 1/60 giy xung cn 1/15 giy) th ngy nay mt s h thng chng rung mi cho php b ti 4-5 stop (cho php bn chp vi tc xung ti mt phn t hoc mt phn hai giy). Canon gii thiu h thng chng rung quang hc ca mnh vi ng EF 75-300mm /4-5.6 IS USM t nhng nm 1995. Ngy nay cng vi hng ny, cc hng u c nhng ng chng rung tch hp vi cc k hiu ring nh Canon (IS), Nikon (VR), Sigma (OS) v Tamron (VC). Konica Minolta th gii thiu h thng chng rung cm bin trong phin bn Maxxum 7D nm 2005 v nay d khng cn sn xut DSLR na nhng Sony, hng mua Konica Minolta li k tha cng ngh ny. Olympus v Pentax cng c nhng my DSLR s dng cng ngh chng rung cm bin. Ch chng rung cng c ci tin theo tng thi k. Trc y c ch chng rung thng ch c mt ch , ngy nay cc ng knh nh ca Canon tin ti c 2 ch (Mode 1 vi c ch b c rung ngang v dc v Mode 2 ch b theo mt hng, dng trong bm nt i tng chuyn ng). Nikon cng c cc ng knh chng rung VR thng thng v chng rung VR ch ng, cho php b rung khi ngi chp ang chuyn ng hoc ang trn xe.

Chun b cho chp chn dung

nh chn dung tt phi ni c c tnh ngi c chp thng qua khun mt, thay v b phn tn bi qun o hay trang phc. 10

Di y l mt vi kinh nghim ca nhip nh gia Joe Farace, tc gi cun sch "Studio Lighting Anywhere" cho nhng ngi mi chp. Mu eo cng t trang sc cng tt. Tr khi bn chp bc hnh qung co cho trang sc v chng thng lm mt tp trung vo ngi c chp. Mu nn mc nhng mt mu v va vn. Khng g lm phn tn khun mt ca i tng hn l mt b qun o le lot hoc y mu sc. Trong nh chn dung, phn quan trng nht l khun mt nn cn hn ch mu sc ca cc b . Ngoi ra, khng t trng hp, ngi c chp n vi nhng b qun o rng thng thnh hoc qu b, ph ht ng cong c th, nh vy, trng tm ca bc nh l khun mt s b sao lng. Nh trang im che khuyt im. My nh lun phn nh thc t nn nu mu c cc vn v da, nh nhng vt chy nng hay bt, hy bo h trang im che bt cc khuyt im ny hoc s dng trang phc ph hp khng b l. Nu khng, chnh sa nh hu k l iu bt buc nu bn mun c mt bc nh "nut". Thay i kiu tc sau mi kiu chp v ng qun tc dng ca m. c nhng bc hnh chn dung a dng, hy ngh i tng thay i kiu tc cho nh thm a dng. Bn c th chnh sa nh sng hoc mu sc nh hu k nhng kh c th chnh kiu dng cho tc c. Ngoi ra, nhng chic m ph hp cng c th thay i phong cch chn dung ca i tng. Giy dp. Nu ngi chp l n, hay ngh h mang giy cao gt, d c th n s khng xut hin trong nh. N i giy cao s lm thay i t th ng v c th ci thin chiu cao ca ngi c chp so vi ton b khung cnh chung. Ngi chp hy th cc gc khc nhau. Khun mt ca ngi c chp s bc l phong cch ca h, nn nu ch chn mt gc chp, phong cch ca h s rt n iu. Thay vo , ngi chp hy th cc gc khc nhau nh thm phong ph.

