Dr. Michael Warner of the Strategic Management Issues Office, ODDCI/CM, and Dr. J. KennethMcDonald, former CIA Chief Historian working under contract with the ODDCI/CM, prepared thismonograph. Dr. Warner conducted most of the research for it while serving with the CIA HistoryStaff, Center for the Study of Intelligence. It has been reviewed by the Central Intelligence Agency,which determined it holds no classified information.The authors wish to express their gratitude for the assistance of Douglas Garthoff, Richard Giza,Woodrow Kuhns, Mark Lowenthal, and Kevin Scheid, as well as the staff of CSI, which helped bringthis monograph into its final form.The Strategic Management Issues Office champions transformational change in US intelligence toserve the changing national security needs of the US Government.The Center for the Study of Intelligence (CSI) was founded in 1974 in response to Director ofCentral Intelligence James Schlesinger’s desire to create within CIA an organization that could“think through the functions of intelligence and bring the best intellects available to bear onintelligence problems.” The Center, comprising both professional historians and experiencedpractioners, attempts to document lessons learned from past operations, explore the needs andexpectations of intelligence consumers, and stimulate serious debate on current and futureintelligence challenges.To support these activities, CSI publishes
Studies in Intelligence
, as well as books and monographsaddressing historical, operational, doctrinal, and theoretical aspects of the intelligence profession.It also administers the CIA Museum and maintains the Agency’s Historical Intelligence Collection.Cover: 9/11 Commission Chairman Thomas Kean swearing in Intelligence Community witnessesduring the last of the commission’s public hearings, on 16 June 2004. Flanking him are commissionmember Jamie Gorelick and Vice Chairman Lee Hamilton.(Photo: Larry Downing/Reuters/Corbis).All statements of fact, opinion, or analysis expressed in this mono-graph are those of the authors. They do not necessarily reflect offi-cial positions or views of the Central Intelligence Agency or anyother US Government entity, past or present. Nothing in the con-tents should be construed as asserting or implying US Governmentendorsement of the study's factual statements and interpretations.
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