Hng dn chp nh ma
Mun chp c lp tng git ma th nn ng khu ln, v chp tc cao. Mun to tia sng lp lnh th phi khp khu nh. Ma v nhng git ma cho d ang ri hay ng li trn vt, b mt, to ra nhng hnh thi th v m bnh thng khng c c. N phn chiu nh sng nhng sc thi khc nhau v khi cng vi s sng to ca nhip nh gia s em li nhng bc nh ng nh. 11

Ngoi ra, tri ma gip em li mt cch nhn khc v cc s vt hin tng, nhng ng ph ng c tr nn vng lng, nhng hot ng thng ngy b xo trn. Mu sc c th cng bo ha hn vi s hin din ca nc. Nu vt qua c e ngi ban u v c mt cht chun b, nh ma s em li s dy dn v a dng hn v ch cho ngi chp. Chp g khi tri ma. Bn c th chp n gin l nhng git ma trt xung, ngi hi h chy ma hoc hng h i lp, hay nu c nhiu thi gian th tm nhng khong lng trong cng vin, vng nc xao ng phn chiu mo m hnh nh thnh ph... Nc ng trn l, trn knh, hay cc vt thng ngycng u c th to n tng mnh. i khi ngi chp khng nht thit phi i hn ra ngoi tri ma, m c th ng t trong nh hoc trong xe hi v chp xuyn qua ca knh. Cng c th l ngay sau cn ma khi mi vt cn t sng v nc hin din khp mi ni. K thut v phng tin chp. Vi tri ma, ngi chp cng khng cn p dng k thut g qu c bit. Tuy nhin, khi dng DSLR, nu ch t ng, my c th o sng sai v ly nt khng ng do lc ny nh sng kh phc tp, ngi chp nn can thip vo cc thng s c c s phi hp tt nht. Tng t nh chp cc ch th chuyn ng, mun chp git ma thnh cc vch di, bn nn h tc xung thp v vy cn thit c chn ba (tripod), gip my ng vng gim thiu rung nhe. nh sng gip to s lp lnh cho nc, nn bn c th li dng nhng tia sng t nhin t mt tri hoc n ng, hay nu sng to hn, c th dng mt hoc vi n ri nh cng sut thp (-3EV chng hn) nh sinh ng. Knh lc phn cc (polarizer filter) cng hu ch gip loi tia phn chiu hnh c mu bo ha hn. Mun chp tng git ma ri th nn ng khu ln (f4 hoc ln hn) v tc cao, tuy nhin, mun to tia sng lp lnh th li phi khp khu nh (f10 hoc nh hn) li dng hiu ng diffraction. Thay i gc chp a dng v bm st ch cng cn thit to cm gic khc bit. Bo v my. in v nc ma thng khng my khi lm bn. V vy, cn chun b tt trc, trong v sau khi chp. Trng hp l tng l my chu nc v c v chuyn dng chng nc, tuy nhin, c th vn dng ht nhng g c th, trong c th k n , o ma thng thng v chuyn dng cho my nh, khn tm v tt c cc a hnh a vt c th li dng c. Mt vi git nc kh c th lm hng my nn bn cn gi my cng kh cng tt v cn ht m sau khi chp xong.

Kinh nghim chp nh phong cnh

Chp phong cnh thng cn nt su (DOF dy) nn ngi chp phi khp khu nh, lu t f5,6 n f11. 12

Vi nhng tay my chuyn nghip, vic ghi li cnh p khng phi qu kh, tuy nhin phn ng ngi cm my li gp kh khn khi m t li nhng cnh quan honh trng m h trng thy. C lc l li k thut - bu tri trng ngt khng ng nt, c khi li l li thm m - hnh c bt bt b cc khng r rng Nhip nh gia chuyn nghip thng s dng thit b ti u nht cho cht lng hnh nh: my phim kh ln (large format), my phim hoc lng s (digital back) c trung (medium format) hoc SLR. ng knh gc rng v tele, k c tilt-shift. Chn my v u gn (tripod, head). Filter cc loi (polarizer, ND, graduated ND filter). Cc ph kin quan trng khc: dy bm mm, o sng Tuy nhin, vi nhu cu ph thng: chia s trn mng v in hnh kh va v nh th bt c thit b chp nh no cng c kh nng gy sng st cho ngi xem, t my nh DSLR dng khi im vi ng kit, hay my compact, siu zoom, thm ch l in thoi; nu chng ta nm c cc yu t k thut v chau di mt cht thm m. su trng nh: Chp phong cnh thng cn nt su (DOF dy) v do cn khp khu nh, lu t f5,6 n f11, nhng khng phi cng khp khu th nh cng nt, bi khp nh qu s chu hiu ng tn x (diffraction) lm nh m mm trn ton khung hnh. Ty loi my m ngng nh hng tn x ti F nh s khc nhau i cht. Chn im ly nt ng: Cho d ly nt t ng hoc nt tay th im ly nt cn v tr sao cho khong nt r su nht (tr khi bn mun chp c t). Nhng tay chi nng cao c th lu khi nim hyperfocal distance (khong nt ti v cc) khi chp cnh xa ti chn tri. im ly nt ng khng phi l v cc, m l mt im c th no gn hn, ty tiu c v khu . L tng l c bng tham chiu c tr s hp l nht. Nu khng c th c th tng i chn im nt ly nt cch ch t my vi chc mt. o sng: Thng l o ton khung (matrix, evaluative) hoc chnh tay hon ton ty theo kinh nghim, nhng nguyn tc chung l khng b chy vng sng v ti mt chi tit vng sm, thm ch c th chp lin tip chnh sng (Ev Bracketing) ghp li khi lm hu k nu bi cnh qu chnh sng. Nn kim tra histogram v iu chnh thng s sau mi ln bm my. Chng rung: Cc tay my chuyn nghip gn nh khng th thiu h thng nng my vng chc (tripod), ngi nghip d cng nn trang b mt chn my bnh dn, nhng cng em li gi tr rt tt. Trong iu kin khng c chn my th phi lu tc ti thiu rung tay khng nh hng qu ln ti cht lng hnh. Ngoi ra cng c th my ti mt v tr vng vng v hn gi (2 giy hoc 10 giy) trnh rung. B cc nh. a im v tng chp: Mt cnh rt p khng m bo cho mt bc hnh p v mt ngi thng nhn kh chn lc v cm thy v p ca tng chi tit. Tuy nhin, my nh th li ghi li ton b khung cnh, bi vy trc khi chp, cn mng tng nh ang v mt bc tranh v tm im nhn cho khung hnh. Khng nn tham qu nhiu chi tit m ch tp trung vo nhng g mun m t. B cc Mt phn ba: Nn tun th theo b cc mt phn ba cho bc hnh c cn i, ch ph v v sng to khi hiu r b cc v bit mnh lm g.

13

Tin cnh hu cnh: Mt bc nh p kinh in s c tin cnh, hu cnh. Mt bc nh phong cnh p nn c tin cnh to chiu su cho bc hnh, lu chn tin cnh sao cho khng qu sng v chi tit lm phn tm ngi xem. Thi khc chp: Cc cnh chp thin nhin p l vo lc bnh minh v hong hn, khi nh sng c bo ha mu cao, khng gt v c hng gip nh c kch tnh v chiu su. Xc nh phong cch chp: y l yu t mang tnh c nhn, xc nh phong cch chp cho ring mnh. Phong cch th sn - lin tc di chuyn "bm ui nh sng" tm nhng gc chp bin thin khonh khc, cm hng mi l. Phong cch th cu - xc nh v tr chp v ch i. Ngi chp bit trc mt s v tr chp p, nhng n tng phi cn cc yu t ph hp v thi tit, khonh khc nh sng. Chp phong cnh i hi di chuyn nhiu v trong nhng bi cnh kh khc nghit v thi tit, m v bi, thit b c th h hng bt c lc no, v vy tt nht nn mang thm my ph phng trc trc. Lu bo qun chng dnh nc, ct, bi v va p. Thit b tt nht l thit b bn ang c trong tay, hy s dng thnh tho v nm cc nguyn tc cn bn v k thut v thm m, cng thm mt cht hu k, bn s c nhng tm nh phong cnh ng .

Kinh nghim chp nh th thao

Di y l 10 li khuyn ca Jordan Weeks c ng ti trn Photographyblog. Tm cm hng. Mt trong nhng iu tt nht bn c th lm trc khi cm my v bt u chp chnh l tm cm hng. Thng qua mt s tp ch, trang chia s nh flick, mt s th vin, bn s nhanh chng nhn c thnh qu cng vic ca cc nhip nh gia khc. Tm kim cho bn thn khng c ngha l sao chp ca ngi khc, iu ny ch n gin l nhn vo bc nh ca h, xem nhng g h to ra v suy ngh v nhng g bn thn thch, nhng g bn cm thy c th lm tt hn. y l mt bi tp tuyt vi khin bn thn chc chn v nhng g mnh nh lm cng nh nhanh chng thu c nhng thnh cng. Hiu my nh ca bn. iu ny c coi l mt trong nhng iu quan trng nht khi ni n nhip nh th thao. Hiu v my nh cng nh cc thit lp ca my l iu rt cn thit, c bit l vi cc i tng chuyn ng nhanh, chng hn nh chy, i xe p v cc hot ng th thao khc. Bn s cn phi thay i ng knh, thay i khu hay tc mn trp mt cch nhanh chng cng nh hiu ht cc trnh n ci t v cc thao tc vi chng. V cch tt nht hiu ht my nh ca mnh chnh l s dng n cng vi vic hc hi cng nhiu cng tt. Hiu bit v th thao. Liu c cch no chp p mt th m bn khng hiu v n? Chc chn l khng. Nu bn hiu cc mn th thao m bn ang nh chp, bn s c nhiu hn c hi chp c nhng bc hnh p. Bn cn hiu c th d on c i tng di chuyn v chnh thng s chnh xc nht ca mn trp nm bt c khonh khc. C nhn ti thc hin vic ny mt bc xa hn l thc cht tham gia vo cc mn th thao ny. Ti lm iu ny v ti tin rng l cch tt nht thc s hiu nhng g ti mun chp. 14

Th thay i ng knh s dng. Mt trong nhng iu u tin ti lm khi bt u s nghip ca ti nh mt nhip nh gia th thao chuyn nghip l thot khi quan nim sai lm c in l nhip nh gia lun cn mt ng knh tele ln, ch yu l do thc t ti khng trong v tr c th s dng thit b ny vo thi im . iu ny gip ti chp i tng ca ti t mt gc mi, sng to v cng cho ti nhiu tng hn v loi hnh nh m ti c th to ra. Thm ch ch mi y thi trong cuc thi xe p, xe p leo ni hay ba mn phi hp ti s dng mt ng knh 17-40 mm. Ti thch cch mt ng knh gc rng cho php ngi chp c gn vi hnh ng, nm bt tng chi tit, tng pht v biu cm ca cac vn ng vin. i khi, bn s nhn c mt s khonh khc qu gn vi ch th khin thit b khng an ton. Tuy nhin, cng khng nn mo him vi cc mn th thao c ng c. Tt n flash ca my nh. y l mt k thut tuyt vi nu bn mun to n tng cho nh chn dung th thao hoc cc hnh nh c th. i khi vic s dng n flash c th to ra nhng nhng bc nh t chn thc trong cc sn phm ca bn. Mt vi nm trc y, ti bt u khng cn s dng n flash v to ra nhiu hnh nh tuyt vi. Tt nhin, mi thit b u c nhng th mnh ring v bn cng phi hiu n flash nh hiu chnh my nh ca bn to ra nhng bc nh gy n tng mnh.

10 l do khng nn dng ch AF
Di y l 10 trng hp m tp ch chuyn nhip nh Digital Photography School cho rng ngi dng nn tt ch AF v chuyn v ch ly nt tay. 1. Khi nh sng khng . Khi nh sng yu, tng phn s thp, v th h thng ly nt vn da trn nh sng v tng phn s gp nhiu kh khn trong vic xc nh vng nt. Mc d my nh c th c n h tr nt, nhng vi nhng trng hp chp m nh nh trn vi thi gian phi sng ti 30 giy th r rng c ch ly nt tay s pht huy hiu qu hn nhiu. 2. Khi khng tng phn. Nu ch th c chp khng sc tng phn m ch c mt tng mu, v d chp bc tng, h thng AF s kh c th ly nt do khng xc nh c im nt d cho nh sng vn . khc phc, ngi chp c th quay my sang vng c nhiu chi tit hay tng phn tt hn, nh ly nt ri quay v vng cn chp v cn khung li. Tuy nhin, c mt cch n gin v hiu qu hn nhiu, l chuyn v ch ly nt tay. 3. Chp hoang d. Hu ht ng vt hoang d c i tai rt thnh, v th, d my nh ca bn c m-t nt m bao nhiu, khi ly nt n cng s pht ra ting ng v s lm chng chy mt. V th, c c nh p th loi ny, tt nht nn tt ch AF v chuyn sang chnh tay. 4. Chp phong cnh. Khi chp phong cnh, thng thng ngi chp mun khong nt ln t tin cnh ti hu cnh (hay v cc). lm c, cn ly nt vo im hyperfocal (im m bo khong nt ti a t vng tin cnh n v cc, c khong cch n ngi chp khc nhau ty tng tiu c v m). Nu 15

khng quen tnh ton v khng qu cu k, bn c th p dng nguyn tc ly nt vo khong mt phn ba khong cch t tin cnh ti hu cnh thun tin. Nhng m bo my lun ly nt vo im hyperfocal ny, ngi chp nn tt AF v chuyn sang chnh tay, bi nu khng, mi khi chp mt nh, my li ly nt li v rt c th s cn nt vo im khc. 5. Khi nh chp HDR. Chp v lm nh HDR cn nhiu kiu nh ca cng mt cnh, cng thng s, cng nt, ch khc nhau gi tr phi sng. m bo nt v i tng nt c n nh, tt nht nn chuyn v ch chnh tay bi nu bt ch AF, c th my s ly li nt vo im khc khi chp cc bc nh khc nhau. 6. Chp hnh ng. Khi chp chuyn ng nhanh, h thng AF s ch tp trung bm nt vo i tng do khong cch b thay i lin tc. Do , mc d c ch bm nt tng i hiu qu nhng nh li khng to c n tng g c bit. Nh nh di y chp ti mt cuc ua xe m hnh iu khin t xa vi ch ly nt t ng v chp lin tc cho kt qu nh sau: Tuy nhin, khi tt ch AF, chuyn sang ch ly nt tay vi khong nt c cn trc vo im m cc t m hnh s i qua, cc thng s tc v m c iu chnh hp l, kt qu thu c rt n tng 7. Chp qua knh. V c bn khng bao gi nn chp nh qua knh, tuy nhin, c nhng trng hp bt kh khng, nh chp t ca s my bay hay chp c qua b, th lc ny cng bn nn tt ch AF bi nu khng rt c th h thng AF s ly nt vo cc bng phn chiu hay vo cc im trn tm knh thay v vo i tng tht. 8. Chp chn dung. Nguyn tc vng ca chp nh chn dung l ly nt vo mt ca i tng. Thng thng vi nh chn dung, ngi chp thng m m ln lm m hu cnh. Ch AF mc d tt nhng i lc c th ly nt nhm mi hay lng my do cc im ny qu gn nhau. Vic ny dn n i tng chnh l i mt li khng thc s nm trong im nt cng, cha k cn c th m nu sau trng nh qu hp (do m ng knh ln). 9. Chp macro. Ch AF cng khng thc s hu dng vi cc nh macro bi l su trng nh th loi nh ny qu ngn khin cho h thng khng bit ly nt vo im no. Vi nhng th loi ny, tt nht nn chuyn sang ch chnh nt tay ngi chp c th t ch hon ton. 10. Cn khung vi nguyn tc "phn ba". Nhiu my nh ch ly nt c vo khong gia khung hnh, v th khi p dng nguyn tc mt phn ba, bn khng th ly nt i tng nm ngoi khong gia ny c. Mc d c th dng bin php khc phc l chuyn i tng v trung tm, nh nt ri cn li khung v phn ba, nhng vi nhng chuyn ng nh nh di, phng php ny cng khng th hiu qu bng vic chuyn sang ch chnh nt tay v chp.

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